Research in psychology

Citation

[Journal Article]
Integrative data analysis: The simultaneous analysis of multiple data sets.
Curran, Patrick J.; Hussong, Andrea M.
Psychological Methods. Vol 14(2), Jun 2009, 81-100.

Abstract

There are both quantitative and methodological techniques that foster the
development and maintenance of a cumulative knowledge base within the
psychological sciences. Most noteworthy of these techniques is meta-
analysis, which allows for the synthesis of summary statistics drawn from
multiple studies when the original data are not available. However, when
the original data can be obtained from multiple studies, many advantages
stem from the statistical analysis of the pooled data. The authors define
integrative data analysis (IDA) as the analysis of multiple data sets that
have been pooled into one. Although variants of IDA have been
incorporated into other scientific disciplines, the use of these techniques is
much less evident in psychology. In this article the authors present an
overview of IDA as it may be applied within the psychological sciences,
discuss the relative advantages and disadvantages of IDA, describe
analytic strategies for analyzing pooled individual data, and offer
recommendations for the use of IDA in practice.

Qualitative research and its place in psychological science.

By Madill, Anna; Gough, Brendan

Psychological Methods. Vol 13(3), Sep 2008, 254-271.

In discussing the place of diverse qualitative research within psychological

science, the authors highlight the potential permeability of the quantitative-
qualitative boundary and identify different ways of increasing communication
between researchers specializing in different methods. Explicating diversity
within qualitative research is facilitated, initially, through documenting the range
of qualitative data collection and analytic methods available. The authors then
consider the notion of paradigmatic frame and review debates on the current and
future positioning of qualitative research within psychological science. In so
doing, the authors argue that the different ways in which the concept of paradigm
can be interpreted allow them to challenge the idea that diverse research
paradigms are prima facie incommensurate. Further, reviewing the ways in which
proponents of qualitative research are seeking to reconfigure the links between
paradigms helps the authors to envisage how communication between research
communities can be enhanced. This critical review allows the authors to
systematize possible configurations for research practice in psychology on a
continuum of paradigm integration and to specify associated criteria for judging
intermethod coherence. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights
reserved

Citation

Database: PsycARTICLES
[Journal Article]
Paper or plastic? Data equivalence in paper and electronic diaries.
Green, Amie S.; Rafaeli, Eshkol; Bolger, Niall; Shrout, Patrick E.; Reis, Harry T.
Psychological Methods. Vol 11(1), Mar 2006, 87-105.

Abstract

1. Concern has been raised about the lack of participant compliance in diary
studies that use paper-and-pencil as opposed to electronic formats. Three
studies explored the magnitude of compliance problems and their effects
on data quality. Study 1 used random signals to elicit diary reports and
found close matches to self-reported completion times, matches that could
not plausibly have been fabricated. Studies 2 and 3 examined the
psychometric and statistical equivalence of data obtained with paper
versus electronic formats. With minor exceptions, both methods yielded
data that were equivalent psychometrically and in patterns of findings.
These results serve to at least partially mollify concern about the validity of
paper diary methods. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all
rights reserved)
 Conclusion

Before I tell my experience of researches on the topic of

“Introduction to psychology” I would like to add that whenever
our mind is opened to something new, we are always curious
about it. It is nature of human mind to absorb knowledge and
explore new things. But before exploring new things, a
question always comes in our mind that what it is related to?
What is the meaning of that particular subject? How it
developed? When the word psychology comes in our mind, we
would like to know what it means. How it developed in
history? What is it scope now in today’s world? What is it
importance? What development has been done in it? What
are its branches?

Through my searches I explored a lot of new things in the context

of “Intro to Psychology”. I found schools and branches of
psychology and its history more than I studied in the class. Some
of them were.
Analytical psychology
Behavioural genetics
Cultural-historical psychology
Ecopsychology
Existential psychology
Individual psychology
Phenomenological psychology
Radical behaviorism
Transactional analysis
Transpersonal psychology
Community psychology
Those articles which I found are more focusedrelated to “Intro to
Psychology” includes……………
Sensation

Citation

Database: PsycARTICLES
[Journal Article]
Sensory transmission mechanisms.
Milner, Peter M.
Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie. Vol 12(3),
Sep 1958, 149-158.

Abstract

1. In visual, auditory, and gustatory discrimination finer differentiation is

obtained than can be directly accounted for by differences in excitation of
adjacent peripheral receptors. A neural mechanism or schema is
presented which may sharpen and amplify differences through several
afferent stages. "The qualities of sensation are no better defined at the
periphery than are its spatial attributes." (PsycINFO Database Record (c)
2009 APA, all rights reserved)

Citation

Database: PsycARTICLES
[Journal Article]
New directions in touch.
Lederman, Susan J.; Klatzky, Roberta L.
Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue canadienne de
psychologie expérimentale. Vol 61(3), Sep 2007, 169-170.

