History 2020 Study Guide

1. Black codes- laws passed in the south during 1865 and 1866 that restricted black
freedom and compelled them to work in a labor economy
2. Carpet Baggers- Northerners who moved to the south during reconstruction to take
advantage of the profitability to be had from the instability of their economy.
3. Scalawags-Southerners who supported reconstruction and the republican party after the
Civil War
4. Great Compromise of 1876-Unwritten deal that settled the disputed 1876 election
(Hayes vs. Tilden). Rutherford won and Reconstruction ends and removes troops from
the South.
5. Free Labor Ideology-The belief that labor should result in independence and wealth
distribution.
6. Big Die-up- Blizzard between 1886-1887 that caused all the steer to die.
7. The Birth of a Nation- 1915 silent film depicting the relationship of a pro-union and
pro-confederacy family during the civil war and reconstruction era.
8. Jim Crow Laws- Laws enacted by the Govt that enforced a separate but equal policy for
blacks and whites.
9. Plessy v. Ferguson- Court decision that upheld the Jim Crow Laws.
10. Lost Cause Ideology- The Confederates fought because they believed they were right,
not because they thought they were going to win.
11. The gilded Age- time of rapid economic growth during the 1870s-1900s.. was good for
the richest but terrible for the poor.
12. Mark Twain- greater writer during the late 1800s and early 1900s, wrote adventures of
tom sawyer and huck finn, coined the term gilded age, blah.
13. The second industrial revolution- technological revolution which was characterized by
large railroad use, increased production of steel and iron, use of steam power, use of oil,
and the beginning of electricity.
14. Sitting Bull- Led the Lakota during resistance of US. Helped inspire people to defeat
George Custer during the battle of Little Big Horn
15. Ghost Dance- Religious movement started by Native Americans that preached that
proper practice of the religion would bring harmony to the Indians.
16. L. Frank Baum- author of the wizard of oz.
17. Dawes Act- act that allowed the President to divide native American lands into
allotments for each individual tribe.
18. Frederick Jackson Turner author of essay the significance of the Frontier in
American History which argued that the western frontier shaped American democracy
from the colonial era until 1890.
19. Robber Barons- American men who amassed their wealth by exploiting others during
the 1800-1900s.
20. The walking city- idea proposed by Ron Herron to build large robtic structures that
would be able to move their resources to wherever needed.

21. Bohunks- A lower class immigrant from Central Europe (Bohemians)

22. The Ocala Demands- Series of demands made by the Southern Farmers Alliance
(Colored Farmers Alliance and Farmers Mutual Benefit Association) Called for the
abolition of national banks and the establishment of subtreasuries.

23. Graduated income tax- A tax rate in which the tax rate increases as the base taxable
amount increases
24. William Randolph Hearst- Built the largest newspaper chain, helped create Yellow
Journalism.
25. Social Darwinism- Theory that arose in 1870s that the strong should see their power and
wealth increase while poor should see power and wealth decrease.
26. Jacob Riis- Author of How the Other Half Lives exposed the terrible conditions of
tenet house conditions.
27. Populism- ways of appealing to the interests and conceptions (fears) of the general
population by contrasting their interests with those of the elite.
28. Eugene Debs- American Union Leader and founder of the Industrial workers of the
world foundation, and 5 time candidate for the socialist party.
29. William Jennings Bryan- 3 time candidate for the Democratic party, was an enemy of
national banks and Darwinism.
30. Alfred Thayer Mahan- huge supporter of sea power, wrote The Influence of Sea Power
Upon History
31. Emilio Aquinaldo- First President of the Phillipines, Led the Phillipinos against the
Spanish in latter part of Phillipine revolution and against US in Phillipine-American War.
32. Philippine Insurrection- Armed conflict between Filipino Revolutionaries and the US
33. Exodusters- name given to African Americans who migrated from states near the
Mississippi River to Kanas organized by Benjamin Singleton.
34. Ida Wells- African American Journalist, womens rights and civil rights advocate.
Documented lynching as being used to crush blacks competing with whites.

35. Booker T. Washington- Dominant leader of the African American community from
1890-1915, focused on self-help and building the African community instead of
challenging Jim Crow Laws. Authored the Atlanta Compromise.
36. W. E. B. DuBois- Cofounder of the NAACP, First African American to earn a doctorate
from Harvard. Insisted on full civil rights in contrast to Booker T. Washington.
37. Muckrakers- Reform-minded journalists who wrote to expose social ills and corruption
in the 1900s.
38. The Wobblies- Term given to members of the Industrial Workers of the world
foundation, which sought to create one big union for all social workers to supplant
capitalism and fight for fair wages.
39. Albert Parsons- American socialist and later anarchist. Convicted of bomb attack on
police known as the Haymarket Affair.
40. Haymarket Affair- bombing that took place during a labor demonstration that resulted
from the killing of several workers by police.
41. Tom Watson- Leader of the populist party, nominee for vice president for William
Jennings Bryan
42. Ludlow Massacre- Attack by Colorado National guard on a tenet colony of 1200
striking miners.
43. Moral Imperialism- policy of extending a countrys influence by means of colonization
either by military force or other means.
44. Upton Sinclair- Muckraking journalist who is most famous for his book the jungle
which exposed the conditions in the US meat packing industry
45. The bully pulpit- a noticeable position that provides the opportunity to speak out and be
heard.
46. Jane Addams- one of the most prominent reformers in Progressive era, received nobel
prize, founded Hull House which provided healthcare and shelter to the poor.
47. The Bull Moose Party- party led by Theodore Roosevelt following his split from the
Republican party.

