INTEGUMENTARY

SYSTEM
MARIEJIM

DIANE

O.

PAYOT, RMT, MSMT

SKIN OR CUTANEOUS MEMBRANE

in inward
tegere to cover

Skin, hair, glands, nails, and sensory receptors

Covers the external surface of the body

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM VS ANY

OTHER SYSTEMS
The appearance of our
skin frequently determines
the initial impression we
make on others.

SKIN AS AN ORGAN
Largest organ of the body
7,600 sq cm (3,000 sq in) adult
Approximately 7% body weight

Thickness: 1.5 mm (average)

Thickest: 6 mm (soles and palms)
Thinnest: 0.5 mm (eyelids, external genitalia, ear drum)

Texture
Rough or callous: elbows and knuckles
Soft and sensitive: eyelids

LAYERS OF SKIN
Two Main Parts
Epidermis epithelial tissue
Dermis connective tissue

Hypodermis subcutaneous
layer; not part of the skin;
areolar and adipose tissue
Storage depot for fat
Contains blood vessels
Contain nerve endings

EPIDERMIS
Superficial protective layer
Derived from ectoderm
Stratified squamous
epithelium
All but the deepest layers
are composed of dead
cells.
Keratinization new cells
(with keratin) push old cells
to surface

EPIDERMIS
Keratinocytes
(90%)
Arranged in 4 or 5 layers
Keratin tough fibrous
protein
Resemble flat dead
scales

Melanocytes (8%)
Melanin skin color;
protection against UV
light
Genetically inherited

EPIDERMIS
Merkel cells
Sensory receptor
cells
Consist of tactile
disc and neuron
Tactile (touch)
reception

Langerhans
cells
Immune responses
Macrophage
Ingest bacteria

EPIDERMIS

EPIDERMIS
Stratum basale
Basal layer
Deepest; attached to dermis
single row of cuboidal or
columnar keratinocytes

Stratum spinosum
Spiny layer
8-10 layers of many-sided
keratinocytes
Spiny extensions of cells
Strength and flexibility

EPIDERMIS
Stratum granulosum
Granular layer
3-4 flattened rows of cells
Keratohyalin chemical
precursor to keratin

Stratum lucidum
Clear layer
Nuclei, organelles, cell
membrane not visible
Lips, soles and palms

EPIDERMIS
Stratum corneum
Horn-like layer
25-30 layers flattened,
scale-like cells
Protects the skin
Protective adaptation:
drying and flattening

Friction stimulates additional

mitotic activity in basale and
spinosum: callus
Dandruff: flaking off scalp

EPIDERMIS

SKIN COLORATION
Melanin
Brown-black pigment
Variations: production and
distribution
Protects basal layer against UV

Tanning increased
production
Albinism
Normal number of cells
Lacks tyrosinase (tyrosine to
melanin)
Hereditary

Freckles aggregated
patches of melanin

SKIN COLORATION
Vitiligo
White spots
Lack of cells in local
areas

Liver spots
Exposed portions
Brown, plaque-like
growths
Benign growths of
cells

Carotene
Yellowish pigment
Plant products
Accumulates in
corneum and dermis

DERMIS
Dense connective
tissue: collagen and
elastic fibers
Cleavage lines: where
skin is most resistant to
stretching
fibroblasts, nerve
endings, smooth
muscle, glands, blood
vessels, and hair
follicles

DERMIS

DERMIS
Papillary Layer
Thin connective tissue
Areolar with elastic
Contains blood vessels

Dermal Papillae
Projections that
extend to epidermis
Waste removal and
temperature
regulation
Ridged on hands and
feet
Genetically
determined

DERMIS
Reticular Layer
Deepest
80% of dermis
More dense and
regularly arranged
Dense collagenous
Tough, flexible
meshwork
tearing
Stretch marks

HYPODERMIS
Adipose tissue
Heat insulator and fat
storage
Amount varies

Loose connective
tissue
Allows skin to be bound
with muscles

Large blood vessels

Arteries and veins

ACCESSORY STRUCTURES OF
THE SKIN
HAIR, SKIN GLANDS AND NAILS

HAIR
Protection
Scalp, nostrils,
brows, external
genitalia
Thread of fused,
dead, keratinized
epidermal cells
Shaft superficial
Root into the
dermis

HAIR
Hair follicle
External and internal
root sheaths

Hair bulb
Papilla contains
blood vessels;
nourishment
Matrix produces
new hair; cell division

Smooth muscle
Goosebumps

HAIR

HAIR OR PILI
Melanin synthesized by melanocytes
in the matrix of the bulb
Dark-colored brown to black
melanin
Blonde and red yellow to red
melanin
Iron and more sulfur

Gray decline melanin synthesis

White accumulation of air bubbles in
the hair shaft
Hirsutism excessive body hair
androgens

Androgenic alopecia
Male-pattern baldness

HAIR

GLANDS
Single or groups of
epithelial cells that
secrete a substance
Sebaceous Glands
Sudoriferous Glands
Eccrine sweat glands
Apocrine sweat glands

