Chapter 9 C

CHAPTER
REINFORCED
CONCRETE
Fifth Edition
Reinforced Concrete Design
A Fundamental Approach
Fifth Edition
COMBINED COMPRESSION
AND BENDING: COLUMNS
A. J. Clark School of Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
9c
SPRING 2004
By
Dr . Ibrahim. Assakkaf
ENCE 454 Design of Concrete Structures

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University of Maryland, College Park
Slide No. 1
CHAPTER 9c. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Strength of Eccentrically Loaded

Columns: Axial Load and Bending
Behavior of Eccentrically Loaded NonSlender Columns

Stress distribution and Whitneys Block for
beams can applied in this case.
Figure 6 shows a typical rectangular column
cross-section with strain, stress, and force
distribution diagrams.
Notice the additional nominal force Pn at the
limit failure state acting at an eccentricity e
from the plastic centriod of the section.
Slide No. 2
ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Behavior of Eccentrically Loaded NonSlender Columns (contd)

d
h
2
Plastic
Centroid
Figure 6a. Stresses and Forces in Columns
Slide No. 3
ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Pn
0.85 f c
c = 0.003
c
Cs
Cc
Cs
Cc
N.A.
d d
Ts
s
Strains :
d c
s = 0.003
c
c d
s = 0.003
c
Stresses :
f s = Es s f y
f s = Es s f y
Ts
Internal forces :
Cc = 0.85 f cba
Cs = As f s
Geometric
Centroid
Ts = As f s
Figure 6b. Stresses and Forces in Columns
Slide No. 4
ENCE 454 Assakkaf


Definitions of Terms for Figure 6
c = distance to neutral axis

y = distance of geometric centroid
e = eccentricity of load to geometric centroid
e = eccentricity of load to tension steel
d = effective cover of compression steel
Slide No. 5
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The depth of neutral primarily determines the
strength of the column.
The equilibrium equations for forces and
moments (see Figure 6) can be expressed as
follows for non-slender (short) columns:
Pn (at failure) = Cc + Cs Ts
(19)
Slide No. 6
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Nominal resisting moment Mn, which is equal
to Pn e, can be obtained by writing the moment
equilibrium equation about the plastic
centroid.
For columns with symmetrical reinforcement,
the plastic centroid is the same as the
geometric centroid.
Slide No. 7
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a
M n = Pn e = Cc y + Cs ( y d ) + Ts (d y )
2
since
Cc = 0.85 f cba
Cs = As f s
(20)
(21)
Ts = As f s
Slide No. 8
ENCE 454 Assakkaf


Eqs. 19 and 20 can be rewritten as
Pn = 0.85 f cba + As f s + As f s
(22)
M n = Pn e = 0.85 f cba y + As f s( y d ) + As f s (d y )
2
(23)
where y for rectangular section = h/2
Slide No. 9
ENCE 454 Assakkaf


In Eqs. 22, the depth of the neutral axis c is
assumed to be less than the effective depth d
of the section, and the steel at the tension
face is actual tension.
Such a condition changes if the eccentricity e
of the axial force Pn is very small.
Slide No. 10
ENCE 454 Assakkaf


For such small eccentricities, where the total
cross-section is in compression, contribution
of the tension steel should be added to the
contribution of concrete and compression
steel.
The term Asfs in Eqs. 22 and 23 in such a case
would have a reverse sign since all the steel
is in compression.
Slide No. 11
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It is also assumed that ba As ba; that is, the
volume of concrete displaced by compression
steel is negligible.
Symmetrical reinforcement is usually used
such that As = As in order to prevent the
possible interchange of the compression
reinforcement with the tension reinforcement
during bar cage placement.
Slide No. 12
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If the compression steel is assumed to have
yielded and As = As , Eqs 22 and 23 can be
rewritten as.
Pn = 0.85 f cba
M n = Pn e = 0.85 f cba y + As f y ( y d ) + As f y (d y )
2
or
a
M n = Pn e = 0.85 f cba d + As f y (d d )
2
(24)
(25)
(26)
Slide No. 13
ENCE 454 Assakkaf


