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DOI 10.1617/s11527-015-0554-1
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
1 Introduction
Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite materials
have been widely used in the field of civil engineering in
the last two decades. Because of their high strength-toweight ratio, good corrosion behavior, and electromagnetic neutrality, FRP have been successfully used to
rehabilitate and upgrade existing reinforced concrete
structures through wrapping of the FRP sheet on
structures surface. Another attractive application of
FRP materials is the fabrication of new concrete
columns in FRP tubes or shells. FRP tubes or shells
offer several advantages, such as their increased transverse confinement, as well as their use as formwork.
To develop these applications, the compressive
stressstrain behavior of FRP-confined concrete has
been studied, and many models have been proposed
and developed for analysis and design [18]. Research
shows that FRP composites have a linear elastic
2 Experimental program
2.1 Test matrix
A total of 18 CFRP-TSR-confined concrete cylinders
with a diameter of 150 mm and a height of 300 mm
were constructed and tested under uniaxial compression. Three plain concrete cylinders with the same
diameter and height were also tested for comparison.
The cylinder specimens were designed on the basis
of the following variables: (1) the number of CFRP
layers, nf , and (2) the spacing of TSR, s. Each variable
is classified into several characters: the number of
CFRP layers is classified into one, two, and three
layers labeled as 1L, 2L, and 3L, respectively; the
spacing of TSR is classified into 25 and 50 mm, which
are labeled as -25 and -50, respectively. For each
combination of testing parameters, three identical
specimens were fabricated and tested, and they were
labeled as N1, N2, and N3, respectively. i.e., 3L-25N2 indicates that the specimen is confined by three
layers of CFRP with a 25 mm spacing of TSR (the
second specimen in this combination of testing
parameters). The plain concrete column is represented
by 0L-N. The CFRP-TSR-confined concrete specimens occupy a 5 mm concrete cover (c). The details of
these specimens are summarized in Table 1.
2.2 Preparation of the specimens
Before the CFRP tubes are fabricated, the PVC tubes
with a diameter of 150 mm were prepared as the
Specimen group
fc0 (MPa)
D (mm)
c (mm)
/h (mm)
s (mm)
qs (%)
nf
t (mm)
1L-50
30.6
150
50
1.416
0.167
1L-25
30.6
150
25
2.682
0.167
2L-50
30.6
150
50
1.416
0.334
2L-25
30.6
150
25
2.682
0.334
3L-50
30.6
150
50
1.416
0.501
3L-25
30.6
150
25
2.682
0.501
Fig. 1 Fabrication procedure of the CFRP tube: a CFRP sheet, epoxy, and PVC tube; b CFRP tubes on the PVC mold; c CFRP tube;
d CFRP tube with the fixed TSR
Table 2 Concrete mixture proportions
0
(MPa)
fco
e0co
Cement (kg/m3)
Water (kg/m3)
w=c
30.6
0.002
290
195
1,024
898
0.67
56
15
SG1
SG3
SG2
CFRP coupon
56
138
0.167
CFRP coupon
SG3
1.5
SG2
SG1
Overlapping Zone
D=130 mm
SG7 SG8
(a)
s=25 mm
Plain Concrete
h=300 mm
SG2
SG1 SG3
SG4
SG5
SG6
h=300 mm
CFRP Tube
s=50 mm
SG4 SG3
D=130 mm
(b)
Fig. 3 Installation of the strain gauges: a Strain gauges on the CFRP tube and unconfined concrete; b Strain gauges on the TSR
Compression Board
LVDT
Steel Plate
LVDT
Strain Gauges
Steel Plate
Compression Board
3 Results
3.1 Failure mode
Specimens failed when the tensile fiber ruptured. The
confinement level can affect the damage level of core
each category. The figure shows that the CFRPTSRconfined concrete bi-linearly behaved, with two linear
regions connected by a transition zone. The axial
stress of the cylinder specimens was obtained by
division of the measured axial load by the crosssection area of the cylinder. The axial and transverse
strains of the cylinder specimens were obtained from
LVDTs and strain gauges, respectively.
Table 3 shows the test data obtained from the
specimens. The maximum axial load is defined as
Pmax , and the relative maximum axial stress and axial
strain of the columns are defined as fcmax and ecmax ,
respectively. The actual FRP rupture strain, efu;a , is
less than the ultimate tensile strain, efu , obtained from
0
the standard tension coupon test. The value fcmax fco
represents confinement effectiveness. The confinement effectiveness became larger when increasing the
layer of CFRP or decreasing the spacing of TSR.
The recorded CFRP ultimate strain was less than
the rupture strain obtained from the coupon tests. The
possible reasons for this phenomenon are considered
below [1822]. The rupture strain obtained from the
coupon test is the result of a pure tensile experiment.