Ceruminous Glands

SUDORIFEROUS GLANDS
Sweat glands
Release sweat, or
perspiration into
hair follicles, onto
the skin surface
(pores)
Eccrine more
common
Apocrine simple,
coiled tubular
Odorless; bacteria
(body odor)

SUDORIFEROUS
GLANDS

FEATURES

ECCRINE GLAND

APOCRINE GLAND

Distribution

Widely distributed
(forehead, palms, soles)

Axilla, groin, areolae,

bearded regions of the face

Secretory portion

Dermis

Hypodermis

Excretory portion

Epidermis

Hair follicle

Nature of secretion

Water, ions, urea, uric

acid, amino acid,
glucose, lactic acid

Slightly viscous, milky or

yellowish; lipids and proteins

Function

Regulates body
temperature

Emotional stress and sexual

excitement; cold sweat

Onset of function

After birth

During puberty

SEBACEOUS GLANDS
Oil glands
Increases during
adolescence
Connected to hair follicles
Secreting portions dermis
None in the palms and soles
Secrete sebum
Keeps hair from drying out
Prevents excessive evaporation of
water from the skin
Keeps the skin soft
Inhibits growth of certain bacteria

SEBACEOUS GLANDS
Blackheads enlarged
glands in the face
Color due to melanin and
oxidized oil, not dirt

Pimples or boils sebum

is nutritive to bacteria

Acne inflammation of
glands

CERUMINOUS GLANDS
External auditory
canal
Cerumen secretion
of ceruminous and
sebaceous
Earwax
Plus hairs of the external
auditory canal sticky
barrier
Waterproofs the canal
Prevents bacteria and fungi
from entering

NAILS
Plates of tightly
packed, hard, dead,
keratinized cells of
epidermis
Grasp and manipulate
small objects
Provide protection to
the ends of fingers and
toes
Allows to scratch
various parts of the
body

NAILS
Nail body visible
Pink blood capillaries

Free edge extends

past the end of the
finger or toe
Nail root
Lunula whitish (vascular
tissue) semilunar area near
the nail root
Nail matrix superficial
cells divide by mitosis
Average growth of nails 1
mm (0.04 in) per week

Cuticle stratum corneum

NAILS

FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN

Regulates body
temperature
Sweating promotes evaporation
High temperature
Increased sweat (lowers body
temperature)
Vasodilation larger surface area in
blood vessels

Low temperature
Decreased sweat (conserves heat)
Vasoconstriction smaller surface
area in blood vessels

FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN

Protection
Chemical Factors
Oily sebum prevents hair
from drying
Acidic pH of perspiration
retards growth of microbes
Sweat is slightly hypertonic
flush off bacteria
Melanin protection against
UV light

FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN

Protection
Physical Factors
Stratified squamous
epithelium prevents
bacteria invasion
Keratinized cells physical
barrier against invasion
Biological Factor
Macrophage destroy
bacteria and foreign
substances

FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN

Excretion
Ammonia, urea, and excessive
salt
Sweating

Absorption
Oxygen and carbon dioxide
Small amounts of UV light

FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN

Cutaneous
sensations
Arise in the skin

Receptors for:
Pain free nerve
endings
Temperature hot
and cold receptors
Touch Merkels disks
and Meissners
corpuscles
Pressure Pacinian
corpuscles

FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN

Synthesis of Vitamin D
Exposure of skin to UV light
activates Vitamin D
Vitamin D is converted to
calcitriol (active hormone)
in the liver and kidney
Metabolism of calcium
and phosphorus

AS A DIAGNOSTIC TOOL
Cyanosis
Jaundice
Rashes and lesions
Condition of skin,
hair, and nails
Vitamin A deficiency
sandpaper texture
of the skin
Iron deficiency
anemia spoonshaped nails

AGING AND THE INTEGUMENTARY

SYSTEM
1. Collagen fibers (dermis)
Decrease in number, stiffen, break
apart, disorganize

2. Elastic fibers
Lose elasticity, thicken

3. Fibroblasts (produce collagen

& elastic fibers)
Decrease in number
Wrinkles

4. Langerhans cells and

macrophages
Decrease in number; less-efficient
phagocytes

5. Sebaceous glands
Decrease size leads to dry and
broken skin; susceptible to infection

AGING AND THE INTEGUMENTARY

SYSTEM
1. Production of sweat
diminishes; heat stroke
2. Melanocytes
Decreasing in number; gray hair;
increasing in size (age spots)

3. Hair follicles stop producing

hairs; hair loss
4. Walls of blood vessels (dermis)
thicker, less permeable, lost
adipose tissue
5. Migration of cells from basal to
epidermal is slow skin heals
poorly

AGING AND THE INTEGUMENTARY

SYSTEM

Study the integumentary system

and prepare for a quiz.
mdop/7.1.13