Additionally, Eqs. 24 and 26 can be combined
to obtain a single equation for Pn as
a
M n = Pn e = Pn d + As f y (d d )
2
(27)
Also, from Eq. 22

a = 1c =
As f y As f s + Pn
0.85 f cb
(28)
Slide No. 14
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When the magnitude of f s or fs is less than fy,
the actual stresses can be calculated using
the following equations:
f s = Es s = Es
0.003(c d )
fy
c
(29a)
or
d
f s = s Es = 0.003Es 1 f y
c
(29b)
Slide No. 15
ENCE 454 Assakkaf


For fs:
0.003(d t c )
fy
c
(30a)
f s = s Es = 0.003Es t 1 f y
c
(30b)
f s = Es s = Es
or
Slide No. 16
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Trial and Adjustment Procedure for

Analysis (Design) of Columns
Eqs. 22 and 23 determine the nominal

axial load Pn that can be safely applied at
an eccentricity e for any eccentrically
loaded column. Te following unknowns
can be identified:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Depth of the equivalent stress block, a.

Stress in compression steel, f s
Stress in tension steel, fs
.Pn for the given e, or vice versa
Slide No. 17
ENCE 454 Assakkaf

The stresses f s and fs can be expressed

in terms of the neutral axis c as in Eqs.
29 and 30 and thus in terms of a.
The two remaining unknowns, a and Pn,
can be solved using Eqs. 22 and 23.
However, combining Eqs. 22 and 23 to
28 leads to a cubical equation in terms of
the neutral axis depth c. Also, check
must be done if f s and fs are less than fy.
Slide No. 18
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The Suggested Procedure:

1. For a given section geometry and
eccentricity e, assume a value for the
distance c down to the neutral axis. This
value is a measure of the compression block
depth a since a = 1c.
2. Using the assumed value of c, calculate the
axial load Pn using Eq. 22 and a = 1c.
3. Calculate f s and fs, respectively, using Eqs.
29 and 10.
Slide No. 19
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4. Calculate the eccentricity corresponding to
the calculated load Pn in Step 3 using Eq.
23. The calculated eccentricity should
match the given eccentricity e. If not, repeat
the steps until a convergence is
accomplished.
5. If the calculated eccentricity is larger than
the given eccentricity, this indicates that the
assumed c and corresponding a are less
than the actual depth.
10
Slide No. 20
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6. In such a case, try another cycle, assuming
a larger value of c.
Strain Limits Methods
Slide No. 21
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Strain Limits Zones

The strain limits for compression-controlled
sections can be represented by the following
strain distributions across the depth of the
cross sections with t = 0.002 for Grade 60
Steel, or generally t = fy/Es.
Figure 8 illustrates the behavior limits
presented in Figure 7.
11
Slide No. 22
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Strain Limits Zones

c = 0.003
c = 0.003
c = 0.003
t 0.002
0.002 t 0.005
t 0.005
Strain condition
for compressioncontrolled sections
(Gr 60 steel)
Strain condition
for intermediate
behavior
Strain condition
for tensionControlled sections
Figure 7. Stresses and Forces in Columns
Slide No. 23
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Strain Limits Zones
Figure 8. Strain Limit Zones and variation of Strength Reduction Factor
12
Slide No. 24
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Stress Limits
1) Tension-controlled limit case (t > 0.005)
c
0.003
c
=
=
= 0.375
d t c + t 0.003 + 0.005
(31)
a = c = 0.375 1d t
(32)
s = 0.0031
d
d
= 0.0031 2.67
c
dt
d
f s = s Es = 87,0001 2.67 f y
dt
(33)
(34)
Slide No. 25
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Stress Limits
1) Compression-controlled limit case (t = 0.002)
c
c
0.003
=
=
= 0.60
d t c + t 0.003 + 0.002
(35)
a = c = 0.60 1d t
(36)
s = 0.0031
d
0.60d t
d
f s = s Es = 87,0001 1.67 f y
dt
(37)
(38)
13
Slide No. 26
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Stress Limits
Transition zone for limit strain with
intermediate behavior
This characterizes compression members in which
the tensile reinforcement As has yielded but the
compressive reinforcement As has a stress level
less than fy depending on the geometry of the
section.
Intermediate values change linearly with t from
= 0.90 when t > 0.005 to = 0.65 for tied columns,
or = 0.70 for spiral columns when t 0.002.
Slide No. 27
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Stress Limits
Transition zone for limit strain with
intermediate behavior (contd)
It should be noted that for nonprestressed flexural
members and for nonprestressed members with
axial load less than 0.10 f c Ag, the net tensile strain
t should not be less than 0.004. Hence, in the
transition zone of Fig. 8, the minimum strain value
in flexural members for determining the value is
0.004.
This limit is necessitated, as a value can
otherwise become so low that additional
reinforcement would be needed to give the
required nominal moment strength.
14
Slide No. 28
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Summary: Modes of Failure in Columns