Abstract

1. Introduces the special issue on New Directions in Touch, which focuses

on a number of critical topics concerning the sense of touch, with invited
reviews written by some of the top researchers in the field today. Some of
these are traditional topics that have seen impressive advances in recent
years, while others are quite new. The intent in highlighting this work is to
reflect the increasing excitement in recent years surrounding the
exponential increase in highly innovative and diverse research devoted to
 the sense of touch. There are nine articles in the special issue, covering a
wide assortment of topics related to human tactile and haptic sensing and
its application, including sensation, perception, cognition and their
underlying neural mechanisms, and how basic research on touch has
been applied to the design of haptic interfaces for teleoperation and virtual
environments. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights
reserved)

Citation

Database: PsycARTICLES
[Review-Book]
Review of Some relations between vision and audition.
Geldard, Frank A.
Psychological Bulletin. Vol 48(3), May 1951, pp. 273.

Abstract

1. Reviews the book Some relations between vision and audition , by J. D.

Harris, (see record 1951-02809-000). When sense modalities are being
compared, relations of difference are more easily established than those
of similarity. But many sensory phenomena transcend modal boundaries,
and some, such as adaptation, appear in all sense departments. This
book consists of a dozen or so brief essays, stresses the functional
resemblances between vision and audition as a start "toward arriving at
general principles of organization and theory of the whole sensorium." The
points of comparison of the two senses, not entirely systematically
selected, themselves exemplify the difficulties inherent in making
intermodal comparisons. The topics are: absolute and differential
sensitivity, the relative ranges of intensities mediated, wave frequency as
a sensation determinant, relative efficiencies as energy integrators, ways
in which sensations develop and decay, responses to regularly interrupted
stimuli, the question of bilateral interaction, events in single nerve fibers,
central and peripheral determinants of acuity, quantum considerations,
and intersensory phenomena. The experimental evidences cited are quite
commodiously documented. Still, there are a few topics in connection with
which one could wish that the visual literature had been appealed to in as
competent a manner as was the auditory. (PsycINFO Database Record
(c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Perception

Citation

Database: PsycARTICLES
[Journal Article]
Edge-region grouping in figure-ground organization and depth perception.
Palmer, Stephen E.; Brooks, Joseph L.
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. Vol
34(6), Dec 2008, 1353-1371.

Abstract

1. Edge-region grouping (ERG) is proposed as a unifying and previously

unrecognized class of relational information that influences figure-ground
organization and perceived depth across an edge. ERG occurs when the
edge between two regions is differentially grouped with one region based
on classic principles of similarity grouping. The ERG hypothesis predicts
that the grouped side will tend to be perceived as the closer, figural region.
Six experiments are reported that test the predictions of the ERG
hypothesis for 6 similarity-based factors: common fate, blur similarity,
color similarity, orientation similarity, proximity, and flicker synchrony. All 6
factors produce the predicted effects, although to different degrees. In a
7th experiment, the strengths of these figural/depth effects were found to
correlate highly with the strength of explicit grouping ratings of the same
visual displays. The relations of ERG to prior results in the literature are
discussed, and possible reasons for ERG-based figural/depth effects are
considered. We argue that grouping processes mediate at least some of
the effects we report here, although ecological explanations are also likely
to be relevant in the majority of cases. (PsycINFO Database Record (c)
2009 APA, all rights reserved)

Citation

Database: PsycARTICLES
[Journal Article]
Scene and position specificity in visual memory for objects.
Hollingworth, Andrew
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. Vol
32(1), Jan 2006, 58-69.

Abstract
 1. This study investigated whether and how visual representations of
individual objects are bound in memory to scene context. Participants
viewed a series of naturalistic scenes, and memory for the visual form of a
target object in each scene was examined in a 2-alternative forced-choice
test, with the distractor object either a different object token or the target
object rotated in depth. In Experiments 1 and 2, object memory
performance was more accurate when the test object alternatives were
displayed within the original scene than when they were displayed in
isolation, demonstrating object-to-scene binding. Experiment 3 tested the
hypothesis that episodic scene representations are formed through the
binding of object representations to scene locations. Consistent with this
hypothesis, memory performance was more accurate when the test
alternatives were displayed within the scene at the same position originally
occupied by the target than when they were displayed at a different
position. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)

Citation

Database: PsycARTICLES
[Journal Article]
The influence of categories on perception: Explaining the perceptual magnet
effect as optimal statistical inference.
Feldman, Naomi H.; Griffiths, Thomas L.; Morgan, James L.
Psychological Review. Vol 116(4), Oct 2009, 752-782.