However, in the axial compression test, the CFRP
tubes may be subjected to axial stress and transverse
stress, a condition that is different from that in the pure
tensile test in coupons. Concrete fragment impales the
interface of the CFRP tube, and this leads to a local
stress concentration as a result of the non-uniform
deformation of cracked concrete. The CFRP tube
Fig. 6 Stressstrain
behavior of the specimens
Displacement (mm)
-4.5
-3.0
0.0
1.5
3.0
4.5
3L-25
3L-50
2L-25
140
120
-1.5
3L-25
2471
3L-50
2L-25 2118
2L-50
100
80
6.0
2824
2L-50
1L-25
1L-25
1L-50
1765
1L-50 1412
60
1059
706
40
0L-N
20
0
-0.020
353
-0.015
-0.010
-0.005
Transverse Strain
0.000
0.005
0.010
Axial Strain
0.015
0
0.020
-6.0
160
ec1
ec2
ecmax
efu;a
0
fcmax /fco
ecmax =e0co
efu;a =efu
530
1,237
0.0009
0.0071
0.0131
0.0140
2.661
6.550
0.933
535
1,240
0.0010
0.0070
0.0130
0.0139
2.826
6.500
0.927
75.491
533
1,230
0.0009
0.0072
0.0132
0.0140
2.467
6.600
0.933
1,664
94.166
707
1,414
0.0012
0.0073
0.0132
0.0109
3.077
6.600
0.727
1,570
88.846
700
1,420
0.0011
0.0075
0.0132
0.0105
2.903
6.600
0.700
1L-25-N3
1,758
99.485
710
1,411
0.0012
0.0074
0.0133
0.0110
3.251
6.650
0.733
2L-50-N1
2,078
117.594
795
1,502
0.0013
0.0051
0.0139
0.0085
3.843
6.950
0.567
2L-50-N2
1,881
106.446
788
1,510
0.0014
0.0050
0.0140
0.0088
3.479
7.000
0.587
2L-50-N3
1,977
111.879
801
1,500
0.0013
0.0052
0.0137
0.0082
3.656
6.850
0.547
2L-25-N1
2,302
130.270
884
1,908
0.0015
0.0082
0.0141
0.0069
4.257
7.050
0.460
2L-25-N2
2,100
118.839
880
1,902
0.0016
0.0081
0.0140
0.0066
3.884
7.000
0.440
2L-25-N3
2,205
124.781
877
1,910
0.0015
0.0080
0.0142
0.0065
4.078
7.100
0.433
3L-50-N1
2,370
134.119
1,060
2,032
0.0021
0.0085
0.0159
0.0061
4.383
7.950
0.407
3L-50-N2
3L-50-N3
2,475
2,268
140.060
128.346
1,050
1,058
2,035
2,030
0.0020
0.0023
0.0088
0.0084
0.0160
0.0161
0.0060
0.0062
4.577
4.194
8.000
8.050
0.400
0.413
3L-25-N1
2,491
140.966
1,237
2,121
0.0026
0.0078
0.0162
0.0050
4.607
8.100
0.333
3L-25-N2
2,698
152.680
1,230
2,118
0.0028
0.0075
0.0163
0.0051
4.990
8.150
0.340
3L-25-N3
2,586
146.342
1,233
2,128
0.0027
0.0071
0.0162
0.0053
4.782
8.100
0.353
1L-50-N1
1,439
81.433
1L-50-N2
1,528
86.470
1L-50-N3
1,334
1L-25-N1
1L-25-N2
fcmax (MPa)
Pc1 kN
Stage
Stage
Stage
Pcmax
fcmax
Pc2
fc2
Pc1
fc1
c1
c2
Axial Stress
Pcmax kN
Axial Load
Specimen
cmax
Strain
Volume Reduction
160
3L-25
3L-50
140
2L-25
120
Axial Stress
2L-50
100
80
1L-25
1L-50
60
40
20
1L-50
1.0
0.9
1L-25
Poisson Ratio
0.8
0.7
2L-50
0.6
2L-25
0.5
0.4
3L-50
0.3
3L-25
0.2
0.1
0.0 5
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0
-0.020
-0.015
-0.010
-0.005
0.000
0.005
0.010
Volumertric Strain
flf
4 Analysis
flu
0
fco
2Efu efu;a t
d
fls
2ke Es el As
el \esy
sds
fls
2ke fsy As
el [ esy
sds
5 Conclusion
This paper presents an experimental study on the
compressive behavior of concrete cylinder column
confined by both CFRP and TSR. The effects of main
variables, such as the CFRP tube layer and TSR
volumetric ratio, were investigated. The main conclusions are as follows:
Axial Strain
0.000 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.020
0.000
0.000 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.020
0.000
-0.002
-0.002
-0.004
Transverse Strain
Transverse Strain
-0.004
-0.006
-0.008
TSR
-0.010
-0.012
-0.006
TSR
-0.008
-0.010
CFRP
-0.012
CFRP
-0.014
-0.016
Column 1L-25
Axial Strain
Axial Strain
0.000 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.020
0.000
0.000 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.020
0.000
-0.002
-0.002
-0.006
TSR
-0.008
-0.010
-0.004
CFRP
Actual CFRP rupture strain
-0.012
Transverse Strain
Transverse Strain
-0.004
-0.014
-0.006
CFRP
-0.008
-0.010
TSR
-0.012
-0.014
-0.016
-0.016
Column 2L-50
Column 2L-25
Axial Strain
Axial Strain
0.000 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.020
0.000
0.000 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.020
0.000
-0.002
-0.002
-0.006
CFRP
-0.008
-0.010
-0.012
TSR
-0.014
-0.016
-0.004
Transverse Strain
-0.004
Transverse Strain
-0.016
Column 1L-50
CFRP
-0.006
-0.008
-0.010
-0.012
TSR
-0.014
-0.016
Column 3L-25
Column 3L-50
when the confinement level increases, and this condition leads to an effective confinement response.
The Poissons ratio remains at 0.2 before the
compression stress reaches the unconfined
350
300
250
740
(a)
1L-50
1L-25
2L-50
2L-25
3L-50
3L-25
720
400
200
150
100
0
0.0
680
660
640
620
600
580
560
540
y = 1931.3x - 374.62
50
700
(b)
1L-50
1L-25
2L-50
2L-25
3L-50
3L-25
520
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Confinement Ratio c
500
0.25
0.30
0.35
Confinement Ratio
0.40
0.45
Fig. 11 a Typical relationship between strength gain and confinement ratio; b Typical relationship between strain gain and
confinement ratio
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