Based on the magnitude of strain in the
tension face reinforcement (Figure 6), the
section is subjected to one of the following:
1. Tension-controlled state, by initial yielding of the
reinforcement at the tension side, and strain t
greater than 0.005.
2. Transition state, denoted by initial yielding of the
reinforcement at the tension side, but strain with
strain t value smaller than 0.005 but greater than
0.002.
3. Compression-controlled case by initial crushing
of the concrete at the compression face.
Slide No. 29
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Summary: Modes of Failure in Columns

(contd)
Accordingly, in analysis and design, the
following eccentricity limits correspond to the
strain limits presented:
et limit e0.005 (c = 0.375 dt): tension-controlled

ett limit e0.005-0.002 (c = 0.375 dt 0.60 dt): intermediate transition
ec limit e0.002 (c 0.60 dt): compression-controlled
15
Slide No. 30
General Load-Moment Relationship
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Axial Load-Moment Combination

Assume that Pu is applied to a cross
section at an eccentricity e from the
centroid, as shown in Figs. 9a and 9b.
Add equal and opposite forces Pu at the
centroid of the cross section, as shown in
Fig. 9c.
The original eccentric force Pu may now be
combined with the upward force Pu to form
a couple Pue, that is a pure moment.
Slide No. 31
ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Pu
Figure 9
e
e
Pu
Pu
Pu
Pu e
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
16
Slide No. 32
ENCE 454 Assakkaf

This will leave remaining one force, Pu
acting downward at the centroid of the
cross section.
It can be therefore be seen that if a force
Pu is applied with an eccentricity e, the
situation that results is identical to the case
where an axial load of Pu at the centroid
and a moment of Pue are simultaneously
applied as shown in Fig. 9d.
Slide No. 33
ENCE 454 Assakkaf

If Mu is defined as the factored moment to
be applied on a compression member
along with a factored axial load of Pu at
the centroid, the relationship between the
two can expressed as
e=
Mu
Pu
(39)
17
Slide No. 34
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Eccentric Axial Loading in A Plane of

Symmetry
Figure 10
y
fx
fx
fx
f x = ( f x )centric + ( f x )bending
Slide No. 35
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Eccentric Axial Loading in A Plane of

Symmetry
The stress due to eccentric loading on a
beam cross section is given by
x =
D
P
EB
P My
A I
(40)
18
Slide No. 36
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Equivalent Force System for Eccentric

Loading
Figure 11
P = 4.8 kN y
M x = 4.8(40 ) = 192 kN m
P =4.8 kN
M z = 4.8(60 35) = 120 kN m
Mx = 192 kNm
120 mm
80
m
m
Mz = 120 kNm
x
z
35 mm
Slide No. 37
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Analysis of Short Columns: Large