Abstract

1. A variety of studies have demonstrated that organizing stimuli into

categories can affect the way the stimuli are perceived. We explore the
influence of categories on perception through one such phenomenon, the
perceptual magnet effect, in which discriminability between vowels is
reduced near prototypical vowel sounds. We present a Bayesian model to
explain why this reduced discriminability might occur: It arises as a
consequence of optimally solving the statistical problem of perception in
noise. In the optimal solution to this problem, listeners’ perception is
biased toward phonetic category means because they use knowledge of
these categories to guide their inferences about speakers’ target
productions. Simulations show that model predictions closely correspond
to previously published human data, and novel experimental results
provide evidence for the predicted link between perceptual warping and
noise. The model unifies several previous accounts of the perceptual
magnet effect and provides a framework for exploring categorical effects
in other domains. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights
reserved)
Personality
Citation

Database: PsycARTICLES
[Journal Article]
Employee personality as a moderator of the relationships between work
stressors and counterproductive work behavior.
Bowling, Nathan A.; Eschleman, Kevin J.
Journal of Occupational Health Psychology. Vol 15(1), Jan 2010, 91-103.

Abstract

1. The current study, which is framed within the context of the Transactional
Theory of Stress and Coping, examined counterproductive work behaviors
(CWBs) as a response to ineffective coping with work stressors. More
specifically, we examined whether the relationship between work stressors
and CWBs was moderated by employee personality. Analyses using data
collected from 726 adults employed in a diverse set of occupations found
that work stressors were more strongly related to CWBs among workers
who were low in conscientiousness, or high in negative affectivity (NA)
than among workers who were high in conscientiousness, or low in NA.
We found less consistent support, however, for the moderating effects of
agreeableness. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights
reserved)

Citation

Database: PsycARTICLES
[Journal Article]
Only three factors of personality description are fully replicable across languages:
A comparison of 14 trait taxonomies.
De Raad, Boele; Barelds, Dick P. H.; Levert, Eveline; Ostendorf, Fritz; Mlacic,
Boris; Blas, Lisa Di; Hrebícková, Martina; Szirmák, Zsófia; Szarota, Piotr;
Perugini, Marco; Church, A. Timothy; Katigbak, Marcia S.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Vol 98(1), Jan 2010, 160-173.

Abstract

1. We tested the hypothesis that only 3 factors of personality description are

replicable across many different languages if they are independently
derived by a psycholexical approach. Our test was based on 14 trait
taxonomies from 12 different languages. Factors were compared at each
level of factor extraction with solutions with 1 to 6 factors. The 294 factors
in the comparisons were identified using sets of markers of the 6-factor
 model by correlating the marker scales with the factors. The factor
structures were pairwise compared in each case on the basis of the
common variables that define the 2 sets of factors. Congruence
coefficients were calculated between the varimax rotated structures after
Procrustes rotation, where each structure in turn served as a target to
which all other structures were rotated. On the basis of average
congruence coefficients of all 91 comparisons, we conclude that factor
solutions with 3 factors on average are replicable across languages;
solutions with more factors are not. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009
APA, all rights reserved)

Citation

Database: PsycARTICLES
[Journal Article]
Refining the relationship between personality and subjective well-being.
Steel, Piers; Schmidt, Joseph; Shultz, Jonas
Psychological Bulletin. Vol 134(1), Jan 2008, 138-161.

Abstract

1. Understanding subjective well-being (SWB) has historically been a core

human endeavor and presently spans fields from management to mental
health. Previous meta-analyses have indicated that personality traits are
one of the best predictors. Still, these past results indicate only a
moderate relationship, weaker than suggested by several lines of
reasoning. This may be because of commensurability, where researchers
have grouped together substantively disparate measures in their analyses.
In this article, the authors review and address this problem directly,
focusing on individual measures of personality (e.g., the Neuroticism-
Extroversion-Openness Personality Inventory; P. T. Costa & R. R.
McCrae, 1992) and categories of SWB (e.g., life satisfaction). In addition,
the authors take a multivariate approach, assessing how much variance
personality traits account for individually as well as together. Results
indicate that different personality and SWB scales can be substantively
different and that the relationship between the two is typically much larger
(e.g., 4 times) than previous meta-analyses have indicated. Total SWB
variance accounted for by personality can reach as high as 39% or 63%
disattenuated. These results also speak to meta-analyses in general and
the need to account for scale differences once a sufficient research base
has been generated. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights
reserved)
Emotion
Citation

Database: PsycARTICLES
[Journal Article]
Are specific emotions narrated differently?.
Habermas, Tilmann; Meier, Michaela; Mukhtar, Barbara
Emotion. Vol 9(6), Dec 2009, 751-762.

