Practice Paper 2 Answer Scheme

Section A: Source-Based Case Study

1

(a
)

Study Source A
What can you infer from Source A? Explain your answer, using details of
the
source
and
your
contextual
knowledge.
[5]

Level of
Response
L1

Level Descriptors and Rubrics

Copies from provenance or merely lifts source content,
with no valid inference

Marks
Allocate
d
1

E.g. The source was by Bukharin.

E.g. Stalin will strangle people. He is someone who uses
underhand tactics to get what he wants.
L2

Inference, unsupported

23

Award 2 marks for one unsupported inference (i.e. without

evidence from source, or with source evidence but
unexplained), and 3 marks for two unsupported inferences.
E.g. Stalin was a merciless person, as he will strangle his
rivals.
E.g. Stalin would stop at nothing to get what he wanted. I
know this because Source A tells me his lust for power
overcomes everything.
L3

Inference, supported by evidence from Source A with

explanation
Award 4 marks for one inference explained, and 5 marks for
two inferences explained.
E.g. Stalin was a merciless person, as he will strangle his
rivals. This means that he will not get rid of anyone who
stands in his way or disagrees with him.
E.g. Stalin would stop at nothing to get what he wanted. I
know this because Source A tells me his lust for power
overcomes everything.
This means Stalin would do
whatever it takes to become powerful.

45

E.g. Bukharin opposed Stalin. I know this because Bukharin

spoke negatively about Stalin, calling him an intriguer without
principles and that Stalin will strangle us. This means that
Bukharin saw Stalin as a cruel man who has no morals.

(b
)

Study Source B
What is the message in Source B? Explain your answer, using details of
the
source
and
your
contextual
knowledge.
[6]

Level of
Response
L1

Level Descriptors and Rubrics

Merely lifts source content, with no valid inference

Marks
Allocate
d
1

E.g. Lenin broke off all relations with Stalin.

E.g. If Lenin had not fallen ill, Stalin would have been
removed from his position of Secretary-General.
E.g. Lenin was "preparing a bomb" for Stalin.
L2

Makes valid inference (sub-message), unsupported

23

Award 2 marks for a valid inference, unsupported. Award 3

marks for a second valid inference, unsupported.
E.g. Lenin no longer supported Stalin and supported Trotsky
instead.
E.g. Lenin was planning to take action to remove Stalin.
L3

Makes valid inference (sub-message), supported

Award 4 marks for valid inferences explained with evidence
from Source B. Award an additional mark for a second valid
inference explained.
E.g. Lenin no longer supported Stalin and supported Trotsky
instead. I know this because Source B tells me that Lenin
broke off all relations with Stalin and offered to work with
Trotsky against Stalin. This means that Lenin did not trust
Stalin and wanted to work with Trotsky to remove him.
OR

45

E.g. Lenin was already planning to take action to remove

Stalin. I know this because Source B tells me that Lenin was
preparing a bomb for Stalin and gave the other leaders his
support with all his heart against Stalin. This means that
Lenin no longer trusted Stalin and had a plan to get rid of
Stalin from his position.
L4

Explains main message

Award 6 marks for well-developed answers.

E.g. Stalin rose to power because circumstances changed in
his favour. I know this because Source B tells me that that
Lenin broke off all relations with Stalin and offered to work
with Trotsky against Stalin. Also, Lenin was preparing a
bomb for Stalin and gave the other leaders his support with
all his heart against Stalin. This means Lenin no longer
supported or trusted Stalin and already made plans to remove
him from power, and yet Lenin was not able to do so because
he fell ill.

(c
)

Study Source C
Why did Zinoviev make this speech? Explain your answer, using details
of
the
source
and
your
contextual
knowledge.
[6]

Level of
Response
L1

Level Descriptors and Rubrics

Copies from provenance or undeveloped assertions on
provenance

Marks
Allocate
d
1

E.g. Zinoviev wanted to address Lenins instructions in his will

for Stalin to be removed.
E.g. Zinoviev made this speech after Lenin died.
L2

Identifies valid message without support from source

content, OR states intended message without further
development
E.g. Zinoviev made this speech to explain that Stalin was a
good leader.