Eccentricity
The first step in the investigation of short
columns carrying loads at eccentricity is to
determine the strength of given column
cross section that carries load at various
eccentricities.
For this, the design axial load strength Pn
is found, where Pn is defined as the
nominal axial load strength at a given
eccentricity.
19
Slide No. 38
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Example 7
Find the design axial load strength Pn for
the tied column for the following conditions:
(a) small eccentricity, (b) pure moment, (c)
e = 5 in., and (d) the balanced condition.
The column cross section is shown.
Assume a short column. Bending about
the Y-Y axis. Use f c = 4000 psi and fy =
60,000 psi.
Slide No. 39
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Example 7 (contd)
20
6#9 bars
14
Y
14
20
Slide No. 40
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Example 7 (contd)
(a) Small Eccentricity:
Ag = 14(20 ) = 280 in 2
Ast = 6 in 2 (area of 6 #9 bars)
Pn = Pn (max)
= 0.80 0.85 f c(Ag Ast ) + f y Ast
= 0.80(0.70)[0.85(4)(280 6 ) + (60)(6 )]
= 723 kips
Slide No. 41
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Example 7 (contd)
(b) Pure Moment:
The analysis of the pure moment condition
is similar to the analysis of the case where
the eccentricity e is infinite as shown in
Figure 12.
The design moment Mn will be found
since Pu and Pn will both be zero.
Assume that As is at yield, and then with
reference to Figure 13, then
21
Slide No. 42
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Example 7 (contd)
Figure 12
Pu
e=
Slide No. 43
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Example 7 (contd)
C1 = concrete compressive force
C2 = steel compressive force
T = steel tensile force
s
c 3
Since
0.003
c 3
s = 0.003
c
c
f s = Es s
(41)
(42)
22
Slide No. 44
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Example 7 (contd)
3
As
Figure 13
s
c
17
0.85 f c
0.003
As
M n
Z2
Z1
y
or more
Strain
(a)
C2
C1
0.85c
(b)
(c)
Stress and Force
(d)
Slide No. 45
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Example 7 (contd)
Substituting Es = 29 106 psi and s given

by Eq. 41 into Eq. 42, gives
f s = 29 10 6 (0.003)
c3
c3
= 87
(43)
c
c
For equilibrium in Figure 13d,
C1 + C2 = T
(44)
Substituting into above equation, yields
23
Slide No. 46
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Example 7 (contd)
(0.85 f c )(0.85c )b + f sAs 0.85 f cAs =
(45a)
f y As
(0.85)(4)(0.85c ) + 87 c 3 (3) 0.85(4)(3) = 3(60) (45b)

c
The above equation can be solved for c to

give
c = 3.62 in.
and thus,
f s = 87
3.62 3
= 14.90 ksi (compression)
3.62
(46)
Slide No. 47
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Table 5. Areas of Multiple of Reinforcing Bars (in2)

Number
of bars
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
#3
0.11
0.22
0.33
0.44
0.55
0.66
0.77
0.88
0.99
1.10
#4
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
$5
0.31
0.62
0.93
1.24
1.55
1.86
2.17
2.48
2.79
3.10
#6
0.44
0.88
1.32
1.76
2.20
2.64
3.08
3.52
3.96
4.40
Bar number
#7
#8
0.60
0.79
1.20
1.58
1.80
2.37
2.40
3.16
3.00
3.95
3.60
4.74
4.20
5.53
4.80
6.32
5.40
7.11
6.00
7.90
#9
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
#10
1.27
2.54
3.81
5.08
6.35
7.62
8.89
10.16
11.43
12.70
#11
1.56
3.12
4.68
6.24
7.80
9.36
10.92
12.48
14.04
15.60
24
Slide No. 48
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Example 7 (contd)
Therefore, the forces will be
C1 = 0.85 f c(0.85c )b = 0.85(4 )(0.85)(3.62)(14 ) = 146.5 kips
C2 = f sAs 0.85 f cAs = 14.9(3) 0.85(4 )(3) = 34.5 kips
The internal Moments are

M n1 = C1Z1 =
146.5
0.85(3.62 )
17
= 188.8 ft - kips
12
2
34.5(14 )
= 40.3 ft - kips
12
M n 2 = C2 Z 2 =
Slide No. 49
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Example 7 (contd)
3
As
Figure 13
s
c
17
C2
C1
0.85c
As
M n
Z1
y
or more
Strain
(a)
0.85 f c
0.003
(b)
(c)
Z2
Stress and Force
(d)
25
Slide No. 50
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Example 7 (contd)
Therefore,
M n = M n1 + M n 2 = 188.8 + 40.3 = 229 ft - kips