Abstract

1. Two studies test the assertion that anger, sadness, fear, pride, and
happiness are typically narrated in different ways. Everyday events
eliciting these 5 emotions were narrated by young women (Study 1) and 5-
and 8-year-old girls (Study 2). Negative narratives were expected to
engender more effort to process the event, be longer, more grammatically
complex, more often have a complication section, and use more specific
emotion labels than global evaluations. Narratives of Hogan’s (2003)
juncture emotions anger and fear were expected to focus more on action
and to contain more core narrative sections of orientation, complication,
and resolution than narratives of the outcome emotions sadness and
happiness. Hypotheses were confirmed for adults except for syntactic
complexity, whereas children showed only some of these differences.
Hogan’s theory that juncture emotions are restricted to the complication
section was not confirmed. Finally, in adults, indirect speech was more
frequent in anger narratives and internal monologue in fear narratives. It is
concluded that different emotions should be studied in how they are
narrated, and that narratives should be analyzed according to qualitatively
different emotions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights
reserved)

Citation

Database: PsycARTICLES
[Review-Book]
Review of The brain and emotion and Anxiety, depression and emotion.
Rippon, Gina
Journal of Psychophysiology. Vol 15(3),2001, 208-210.

Abstract

1. Reviews the books, The brain and emotion by E. Rolls (2000) and Anxiety,
depression and emotion edited by R. D. Davidson (2000). If the term
 "Emotion" was not present in the titles of both these books, the reader
could be forgiven for thinking that they were about two distinct,
nonoverlapping aspects of human behaviour. The "emotion" that is the
subject of Rolls' research monograph at first glance appears to bear little
relation to the process linking the research reviews in Davidson's edited
text. But in the final analysis they can be described as complementary,
although one suspects that they will attract nonoverlapping audiences.
The reviewer feels that the Rolls book is really talking about motivation,
and that a more accurate title for the book would be "The brain, motivation
and emotion" with "Issues for consciousness" as a subtitle. It is a masterly,
coherent, and challenging monograph. Davidson's edited text gives a very
different treatment of emotion or affect, principally characterized by the
assumption that emotion is a "given," that we know what it is, and that it
does not need defining. This is not necessarily a shortcoming, but
indicates that the contributors are writing about emotional behaviour from
very different perspectives and for very different reasons from Rolls.
These books are very different, both in their content and in their approach.
Each is of value in different ways. Rolls provides a scholarly monograph
on motivational states, with a thought-provoking conclusion on how these
might form the bases of our emotions and the relevance of all of this to
consciousness. It would be of value to a wide range of researchers,
principally neuroscientists but evolutionary psychologists and neural
networkers could also find something of interest in the closing chapters.
Davidson's collection provides a set of valuable and comprehensive
reviews of research on anxiety and depression, with the added value of
critical evaluations of each of these contributions. It would be of interest to
psychophysiologists, but also to clinical practitioners. (PsycINFO
Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)

Citation

Database: PsycARTICLES
[Journal Article]
Emotion and organized behaviour: Experimental data bearing on the Leeper-
Young controversy.
Thompson, William R.; Higgins, William H.
Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie. Vol 12(2),
Jun 1958, 61-68.

Abstract

1. To determine whether shock-induced emotionality in rats leads to

organized, adaptive behavior and a stable sequence of responses, choice-
behavior, activity level, autonomic activity, and relative stability were
compared for shocked and nonshocked groups. The initial phase of
emotional stress may be followed by, or even produce, highly organized,
adaptive, and temporally predictable behavior. 15 references. (PsycINFO
Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Motivation
Citation

Database: PsycARTICLES
[Journal Article]
Are moods motivational states? A study on effort-related cardiovascular
response.
de Burgo, Joana; Gendolla, Guido H. E.
Emotion. Vol 9(6), Dec 2009, 892-897.

Abstract

1. Based on the mood-behavior-model (Gendolla, 2000), this study tested

the idea that moods only have effects on effort mobilization in settings that
directly call for this and in which people can thus use their moods as task-
relevant information. Fifty university students were randomly assigned to a
2 (Mood: negative vs. positive) × 2 (Memorizing: intentional vs. incidental)
× 2 (Time: mood induction vs. task performance) mixed model design.
Effort mobilization was operationalized as systolic blood pressure (SBP)
reactivity. As expected, in the intentional-memorizing condition, SBP
reactivity was stronger in a negative mood than in a positive mood. Mood
had no impact in the incidental-memorizing condition, which did not call for
effort mobilization. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights
reserved)

Citation

Database: PsycARTICLES
[Erratum/Correction]
The role of performance antecedents and consequences in work motivation:
Correction to Komaki, Collins, and Penn.
Komaki, Judith L.; Collins, Robert L.; Penn, Pat
Journal of Applied Psychology. Vol 67(4), Aug 1982, pp. 410.