OR
E.g. Zinoviev made this speech to explain why the
Communist Party should not follow Lenins instruction to
remove Stalin.
L3

Explains message, with support from source content

34

Award 4 marks for answers with well-developed explanation

of Zinovievs message using source evidence.
E.g. Zinoviev made this speech to explain that Stalin was a
good leader. Source C tells me that Stalin had harmonious
cooperation, which means that he was able to work well with
other Communist Party members like Zinoviev.
OR
E.g. Zinoviev made this speech to explain that Lenin had the
wrong impression about Stalin. I know this because Source C
tells me that Lenins fears have proved baseless. This
means that Lenin did not need to be afraid of Stalin.
L4

Explains context in which the speech was made

Award 4 marks for answers which go beyond the message to
explain the context for Zinovievs support for Stalin, but do not
demonstrate critical understanding of the historical context.
E.g. Zinoviev made this speech to explain why he supported
Stalin. Zinoviev felt that Lenin had the wrong impression
about Stalin in his will. I know this because Source C tells me
that Lenins fears have proved baseless. This was because
of Stalins harmonious cooperation with us, which means
that Stalin was a good leader who could work well with others
in the Communist Party. Zinoviev was aware that Lenin had
instructed the other leaders to remove Stalin from power, and
was therefore explaining that Lenin did not need to be afraid
of Stalin and that Stalin was actually a good leader.
Award 5 marks for answers which are well-developed with
critical understanding of historical context
E.g. Zinoviev made this speech to explain why he supported
Stalin. Zinoviev felt that Lenin had the wrong impression
about Stalin in his will. I know this because Source C tells me
that Lenins fears have proved baseless. This was because
of Stalins harmonious cooperation with us, which means

45

that Stalin was a good leader who could work well with others
in the Communist Party. Zinoviev was in alliance with Stalin
and was aware that Lenin had instructed the other leaders to
remove Stalin from power. He would benefit as Stalins ally if
Stalin became the leader of the Communist Party.
L5

Explains purpose of speech

Award 6 marks for answers which specify the intended

audience and intended impact, explained with support from
source evidence and relevant historical context.
E.g. Zinoviev made this speech to convince the other
Communist Party leaders to support Stalin in spite of Lenins
instruction in his will to remove him. Zinovievs message was
that Lenin had the wrong impression about Stalin in his will. I
know this because Source C tells me that Lenins fears have
proved baseless. This was because of Stalins harmonious
cooperation with us, which means that Stalin was a good
leader who could work well with others in the Communist
Party. Zinoviev was in alliance with Stalin and was aware that
Lenin had instructed the other leaders to remove Stalin from
power. He therefore wanted to justify why the Party should
not obey Lenins instruction this time round and ensure that
Stalin became the leader of the Communist Party, so that he
could also benefit as Stalins ally.

(d
)

Study Source D
What is the message in this cartoon? Explain your answer, using details
of
the
source
and
your
contextual
knowledge.
[6]

Level of
Response

Level Descriptors and Rubrics

L1

Merely describes source content, with no valid inference

Marks
Allocate
d
1

E.g. The message is that Stalin wrote death sentences.

E.g. Stalin was a terrible man.
L2

Makes valid inference (sub-message), unsupported

Award 2 marks for a valid inference, unsupported. Award 3

23

marks for a second valid inference, unsupported.

E.g. Stalin was a very violent man who killed people.
E.g. Stalin used the secret police to make sure of his position
after rising to power.
L3

Makes valid inference (sub-message), supported

45

Award 4 marks for valid inferences explained with evidence

from Source D. Award an additional mark for a second valid
inference explained.
E.g. Stalin used the secret police to make sure of his position
after rising to power. I know this because Source D shows
Stalin having report of secret police on his table. This means
that Stalin was using the secret police to keep an eye on
people who may betray or oppose him.
OR
E.g. Stalin was a very violent man who killed people. Source
D shows many people executed by hanging, and shows
Stalin signing a death sentence. This means that Stalin
used violent methods by ordering these people to be killed.
L4

Explains main message

Award 6 marks for well-developed answers.