and
M n = 0.65(229) = 149 ft - kips
Slide No. 51
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Example 7 (contd)
(c) The eccentricity e = 5 in:
The situation of e = 5 in. is shown in Figure 14
Note that in Part (a), all steel was in
compression and in Part (b), the steel on the
side of the column away from the load was in
tension. Therefore, there is some value of the
eccentricity at which steel will change from
tension to compression. Since this is not
known, the strain in Figure 15 is assumed.
26
Slide No. 52
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Example 7 (contd)
Figure 14
Pu
e = 5
Slide No. 53
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Example 7 (contd)
As
As
12
(a)
d = 17
(b)
C2
C1
0.85c
Z1
Comp./tens.?
0.85 f c
0.003
Pn
5
Figure 15
Assumed Strain
(c)
Z2
Stress and Force
(d)
27
Slide No. 54
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Example 7 (contd)
The assumptions at ultimate load are
1. Maximum concrete strain = 0.003
2. s > y, therefore, f s =fy
3. s is tensile
4. s < y and thus fs < fy
These assumptions will be verified later.
The unknown quantities are Pu and c.
The forces will be evaluated as follows:
Slide No. 55
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Example 7 (contd)
C1 = 0.85 f cab = 0.85(4 )(0.85c )(14 ) 40.46c

C2 = f y As 0.85 f cAs
= 60(3) 0.85(4 )(3) = 169.8 kips
d c
T = f s As = s Es As = 87
As
c
17 c
17 c
= 87
3 = 261
c
c
From moments = 0 in Fig. 7c :
0.003
s
s
d c
c
d c
, and
s = 0.003
c
d c
d c
3
f s = s Es = 0.003
29 10 = 87
c
c
0.003
Pn = C1 + C2 T
= 40.46c + 169.8 261
17 c
c
(47)
28
Slide No. 56
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Example 7 (contd)
From moments = 0, taking moments about T in
Figure 15d:
a
Pn (12 ) = C1 d + C2 (14 )
(48)
1
0.85c
40.46c17
+ 169.8(`14 )
12
2
Eqs. 47 and 48 can be solved simultaneously for

c to give
c = 14.86 in.
Pn = 733 kips
Slide No. 57
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Example 7 (contd)
Now, the assumptions can be checked:
14.86 3
(0.003) = 0.0024
14.86
f
60,000
y = y =
= 0.00207 < ( s = 0.0024 )
Es 29 106
s =
OK
Therefore, f s = fy, and based on the location

of the neutral axis:
17 14.86
f s = 87
= 12.53 ksi < 60 ksi
14.86
OK
29
Slide No. 58
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Example 7 (contd)
The design moment for an eccentricity of 5
in. can be computed as follows:
Pu = Pn = 0.65(733) = 477 kips
M n = Pn e =
477(5)
= 199 ft - kips
12
Therefore, the given column has a design

load-moment combination strength of 477
kips axial load and 199 ft-kips moment.
Slide No. 59
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Example 7 (contd)
(d) The Balanced Condition Case:
The balanced condition is defined when the
concrete reaches a strain of 0.003 at the same
time that the tension steel reaches its yield
strain, as shown in Fig. 16c.
The value of cb can be calculated from
cb =
87
87
(17 ) = 10.06 in.
d=
87 + f y
87 + 60
30
Slide No. 60
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Example 7 (contd)
Pb
As
eb
d = 17
0.85 f c
0.003
As
Figure 16
cb
C2
C1
0.85c
0.002
Strain
(a)
(b)
Stress and Force
(c)
(d)
Slide No. 61
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Example 7 (contd)
s =
10.06 3
(0.003) = 0.0021 > y = 0.002
10.06
Therefore, f s = fy = 60 ksi
The forces can computed as follows:
C1 = 0.85(4 )(0.85)(10.06 )(14) = 407 kips

C 2 = 60(3) 0.85(4)(3) = 170 kips
T = 60(3) = 180 kips

Pb = C1 + C2 T = 407 + 170 180 = 397 kips
31
Slide No. 62
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Example 7 (contd)
The value of eb may be calculated by
summing moments about T as follows:
0.85cb
Pe (eb + 7 ) = C1 d
+ C2 (14)
2
0.85(10.06)2
397(eb + 7 ) = 407 17
+ 170(14)
2
From which, eb = 12.0 in. Therefore, at the

balanced condition:
Pb = 0.65(397 ) = 258 kips
M n = Pb eb =
258(12 )
= 258 ft - kips
12
Slide No. 63
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Example 7 (contd)
The results of the four parts can be tabulated
(see Table 6) and plotted as shown in Fig. 17.
This plot is called an interaction diagram.
In the plot, any point on the solid line
represents an allowable combination of load
and moment.
Any point within the solid line represents a
load-moment combination that is also
allowable, but for which this column is
overdesigned.
32
Slide No. 64
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Example 2 (contd)
Table 6
e
Axial load strength