Abstract

1. Reports an error in the original article by Judith L. Komaki, Robert L.

Collins, and Pat Penn (Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 67, No. 3, pp.
334-340). An incorrect version of Figure 1 was printed. The correct version
is provided. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in
record 1982-26864-001.) Assessed the effects of both antecedents and
consequences while keeping supervisory involvement and stimulus
changes constant. The safety performance of 200 employees in 4
departments of a processing plant was monitored 3 times/wk over 46 wks.
 A multiple baseline design was used in which the phases were introduced
in steps. Following baseline, the antecedent condition was presented, in
which safety rules were explained and safety meetings held, along with
frequent supervisor interaction and stimulus changes. Then the
performance consequence, feedback, in which a feedback graph was
maintained and feedback meetings held, was added. The antecedent
condition, even when bolstered by fairly extensive supervisor involvement,
resulted in improvements in only 2 out of 4 departments. Only during the
consequent condition did performance significantly improve in all
departments over baseline and antecedent conditions. Furthermore,
employees reported that they preferred obtaining information following
their performance. The results confirm that performance consequences
such as feedback play a critical role in work motivation and that
antecedents alone may not be effective in all cases, even with fairly
extensive supervisor involvement. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009
APA, all rights reserved)

Citation

Database: PsycARTICLES
[Journal Article]
Cross-cultural differences in two-factor motivation theory.
Hines, George H.
Journal of Applied Psychology. Vol 58(3), Dec 1973, 375-377.

Abstract

1. Tested F. Herzberg's 2-factor motivation theory in New Zealand, using

ratings of 12 job factors and overall job satisfaction obtained from 218
middle managers and 196 salaried employees. Contrary to dichotomous
motivator-hygiene predictions, supervision and interpersonal relationships
were ranked highly by those with high job satisfaction, and there was
strong agreement between satisfied managers and salaried employees in
the relative importance of job factors. Findings are interpreted in terms of
social and employment conditions in New Zealand. (PsycINFO Database
Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Memory
Citation

Database: PsycARTICLES
[Journal Article]
The influence of memory on perception: It’s not what things look like, it’s what
you call them.
Mitterer, Holger; Horschig, Jörn M.; Müsseler, Jochen; Majid, Asifa
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. Vol
35(6), Nov 2009, 1557-1562.

Abstract

1. World knowledge influences how we perceive the world. This study shows
that this influence is at least partly mediated by declarative memory. Dutch
and German participants categorized hues from a yellow-to-orange
continuum on stimuli that were prototypically orange or yellow and that
were also associated with these color labels. Both groups gave more
“yellow” responses if an ambiguous hue occurred on a prototypically
yellow stimulus. The language groups were also tested on a stimulus
(traffic light) that is associated with the label orange in Dutch and with the
label yellow in German, even though the objective color is the same for
both populations. Dutch observers categorized this stimulus as orange
more often than German observers, in line with the assumption that
declarative knowledge mediates the influence of world knowledge on color
categorization. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights
reserved)

Citation

Database: PsycARTICLES
[Journal Article]
The cognitive processes underlying event-based prospective memory in school-
age children and young adults: A formal model-based study.
Smith, Rebekah E.; Bayen, Ute J.; Martin, Claudia
Developmental Psychology. Vol 46(1), Jan 2010, 230-244.

Abstract

1. Fifty children 7 years of age (29 girls, 21 boys), 53 children 10 years of

age (29 girls, 24 boys), and 36 young adults (19 women, 17 men)
performed a computerized event-based prospective memory task. All 3
groups differed significantly in prospective memory performance, with
 adults showing the best performance and with 7-year-olds showing the
poorest performance. We used a formal multinomial process tree model of
event-based prospective memory to decompose age differences in
cognitive processes that jointly contribute to prospective memory
performance. The formal modeling results demonstrate that adults differed
significantly from the 7-year-olds and the 10-year-olds on both the
prospective component and the retrospective component of the task. The
7-year-olds and the 10-year-olds differed only in the ability to recognize
prospective memory target events. The prospective memory task imposed
a cost to ongoing activities in all 3 age groups. (PsycINFO Database
Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)

Citation

Database: PsycARTICLES
[Journal Article]
Exploring developmental differences in visual short-term memory and working
memory.
Ang, Su Yin; Lee, Kerry
Developmental Psychology. Vol 46(1), Jan 2010, 279-285.