E.g. Stalin rose to power because of his ruthlessness. I know
this because the cartoon in Source D shows Stalin writing a
death sentence, with exiles and reports of secret police
on his desk. He was also described as terrible. Source D
also shows many people executed by hanging. This tells me
that that Stalin was using the secret police to keep an eye on
people who may betray or oppose him. Stalin was also a very
cruel man who used violent methods to kill anyone who
opposed him and get his way, to make sure of his rule after
rising to power.

(e
)

Study Sources E and F

How similar are these two sources in explaining why Stalin rose to
power? Explain your answer, using details of the source and your
contextual
knowledge.
[7]

Level of
Response
L1

Level Descriptors and Rubrics

Comparison based on provenance / source type / false
matching

Marks
Allocate
d
12

E.g. Sources E and F are similar as they are both written

sources.
E.g. Source E is a primary source while Source F is a
secondary source. Hence, they are different.
L2

Comparison of content, unsupported with explanation of

source evidence

34

Common criteria for comparison must be clear.

Award 3 marks for 1 similarity or difference identified,
unsupported.
Award 4 marks for 1 similarity and difference identified,
unsupported.
E.g. Source E and F are similar as they both tell us that Stalin
rose to power as he received strong support. Source E says
that Stalin won strong support from the Party officials. Source
F also says that Stalin received strong support, from those
who he promoted to positions in the Party.
OR
E.g. Source E is different from Source F in how Stalin made
sure he had / won great support. Source E tells us that Stalin
rose to power because he made the other Communist Party
officials think that he was the most important man in the party.
However, Source F tells us that Stalin rose to power because
he used his position to ensure that the Party was filled with
people who supported him.
L3

Comparison of content, supported with explanation of

source evidence
Award 5 marks for 1 similarity or difference, supported.
Award 6 marks for 1 similarity and 1 difference, supported.
E.g. Source E is different from Source F in how Stalin made
sure he had great support. Source E tells us that Stalin rose

56

to power because he made the other Communist Party

officials think that he was the most important man in the party.
I know this as Source E tells me that the Party officials
mostly saw and remembered one particular name, and he
got them to think of Stalin as the man in control. This means
that Stalin gained support by creating the impression that he
was overall in charge of the party by sending out instructions
to all Party officials. However, according to Source F, Stalin
rose to power because he used his position to ensure that the
Party was filled with people who supported him. Source F
tells me that Stalin used the system of appointments to build
a base of support among Party officials who were grateful to
him for promotion. This means that Stalin gained support by
making use of his position to grant appointments to Party
officials, which made them support him in return.
L4

Comparison of purpose, supported and explained

Award 6 marks for answers which specify the intended
audience and intended impact. Award 7 marks for answers
which are well-explained with support from source evidence
and relevant context.
E.g. Sources E and F are similar in their purpose. Source E
was intended to convince the international audience to view
Stalin as a cunning person who did not actually care for the
people. Source E tells us that Stalin rose to power because
he made the other Communist Party officials think that he
was the most important man in the party. I know this as
Source E tells me that the Party officials mostly saw and
remembered one particular name, and he got them to think of
Stalin as the man in control, even though he never went
round visiting the workers in factories and the soldiers in the
regiments. This means that Stalin gained support by creating
the impression that he was overall in charge of the party by
sending out instructions to all Party officials, and did not even
try to win the support of the people. Likewise, the historian in
Source F was anti-Stalin and wanted to convince the world
that Stalin was a cunning person with no morals. The
historian explained that Stalin used his position to ensure that
the Party was filled with people who supported him. I know
this as Source F tells me that Stalin used the system of
appointments to build a base of support among Party officials
who were grateful to him for promotion, even though the
Communist Partys principle was to have elections and to do

67

away with the system of appointments from the top. This

means that Stalin gained support by making use of his
position to grant positions to Party officials, which made them
support him in return, even though he was not supposed to
do so.