(Pn,kips)
Moment strength
(Pne, ft- kips)
Small
723
0 (small)
Infinite
160
5 in.
513
214
12 in
278
278
Slide No. 65
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Pn (kips)
Figure 17. Column Interaction Diagram
8 00
Compression Failure
7 00
6 00
Balanced condition
e=0
5 00
4 00
5
e=
3 00
2 00
in.
e = eb =
12 in.
1 00
Tensile Failure
e=
0
0
50
100
15 0
Mo me nt
Bending Strength
200
250
3 00
of Member
Moment Pn e (ft - kips)
33
Slide No. 66
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Example 7 (contd)
Any point outside the solid line represents an
unaccepted load-moment combination or a
load-moment combination for which this
column is underdesigned.
Radial lines from the origin represent various
eccentricities (slope = Pn/Pn or 1/e).
Any eccentricity less than eb will result in
compression controlling the column, and any
eccentricity greater than eb will result in
tension controlling the column.
Slide No. 67
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Design of Short Columns: Large

Eccentricity
The design of a column cross section

using the previous calculation approach
would be a trial-and-error method and
would become exceedingly tedious.
Therefore, design and analysis aids have
been developed that shorten the process
to a great extent.
A chart approach has been developed in
ACI Publication SP-17 (97), ACI Design
Handbook.
34
Slide No. 68
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Design of Short Columns: Large

Eccentricity
The charts take on the general form of

Figure 17 but are set up to be more
general so that they will remain
applicable if various code criteria
undergo changes.
These charts can be used for both
analysis and design of columns.
There are also computer programs
available to aid in the design process.
Slide No. 69
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
General Case of Columns Reinforced

on All Faces: Exact Solution
In cases where columns are reinforced

with bars on all faces and those where the
reinforcement in the parallel faces is
nosymmetrical, solutions have to be based
on using first principles of Eqs. 22 and 23.
These equations have to be adjusted for
this purpose and strain compatibility
checks for strain in each reinforcing bar
layer have to be performed at all load
levels.
35
Slide No. 70
ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Figure 18 shows the case of a column

reinforced on all four faces.
Assume that
Gsc = center of gravity of steel compressing force.
Gst = center of gravity of steel tensile force.
Fsc = resultant steel compressive force = As fsc
Fst = resultant steel tensile force = As fst
Slide No. 71
ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Figure 18. Column Reinforced with Steel on all Faces: (a) CrossSection; (b) Strain; (c) Forces
36
Slide No. 72
ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Equilibrium of the internal and external

forces and moments requires that
Pn = 0.85 f cb1c + Fsc Fsr
(49)
h 1
Pn e = 0.85 f cb1c 1c + Fsc ysc + Fst yst

2 2
(50)
Slide No. 73
ENCE 454 Assakkaf

The strain values in each bar layer are

determined by the linear strain distribution
in Figure 18 to ensure strain compatibility.
The stress in each reinforcing bar is
obtained using the expression
f si = Es si = Es c
Si
S
= 87,000 i
c
c
(51)
f si f y
37
Slide No. 74
Circular Columns
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
The angle subtended by the

compressive block chord shown in Figure
19b is
h
Case 1:
a , < 90o
2
Case 2:
h/2a
= cos 1
h/2
(52a)
h
, > 90 o
2
h/2a
1 a h / 2
= cos 1
and = cos
h/2
h/2
a>
(52b)
Slide No. 75
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Figure 19. Circular Columns: (a) Strain, Stress and Compression