Abstract

1. Although visuospatial short-term memory tasks have been found to

engage more executive resources than do their phonological counterparts,
it remains unclear whether this is due to intrinsic differences between the
tasks or differences in participants’ experience with them. The authors
found 11-year-olds’ performances on both visual short-term and working
memory tasks to be more greatly impaired by an executive suppression
task (random number generation) than were those of 8-year-olds. Similar
findings with adults (e.g., Kane & Engle, 2000) suggest that the imposition
of a suppression task may have overloaded the older children’s executive
resources, which would otherwise be used for deploying strategies for
performing the primary tasks. Conversely, the younger children, who
probably never had the capacity or know-how to engage these facilitative
strategies in the first place, performed more poorly in the single task
condition but were less affected in the dual task condition. These findings
suggest that differences in the children’s ability to deploy task-relevant
strategy are likely to account for at least part of the executive resource
requirements of visual memory tasks. (PsycINFO Database Record (c)
2009 APA, all rights reserved)

Citation
Database: PsycARTICLES
[Journal Article]
Adults' memories of childhood: True and false reports.
Qin, Jianjian; Ogle, Christin M.; Goodman, Gail S.
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied. Vol 14(4), Dec 2008, 373-391.

Abstract

1. In 3 experiments, the authors examined factors that, according to the

source-monitoring framework, might influence false memory formation and
true/false memory discernment. In Experiment 1, combined effects of
warning and visualization on false childhood memory formation were
examined, as were individual differences in true and false childhood
memories. Combining warnings and visualization led to the lowest false
memory and highest true memory. Several individual difference factors
(e.g., parental fearful attachment style) predicted false recall. In addition,
true and false childhood memories differed (e.g., in amount of
information). Experiment 2 examined relations between Deese/Roediger-
McDermott task performance and false childhood memories.
Deese/Roediger-McDermott performance (e.g., intrusion of unrelated
words in free recall) was associated with false childhood memory,
suggesting liberal response criteria in source decisions as a common
underlying mechanism. Experiment 3 investigated adults' abilities to
discern true and false childhood memory reports (e.g., by detecting
differences in amount of information as identified in Experiment 1). Adults
who were particularly successful in discerning such reports indicated
reliance on event plausibility. Overall, the source-monitoring framework
provided a viable explanatory framework. Implications for theory and
clinical and forensic interviews are discussed. (PsycINFO Database
Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Thinking
Citation

Database: PsycARTICLES
[Comment/Reply]
Thinking critically about critical thinking approaches: Comment on Yancher, Slife,
and Warne (2008).
Bensley, D. Alan
Review of General Psychology. Vol 13(3), Sep 2009, 275-277.

Abstract

1. Yanchar, Slife, and Warne (see record 2008-11592-004) recently

contrasted core assumptions of the method-centered, scientific analytic
reasoning approach to critical thinking that is dominant in psychology with
their own alternative approach emphasizing integration of information from
multiple perspectives. They contended that emphasis on the scientific
analytic approach is associated with justification and neglects other
strategies such as more open-minded and respectful dialogue that could
promote innovation and theory development. This commentary on their
article examines these claims in light of research on critical-thinking
dispositions and scientific discovery. Their claims received mixed support,
prompting recommendations for additional research and using the
research evidence to revise the psychological claims of their alternative
approach. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)

Citation

Database: PsycARTICLES
[Journal Article]
From what might have been to what must have been: Counterfactual thinking
creates meaning.
Kray, Laura J.; George, Linda G.; Liljenquist, Katie A.; Galinsky, Adam D.;
Tetlock, Philip E.; Roese, Neal J.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Vol 98(1), Jan 2010, 106-118.

Abstract

Four experiments explored whether 2 uniquely human characteristics—

counterfactual thinking (imagining alternatives to the past) and the fundamental
drive to create meaning in life—are causally related. Rather than implying a
random quality to life, the authors hypothesized and found that counterfactual
thinking heightens the meaningfulness of key life experiences. Reflecting on
alternative pathways to pivotal turning points even produced greater meaning
than directly reflecting on the meaning of the event itself. Fate perceptions (“it
was meant to be”) and benefit-finding (recognition of positive consequences)
were identified as independent causal links between counterfactual thinking and
the construction of meaning. Through counterfactual reflection, the upsides to
reality are identified, a belief in fate emerges, and ultimately more meaning is
derived from important life events. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009

Citation

Database: PsycARTICLES
[Review-Book]
Reviews of Children's Logical and Mathematical Thinking and Verbal Processes
in Children.
Bullock, Merry
Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne. Vol 25(3), Jul 1984, 243-246.