48. Clayton Antitrust Act- Part of series of antitrust laws developed by united states which
sought to further reduce power of trusts.
49. Keating-Owen Act- prohibited the sale of goods produced by factories that employed
children under the age of 14.
50. The Roosevelt Corollary- addition to the Monroe doctrine by Theodore Roosevelt that
stated that the United States would intervene in European conflicts to enforce legitimate
claims of the European powers.
51. Pancho Villa- One of the most prominent Mexican revolutionary generals.
52. Taylorism- theory of management developed by Frederick Taylor that analyzes and
synthesizes work flows, thus increasing productivity.
53. Five dollar day- Annoucement by Henry Ford that improved his workers wages to 5
dollars, more than double the current wage.
54. Dearborn Independent- Newspaper established in 1901 but published by Henry Ford
55. Zimmermann Telegram- Proposal by Germany for Mexico to join an alliance with them
should the US enter WW1
56. Alvin C. York- Soldier during world war 1 that attained the medal of honor by attacking
a german machine gun nest, killing 28 and capturing 132.
57. Espionage and Sedition Acts- passed during 1917 and was intended to prohibit
interference with the US military, prevent insubordination, and prevent support of US
enemies during wartime.
58. Palmer raids- attempts by the US to arrest and deport radical leftists, especially
anarchists.
59. Niagara Movement- Black civil rights organization led by WEB dubois which called for
opposition to Racial Segregation.
60. Great Migration- movement of 6 million African Americans out of rural southern US to
the urban Northwest, West, and Midwest that occurred between 1910 and 1970.
61. Red Summer- race riots that broke out in more than 3 dozen cities in the US in which
whites attacked blacks.

62. Marcus Garvey- Jamaican political leader who was a staunch supporter of Black
Nationalism and called for the return of blacks to their ancestral lands.
63. Old Immigrants- Immigrants from northern or Western Europe who were skilled
laborers and were quick to assimilate. Were also protestant and experienced in
democracy.
64. Paternalism- limiting a certain person or groups liberty for the good of that person or
group. Expresses superiority.
65. Frederick Winslow Taylor- founder of taylorism, which is the scientific management of
businesses.
66. Sacco-Vanzetti- Italian anarchists who were convicted of killing 2 men during an armed
robbery, wrongfully convicted.
67. Tom Shutt-Youngest son and athlete who becomes radicalized in college and begins
organizing for the United Automobile Workers (UAW)
68. Will Rogers- One of world best-known celebrities during great depression in 1920s.
69. The Man Nobody Knows-Story by Bruce Barton. Says Jesus was a super salesman that
spread Christianity around the world rapidly.
70. Washington Naval Arms Conference-Treaty between a lot of major powers to reduce
their weaponry and money spent on weapons. Attempt to prevent war
71. The Lost Generation-time period of american writers in the 20s who moved to europe to
find the meaning of life. fitzgerald, hemmingway
72. Harlem Renaissance-an African American cultural movement during the 1920's. African
americans felt safe expressing themselves. Birth of Jazz. Gathering of black artists and
musicians.
73. Consumerism-a social order that is based on a desire to purchase goods and services in
ever greater amounts.
74. Huey Long-Radical populist, governor of Louisiana, believed in sharing the wealth
around and free college education, shot and killed before he can run for president.
75. John Maynard Keynes-British economist; believed that governments could prevent
economic downturns by spending money to increase economic output

76. Fireside chats-Radio talk by F.D.R. during the Depression. talked about issues to the
american people. helped increase presidential power
77. Andrew Mellon-Secretary of the treasury, wanted to reduce taxes on the rich to promote
business investment
78. The New Deal-deal roosevelt created to stabilize the US economy during the Great
Depression. Provided food, housing, and created jobs. didn't end great depression, but
helped
79. Works Progress Administration-Employed people to work on public projects
(Buildings, streets, parks, etc.). Eventually employed nearly 40% of nations workers.
80. The Dust Bowl-Dry weather caused drought, couldn't farm anymore. many moved to
california.
The Wagner Act-granted right of every worker to join union farmers, unions became legal.
81. John Collier-commissioner of Indian Affairs 1933-1945. increased number of indian
workers.
82. Abner Shutt-Worked with Henry Ford. workaholic
83. New Nationalism-a strong government to: protect the middle and working classes,
promote equality
84. New Freedom-Woodrow Wilson's message pledging to use gov power to destroy big
businesses and give smaller ones a greater ability to comptete
85. The Battle of Veracruz (1914)- US Marines who landed at Veracruz were met by gunfire
from Mexican soldiers; a violent battle with many American and Mexican deaths. US
win.