Block Segment; (b) Compression Segment Chord x-x Geometry
38
Slide No. 76
Circular Columns
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
The area of the compressive segment of

the circular column in Figure 19b is
sin cos
Ac = h 2 rad
(53a)
The moment of area of the compressive

segment about the center of the column is
sin 3
Ac y = h
12
(53b)
y = distance of the centroid of compressive block to section centroid
Slide No. 77
Circular Columns
di =
where = (h 2d ) / h
h hi
(cos bar )
2 2
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
(54a)
d
f si = 87,0001 i f y
(54b)
c
where f si = stress in bars within compressive zone

d
(54c)
f si = 87,000 i 1 f y
c
where f si = stress in bars within tension zone below N.A.
39
Circular Columns
Slide No. 78
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Expressions for nominal axial force Pn and

nominal bending moment Mn for circular
columns
Pn = 0.85 f cAc + f si Asi
(55a)
h
M n = 0.85 f cAc y + f si Asi d i
(55c)
Note: moment is taken about the circular column center.
Slide No. 79
Whitneys Approximate Solution
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Rectangular Concrete Columns

Assumptions:
1. Reinforcement is symmetrically placed in single
layers parallel to axis of bending in rectangular
sections.
2. Compression steel has yielded.
3. Concrete displaced by the compression steel is
negligible compared to the total concrete area in
compression.
4. The depth of the stress block is assumed to be
0.54d.
5. The interaction curve in the compression zone is
a straight line.
40
Slide No. 80
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Rectangular Concrete Columns (contd)

If compression controls, the equation for
rectangular sections can be written as
As f y
bhf c
Pn =
+
3he
e
+ 0.5
+ 1.18
d d
d2
(56)
Slide No. 81
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Circular Concrete Columns

Transform the circular column to an
idealized equivalent rectangular column as
shown in Figure 20.
For compression failure, the equivalent
rectangular column would have
1. the thickness in the direction of bending equal to
0.8h, where h is the outside diameter of the
circular column (Figure 20b).
2. the width of the idealized rectangular column to
be obtained from the same gross area Ag of the
circular column such that b = Ag/0.8h.
41
Slide No. 82
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Circular Concrete
Columns (contd)
Figure 20. Equivalent column section

(a) given circular section (Ast, total
reinforcement area; (b) equivalent
rectangular section (compression failure);
(c) equivalent column (tension failure)
Slide No. 83
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Circular Concrete Columns (contd)

3. the total area of reinforcement Ast to be equally
divided in two parallel layers and placed at a
distance of 2Ds/3 in the direction of bending, where
Ds is the diameter of the cage measured center to
center of the outer vertical bars.
For tension failure, use the actual column for

evaluating Cc, but place 40% of the total steel
Ast in parallel at a distance 0.75Ds as shown In
Figure 20.
Once the dimensions are established, the
analysis can be similar to rectangular column.
42
Slide No. 84
ENCE 454 Assakkaf

For Tension Failure:
2
0.85e
g mDs 0.85e
0.38 +
0.38
Pn = 0.85 f ch
2.5h
h
(57)
For Compression Failure:

Pn =
Ast f y
Ag f c
+
3e
9.6he
+ 1.0
Ds
(0.8h + 0.67 Ds )2 + 1.18
(58)
Slide No. 85
ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Definitions of Variables for Eqs. 57 and 58
h
Ds
e
= diameter of section
= diameter of the reinforcement cage center to center of the outer
vertical bars
= eccentricity to plastic centroid of section
Ast
gross steel area
=
Ag gross concrete area
fy
0.85 f c
43
Slide No. 86
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Example 8
Obtain an equivalent rectangular cross
section for the circular column shown in figure
20a. Assume that Ds = 15 in.
thickness of rect. section = 0.8 20 = 16 in.
width of rect. section =
Ag
0.8h
2 Ds 2(15)
=
= 10 in.
3
3
A
As = As = st
2
(20 )2
4
1
= 19.63 in.
0.8(20)
d d =
Slide No. 87
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Example 9
A concrete circular column 20 in. in diameter
is reinforced with six No. 8 equally spaced
bars as show in the figure. Using Whitneys
approximate approach, compute the nominal
axial load Pn for (a) eccentricity e = 16.0 in. and
(b) eccentricity e = 5.0 in.
2.5 in.
Given :
f c = 4000 psi
6 #8
20 in.
f y = 60,000 psi
44
Slide No. 88
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Example 9 (contd)
a) e = 16.0 in. with axial load 6 in. outside the
circular section. It can be assumed that the
section is tension-controlled.
Ds = 20 2(2.5) = 15 in.
g =
Ast area of 6 No.8 4.74

4.74
=
=
=
= 0.015
2
h
Ag
Ag
(20 )2
4
4
Slide No. 89
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Table 5. Areas of Multiple of Reinforcing Bars (in2)