Abstract

1. Reviews the books, Children's Logical and Mathematical Thinking, edited

by Charles Brainerd (1982); and Verbal Processes in Children, edited by
Charles Brainerd and Michael Pressley (1982). These first two issues of
the new Springer-Verlag series can be discussed from two perspectives.
Children's Logical and Mathematical Thinking contains topics traditionally
studied under the rubric of quantity concepts--conservation and number.
Two chapters add a look at children's and adolescents' ideas about
chance and probability, and an illustration of how training involving
quantity and class-inclusion concepts may be used to test a formalized
model of concept acquisition. In the second volume, Verbal Processes In
Children, the thematic orientation seems more stretched than in the first
volume. The editors try to integrate research topics "which have
historically been islands unto themselves, but which can meaningfully be
considered part of a more encompassing discipline concerned with how
children process verbal information." If one views the volume as a whole,
the theme seems more post hoc than organizational. There are eight
chapters, the range of topics is large, and the connecting links are not
apparent. Two chapters are on reading processes. The other six cover
referential communication, bilingualism, story analyses of moral dilemmas,
memory strategy, instruction research, semantic development, and causal
language. As "flagships" for a series on progress in cognitive
development, these two volumes provide a range of topics, but fall short of
their goal of integrating different lines of investigation. (PsycINFO
Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Learning
Citation

Tests enhance the transfer of learning.

Rohrer, Doug; Taylor, Kelli; Sholar, Brandon
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. Vol
36(1), Jan 2010, 233-239.

Abstract

1. Numerous learning studies have shown that if the period of time devoted
to studying information (e.g., casa-house) includes at least 1 test (casa-?),
performance on a final test is improved—a finding known as the testing
effect. In most of these studies, however, the final test is identical to the
initial test. If the final test requires a novel demonstration of learning (i.e.,
transfer), prior studies suggest that a greater degree of transfer reduces
the size of the testing effect. The authors tested this conjecture. In 2
experiments, 4th- or 5th-grade students learned to assign regions or cities
to map locations and returned 1 day later for 2 kinds of final tests. One
final test required exactly the same task seen during the learning session,
and the other final test consisted of novel, more challenging questions. In
both experiments, testing effects were found for both kinds of final tests,
and the testing effect was no smaller, and actually slightly larger, for the
final test requiring transfer. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all
rights reserved)

Citation

Database: PsycARTICLES
[Journal Article]
Context, learning, and extinction.
Gershman, Samuel J.; Blei, David M.; Niv, Yael
Psychological Review. Vol 117(1), Jan 2010, 197-209.

Abstract

1. A. Redish et al. (2007) proposed a reinforcement learning model of

context-dependent learning and extinction in conditioning experiments,
using the idea of “state classification” to categorize new observations into
states. In the current article, the authors propose an interpretation of this
idea in terms of normative statistical inference. They focus on renewal and
latent inhibition, 2 conditioning paradigms in which contextual
manipulations have been studied extensively, and show that online
Bayesian inference within a model that assumes an unbounded number of
 latent causes can characterize a diverse set of behavioral results from
such manipulations, some of which pose problems for the model of Redish
et al. Moreover, in both paradigms, context dependence is absent in
younger animals, or if hippocampal lesions are made prior to training. The
authors suggest an explanation in terms of a restricted capacity to infer
new causes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights
reserved)

Citation

Database: PsycARTICLES
[Journal Article]
Individual differences and reliability of paired associates learning in younger and
older adults.
Rast, Philippe; Zimprich, Daniel
Psychology and Aging. Vol 24(4), Dec 2009, 1001-1006.

Abstract

1. The authors modeled individual nonlinear trajectories of learning using

structured latent growth curves based on an exponential function with 3
parameters: initial performance, learning rate, and asymptotic
performance. The 3 parameters showed reliable individual differences and
the between-parameter correlations indicated that participants with high
learning rates recalled more items initially. The asymptotic performance
was unrelated to the learning rate and the initial performance. In addition,
age and speed of information processing were included in the analyses.
Age mainly affected negatively the asymptotic and the initial performance
whereas speed of information processing affected the learning rate
positively. Reliability estimates based on 2 similar learning conditions were
moderate overall. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights
reserved)
Stress And Healthy Life Style
Citation

Database: PsycARTICLES
[Journal Article]
Personality, stressful life events, and treatment response in major depression.
Bulmash, Eric; Harkness, Kate L.; Stewart, Jeremy G.; Bagby, R. Michael
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. Vol 77(6), Dec 2009, 1067-1077.

Abstract

1. The current study examined whether the personality traits of self-criticism

or dependency moderated the effect of stressful life events on treatment
response. Depressed outpatients (N = 113) were randomized to 16 weeks
of cognitive–behavioral therapy, interpersonal psychotherapy, or
antidepressant medication (ADM). Stressful life events were assessed
with the Bedford College Life Events and Difficulties Schedule. Severe
events reported during or immediately prior to treatment predicted poor
response in the ADM condition but not in the psychotherapy conditions. In
contrast, nonsevere life events experienced prior to onset predicted
superior response to treatment. Further, self-criticism moderated the
relation of severe life events to outcome across conditions, such that in
the presence of severe stress those high in self-criticism were less likely to
respond to treatment than were those low in self-criticism. (PsycINFO
Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)

Citation

Database: PsycARTICLES
[Journal Article]
Intraindividual change and variability in daily stress processes: Findings from two
measurement-burst diary studies.
Sliwinski, Martin J.; Almeida, David M.; Smyth, Joshua; Stawski, Robert S.
Psychology and Aging. Vol 24(4), Dec 2009, 828-840.

Abstract

1. There is little longitudinal information on aging-related changes in

emotional responses to negative events. In the present article, we
examined intraindividual change and variability in the within-person
coupling of daily stress and negative affect using data from 2
measurement-burst daily diary studies. Three main findings emerged.
First, average reactivity to daily stress increased longitudinally, and this
increase was evident across most of the adult lifespan. Second, individual
 differences in emotional reactivity to daily stress exhibited long-term
temporal stability, but this stability was greatest in midlife and decreased
in old age. Third, reactivity to daily stress varied reliably within-persons
(across-time), with individuals exhibiting higher levels of reactivity during
times when reporting high levels of global subject stress in the previous
month. Taken together, the present results emphasize the importance of
modeling dynamic psychosocial and aging processes that operate across
different time scales for understanding age-related changes in daily stress
processes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights
reserved)

Citation

Database: PsycARTICLES
[Journal Article]
Psychological impact of an economic crisis: A Conservation of Resources
approach.
Ünal-Karagüven, M. Hülya
International Journal of Stress Management. Vol 16(3), Aug 2009, 177-194.

Abstract

1. This study examined the psychological effects of an economic crisis based

on Conservation of Resources (COR) stress theory. It investigated how
the loss of economic resources had a psychological influence on well-
being and identified which of 3 variables (the loss of economic resources,
demographic characteristics, or coping strategies) had the greatest
psychological influence. Psychological well-being was assessed via levels
of anxiety and anger. The study provided clear support for COR theory.
The loss of economic resources had a strong and mostly positive
relationship to anxiety and anger. The coping strategies were the most
important of several predictors. Similar studies were proposed to increase
confidence in generalizing to other populations and to identify the causal
links between loss of economic resources, coping, and psychological well-
being. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
Psychopathalogy
Citation

Database: PsycARTICLES
[Journal Article]
Pathological gambling subtypes.
Vachon, David D.; Bagby, R. Michael
Psychological Assessment. Vol 21(4), Dec 2009, 608-615.

Abstract

1. Although pathological gambling (PG) is regarded in the 4th edition of the

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (American
Psychiatric Association, 1994) as a unitary diagnostic construct, it is likely
composed of distinct subtypes. In the current report, the authors used
cluster analyses of personality traits with a non-treatment-seeking
community sample of gamblers and identified 3 PG subtypes. Gamblers
partitioned into a simple PG cluster, characterized by low rates of
comorbid psychopathology and trait scores near the normative mean; a
hedonic PG cluster, characterized by moderate rates of comorbid
psychopathology and a proclivity for excitement seeking and positive
affect; and a demoralized PG cluster, characterized by high rates of
comorbid psychopathology and a propensity toward negative affect, low
positive emotionality, and disinhibition. The findings provide preliminary
support for an empirically based typology of gamblers, distinguishable in
terms of personality structure, which may reflect different etiologies.
(PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)

Citation

Database: PsycARTICLES
[Journal Article]
The Causes of Underdiagnosing Akathisia.
Hirose, Shigehiro
Schizophrenia Bulletin. Vol 29(3),2003, 547-558.

Abstract

1. This article reviews what causes clinicians to overlook or underdiagnose

akathisia. The causes are considered to be related to both the patient's
symptoms and the clinician's attitude toward akathisia. The patient factors
include mild severity of akathisia, lack of apparent motor restlessness, no
voluntary expression of inner restlessness, no clear communication of
inner restlessness, restlessness in body parts other than the legs, atypical
expressions of inner restlessness, other prominent psychic symptoms,
and absence of other extrapyramidal signs. The clinician factors include
emphasis on objective restlessness, failure to consider akathisia during
antipsychotic therapy, failure to fully implement antiakathisia treatments in
ambiguous cases, and strict adherence to research diagnostic criteria.
Akathisia is likely to be overlooked or underdiagnosed when both patient
and clinician factors are present. Currently, there may be two major
problems with underdiagnosis: (1) symptoms that fulfill the diagnostic
criteria for akathisia are overlooked, and (2) conditions that do not fulfill
the diagnostic criteria but can still benefit from antiakathisia measures are
underdiagnosed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights
reserved)