Number
of bars
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
#3
0.11
0.22
0.33
0.44
0.55
0.66
0.77
0.88
0.99
1.10
#4
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
$5
0.31
0.62
0.93
1.24
1.55
1.86
2.17
2.48
2.79
3.10
#6
0.44
0.88
1.32
1.76
2.20
2.64
3.08
3.52
3.96
4.40
Bar number
#7
#8
0.60
0.79
1.20
1.58
1.80
2.37
2.40
3.16
3.00
3.95
3.60
4.74
4.20
5.53
4.80
6.32
5.40
7.11
6.00
7.90
#9
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
#10
1.27
2.54
3.81
5.08
6.35
7.62
8.89
10.16
11.43
12.70
#11
1.56
3.12
4.68
6.24
7.80
9.36
10.92
12.48
14.04
15.60
45
Slide No. 90
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Example 9 (contd)
Using Eq. 57, yields
m=
fy
0.85 f c
60,000
= 17.65
0.85(4000)
2
0.85e
g mDs 0.85e
0.38
Pn = 0.85 f ch 2
0.38 +
2 .5 h
h
2
0.85(16)
0.015(17.65)(15) 0.85(16 )
0.38
0.38 +
Pn = 0.85(4 )(20 )
2.5(20 )
20
20
= 151.79 kips
2
Slide No. 91
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Example 9 (contd)
b) e = 5.0 in. with axial load inside the circular
section. It can be assumed that the section
is compression-controlled.
(20)2
2
2
total steel area Ast = 4.74 in ,
Ag =
= 314.2 in
Using Eq. 58, gives

Pn =
Pn =
Ag f c
Ast f y
+
3e
9.6he
+ 1.0
Ds
(0.8h + 0.67 Ds )2 + 1.18
4.74(60 )
314.2(4)
+
= 626.58 kips
3(5)
9.6(20 )(5)
+1
+ 1.18
15
(0.8 20 + 0.67 15)2
46

Chapter 9 C

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Chapter 9 C

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CHAPTER

ENCE 454 Design of Concrete Structures

CHAPTER 9c. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Strength of Eccentrically Loaded

Behavior of Eccentrically Loaded NonSlender Columns

CHAPTER 9c. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Strength of Eccentrically Loaded

Behavior of Eccentrically Loaded NonSlender Columns (contd)

Figure 6a. Stresses and Forces in Columns

CHAPTER 9c. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Strength of Eccentrically Loaded

Figure 6b. Stresses and Forces in Columns

CHAPTER 9c. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Strength of Eccentrically Loaded

Behavior of Eccentrically Loaded NonSlender Columns (contd)

c = distance to neutral axis

CHAPTER 9c. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Strength of Eccentrically Loaded

Behavior of Eccentrically Loaded NonSlender Columns (contd)

CHAPTER 9c. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Strength of Eccentrically Loaded

Behavior of Eccentrically Loaded NonSlender Columns (contd)

CHAPTER 9c. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Strength of Eccentrically Loaded

Behavior of Eccentrically Loaded NonSlender Columns (contd)

CHAPTER 9c. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Strength of Eccentrically Loaded

Behavior of Eccentrically Loaded NonSlender Columns (contd)

where y for rectangular section = h/2

CHAPTER 9c. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Strength of Eccentrically Loaded

Behavior of Eccentrically Loaded NonSlender Columns (contd)

CHAPTER 9c. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Strength of Eccentrically Loaded

Behavior of Eccentrically Loaded NonSlender Columns (contd)

CHAPTER 9c. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Strength of Eccentrically Loaded

Behavior of Eccentrically Loaded NonSlender Columns (contd)

CHAPTER 9c. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Strength of Eccentrically Loaded

Behavior of Eccentrically Loaded NonSlender Columns (contd)

CHAPTER 9c. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Strength of Eccentrically Loaded

Behavior of Eccentrically Loaded NonSlender Columns (contd)

Also, from Eq. 22

CHAPTER 9c. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS

ENCE 454 Assakkaf

Strength of Eccentrically Loaded

Behavior of Eccentrically Loaded NonSlender Columns (contd)

CHAPTER 9c. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS