Energy efficiency measures for arenas and curling rinks

Energy Efficiency in Arenas and
Curling Rinks
Fredericton, March 22nd, 2011
About Efficiency NB
Crown Corporation established in November
2005. (White Paper can be found at: http://www.gnb.ca/0085/toc-e.asp)
Located in Saint John.
Our Mission
Efficiency NB offers sound advice and practical
solutions to help New Brunswickers
use energy more efficiently;

make better energy choices;
manage energy expenses; and
lessen the impact of energy use on the
environment.
Xxbbbbbb xxxx
Defining the Sectors
RESIDENTIAL
EXISTING
NEW HOMES
COMMERCIAL
LARGE INDUSTRIAL
Target: Base Building Energy

Efficiency
Target: Process Improvement,

Co-Gen, etc.
ENERGY SMART
SMART START &

CORE PERFORMANCE
SMALL & MEDIUM

MANUFACTURERS
and LIGHT INDUSTRIAL
(BNB, ACOA, NRCan, others)
MURBs
Marketing and Public Outreach
Energy Management 101
www.nwcommunityenergy.org/biogeo/efficiency
Commercial
Energy Efficiency Programs
Energy Smart for Retrofits
Grant of up to $3,000 for an energy audit
Grant of up to $50,000 toward the energy retrofitting project cost
Start Smart for New Construction

Modelling Path
Grant of up to $60,000
Start Smart for New Construction

Prescriptive Path
Grant of up to $60,000
Energy Smart
Financial Incentives Breakdown
Energy Savings
Average decrease in
energy costs:
24.3%
22.8%
10.3%
Start Smart Program Options
Modelling Path
Requirement
Prescriptive
Path
Requirement
Minimum Performance: 30% better

than the Model National Energy
Code of Canada for Buildings
(MNECB 1997). ENB currently
accepts models completed with EE4
or eQUEST software.
Incentive is 2x
estimated annual
energy savings up
to $60,000 max.
Minimum Performance: 30% better

than Model National Energy Code of
Canada for Buildings (MNECB 1997)
by complying with the Core
Performance Guide Efficiency NB
Edition
Incentive is
$1.50/sq/ft up to
$60,000 max.
Agenda for the day
Objectives
The fundamentals: Energy context and energy efficiency
Arenas & Energy
Typical Arena Profile
Energy Use in Arenas and Utility Data (M&T)
Refrigeration Loads
Energy Efficiency Measures
Lunch Break
Benefit / cost analysis: making the case for energy efficiency

Available Tools for Arenas and Curling Rinks
Energy Management Planning
Measurement and Verification (M&V)
Energy Efficiency in Arenas

and Curling Rinks Workshop
Objectives
Objectives
Promote sustained energy efficiency
improvements in New Brunswick Arenas and
Curling Rinks Stock
Provide information for adequately evaluating the
energy use in arenas
Enable to qualify the savings estimates obtained
for energy efficiency measures
Assist in successfully implementing energy
efficiency measures
Provide methods for ensuring savings persistence
Objectives
Present energy efficiency as
a process, not an isolated
action: the Energy
Management Plan
Requires to know where
energy goes
Need to know the major factors
influencing energy use
Identify the efficiency
measures and tools available

The fundamentals:
energy context and energy efficiency
Energy context and efficiency

Why energy efficiency?
Customers want energy services (light, heat,
automotion), not energy (kWh, GJ)
Energy services can be delivered with more or less
energy (ergo more or less productively).
EE is not a virtue; it is a process by which we focus on
the service required, and how to deliver it the most
efficiently
An energy efficiency project can thus be compared with
a regular project on their merits.

Benefits of energy efficiency
Least cost
B/C tests to confirm and select options
Least risk
No fuel price volatility
CO2 market what will it mean
Least environmental impacts

Climate change is energy
Greenhouse gas emissions rising due to growing energy demand

Reduced risks
Energy consumption primarily based
on two ressources:
Electricity
Approx. 45% of NB energy mix
Fuel Oil
Approx. 35% of NB energy mix
Both energy sources carry a significant price uncertainty

in the near future

Electricity generation in NB 45% of energy
consumption
Strong presence of carbon-based fuels
Since 2008, new renewables in the electricity mix
mix

Carbon-based electricity
Greenhouse gas emissions constraints will increase in
the near future
NB has committed to a Renewable Portfolio Standard
10% Eco-logo certified energy by 2016
Low-impact, low GHG electricity
Utilities will lower their carbon intensity in response to the
market pressure.
Carbon constraints will potentially lead to higher RPS

target upward pressure on $/kWh
Electricity generation
NB Power (2009): 0.578 kg CO2e / kWh
Canadian Electricity Industry (2009): 0.29 kg CO2e / kWh

Fuel oil 35% of energy consumption
Price volatility 120
115
NB Furnace Oil price
110
105
100
145
95
135
90
85
125
115
105
95
85
75
January, 2011
July, 2010
January, 2010
July, 2009
January, 2009
July, 2008
January, 2008
July, 2007
January, 2007
July, 2006
65
March-10 to March-11

Energy x 30
Efficiency = environment
Climate change IS energy
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions rising due to
growing energy demand
Emissions x 20
Two options to reduce GHG:

Greener supply
Lower demand
1860=1
1850
1875
1900
1925
1950
1975
2000
2005: 379.1 ppm

Homo sapiens appear
Industrial
era begins
Last Ice Age

(1/3 ice cover)

Arenas & Energy
Market Overview
In Canada
2 300 Arenas
1 300 Curling Rinks
A typical arena
Uses 1 500 000 kWh eq./yr
Has $ 100 000/yr energy cost
Unit Cost and Use

Approximately 40 ekWh/ft2 or 1.7 GJ/m2
Approximately $2.80/ft2 or $30/m2
Market Overview
In New Brunswick
90 Arenas
38 Curling Rinks
A typical arena
Uses 930 000 kWh eq./yr
Has $ 95 000/yr energy cost
Unit Cost and Use

Approximately 26 ekWh/ft2 or 1.0 GJ/m2
Range of 0.3 to 2.2 GJ/m2
Approximately $2.70/ft2 or $29/m2
Market Overview
A typical Curling Rink
Has 3 curling sheets
Uses 180 000 kWh eq./yr
Has $18 000/yr energy cost
Unit Cost and Use

approximately 20 ekWh/ft2 or 0.8 GJ/m2
approximately $2.00/ft2 or $22/m2
Market Overview
Importance of market segment
Total of General Service clients in the Province
Estimated at 2 600
Total Arenas and Curling Rinks

Estimated at 128 customers
Less than 0.5% of all General Service customers
Electrical Energy Use

Total for General service customers: 2 600 GWh
Total for Arenas and Curling Rinks: 80 GWh
Represents over 3% of total General Service
670% more than their representation in terms of
number of customers
Market Overview
Market Overview
Global Efficiency Potential
A study done by CanmetENERGY suggest a 41%
reduction potential for the existing arenas stock
New efficient design can target a 50% reduction
using an integrated approach:
Refrigeration and HVAC are inter-linked in the
design
For New Brunswick:
Over 30 GWh of recurrent savings
For the average arena:
300 000 ekWh reduction
$23 000/year savings
Market Overview
Global Efficiency Potential
Top measures identified (no specific order)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Low emissivity ceiling

Brine pump optimization
Discharge pressure control
Heat recovery for resurfacing hot water
Heat recovery for domestic hot water
Ice temperature control
HVAC control (scheduling)
Lighting retrofit
Heat recovery for space heating
Humidity control


Typical Arena
Single ice sheet: 16 000 ft2
Total building size: 30 000 to 35 000 ft2
Operation: mi-September to mid-April
Installed refrigeration capacity: 80 Tons
Refrigerant: Ammonia
Evaporative condensers
Single running brine pump
55 Floods/week @ 65 oC
Rink lighting: 18 kW, Metal Halide
Ceiling emissivity: 0.85
Constant condensing pressure

Typical Arena
HVAC
Makeup air for dressing rooms, no HRV
Exhaust fans for the bleacher/rink section
Baseboard and force flow heaters (some with
boiler/hydronic heating)
Bleacher: limited heating 5 oC average
interior temperature (rink/bleacher zone)
No heat recovery
Dehumidifiers (direct expansion)
Mostly manual controls or local controllers (ice
plant), no BAS (Building Automation System)

Typical Arena Refrigeration Layout
No integration
with heating or
hot water

Energy Use in Arenas & Utility Data
Taking it from the Top
Steps in controlling energy use and cost
Utility Data and Rates You cant control what

you dont measure
Benchmarking compare your building
Find When Energy is Used
Find Where Energy is Used
Eliminate Waste
Maximize Efficiency
Optimize Energy Supply
Energy Rates
Commercial Rate Structure - Electricity
Example General Service
First 20 kilowatts of demand
No charge
Additional kilowatts of demand
$9.66/kW
First 5000 kilowatt hours
12.07/kWh
Balance kilowatt-hours
8.56/kWh
10 100 W bulbs running for 1 hour in a
month in an arena would represent an energy
cost of $0.0856 and a demand cost of $9.66, if
they were on during Peak time.
Energy Rates
Commercial Rate Structure Gas, Oil
Example General Service
Delivery
$12.42 /GJ
Commodity
$7.50/GJ - No multi-tier structure
Oil rate per L
Energy Rates
Estimating energy use and cost
Having an inventory of your electrical and fuel-fired
equipment helps in getting insight into your energy
usage and cost.
Arena Electrical Equipment (partial)
hp kW BTU/h
Compressors
160
Brine pump
20
Rink Lights
18
Outdoor Lights
4
Condenser Fans
10
Cooking Appliances
30
Infra-red heaters
450,000
Total
190 52 450,000
h
400
744
225
370
300
120
180
Assume 75% motor loading, 50% kitchen appliance cycling
1 hp = 0.746 kW
kWh
35,808
8,325
4,050
1,480
1,679
1,800
53,142
MMBTU
81
81
Energy Rates
Estimating energy use and cost
Cost estimate can be difficult due to the demand and
multiple tier structure for electricity
Cost Estimation
Compressors
Brine pump
Rink Lights
Outdoor Lights
Condenser Fans
Cooking Appliances
Infra-red heaters
Total
hp
160
20
kW
18
4
10
30
190
52
kW On
Peak
90
11
18
0
6
15
0
139
$
Demand
$ 672
$ 108
$ 174
$ $ 54
$ 145
$ $ 1,152
kWh
35,808
8,325
4,050
1,480
1,679
1,800
0
53,142
$
Energy
$ 3,669
$ 713
$ 347
$ 127
$ 144
$ 154
$
$ 5,152
Assume that base demand and consumption attributed to the compressors

1.05506 GJ = 1 MMBTU
$
Gas
$ 1,702
$ 1,702
Energy Use Index

Comparing Apples to Apples
Convert all energy use into the same set of units, such as:
All in GJ
All in equivalent kWh (ekWh)
Gas
Oil
Electricty
Propane
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
GJ
GJ
m3
GJ
GJ
L
GJ
GJ
GJ
L
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
277.78
26.86
10.342
277.78
25.82
10.76
277.78
277.78
39.08
7.11
ekWh
m3
ekWh
ekWh
L
ekWh
ekWh
ekWh
L
ekWh
Energy Use Index

The Energy Use Index (EUI) allows comparing
(benchmarking) your facility
Convert all utility data into GJ or ekWh
Obtain Facilitys total conditioned area: for Arenas
and Curling rinks, includes the ice shed.
EUI = Sum of all energy consumption/Area
Example: 25 000 ft2 arena, 650 000 kWh and 15 000 m3

of gas EUI = 32.2 ekWh/ft2
Benchmarking
The Energy Use Index (EUI) allows comparing
(benchmarking) your facility
Compare internally with historical data
Compare externally with regional, provincial or national
data (when available)
Benchmarking
Benchmarking Pitfalls
Benchmarking data is often limited
Benchmark database includes Facilities with very
different profiles, such as:
All-year round ice
Multiple ice Facilities
Large and very small Facilities
Heated and Unheated Facilities, etc.
Floor areas used in Benchmarking is not always consistent
Benchmarking against historical data is better or

against a more local and better defined dataset
Monthly Utility Data

Energy Fingerprint of the Facility
Provides better clues to energy usage than
the single EUI indicator
Can provide some End-Use breakdown
information
Using monthly data is a necessity in a good
energy management plan
Raw utility data often needs to be processed
Variable reading periods
Estimated readings (mostly for gas)
Varying weather conditions

Variable reading periods
Read Date
17Jan2006
15Feb2006
16Mar2006
13Apr2006
16May2006
15Jun2006
17Jul2006
01Aug2006
01Sep2006
17Oct2006
16Nov2006
14Dec2006
16Jan2007
14Feb2007
15Mar2007
16Apr2007
16May2007
15Jun2007
Days
33
28
28
27
32
29
31
13
30
46
29
27
32
28
28
31
29
29
Demand
188
183
99
211
65
61
61
185
185
185
181
189
107
107
188
178
52
59
What happened?
Total Consumption
81,760
76,640
40,640
81,280
30,720
28,000
29,920
41,026
87,913
140,661
82,400
61,920
79,520
68,000
78,720
60,800
33,280
24,960
Daily Average
2,478
2,737
1,451
3,010
960
966
965
3,156
2,930
3,058
2,841
2,293
2,485
2,429
2,811
1,961
1,148
861

Average daily data shows a more accurate picture

Moving annual totals: overall trend

Weather-sensitive component: consumption above
the neutral month usage
Provides a estimate for heating due to weather
(excludes heating caused by the ice sheet cooling effect)
Baselines
All electric arena
Oil heating and resurfacing water

Typically what is above the baseline = weatherdependant load
For combustible, the baseline represent loads such
as service hot water (oil, gas) and cooking (gas)
Pitfalls for Arenas and Curling Rinks:
For electrically heated building, the heating load will be
hidden by a reduction in refrigeration consumption during
the colder months and a higher one for the warmer months
The baseline will be difficult to define for these buildings
Monitoring and Targeting

(M&T)
Energy monitoring and targeting is primarily a
management technique that uses energy
information as a basis to eliminate waste, reduce
and control current level of energy use and
improve the existing operating procedures. It
builds on the principle you cant manage what
you dont measure
It essentially combines the principles of energy
use and statistics

(M&T)
What do you need?
Utility data for the last 12 to 36 months
Rink operating periods for that time span
Monthly Heating Degree-Days for that time span (can be
obtained at no cost at
http://www.climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/climateData/canada_e.html
Basic knowledge of Excel

Time (the most difficult ingredient)
Note: Heating degree-days is an indicator of the heating
requirements for a building. It is derived from the difference
between the daily average exterior temperature and a
reference temperature (typically 18 degC)
HDD = summation over a period (ref temp - average temp)..

(M&T)
What to do Next
Compile the Moving Annual Total as shown previously
Add a line for the Moving Annual Total for heating degree-days ->
see if the energy trend follows the weather trend
Update monthly
You can stop here
but there is more

(M&T)
What to do Next
kWh/Month
Find a formula that predicts the baseline energy use and

compare the prevision to the actual utility data
Summing up the differences month after month provides you with
the efficiency trend of the building this is called CUSUM analysis
(CUMulative SUMmation)
Energy Use in Arenas

Where is the energy going?
Billing analysis provide mostly the When
Obtaining an End-Use breakdown is important in
a good EMP as it provides
Magnitude of each potential efficiency target
in terms of energy and annual cost
Allow judging claims with regard to potential
savings
An End-Use breakdown is a typical feature of an
energy audit

Despite their many variations, arenas have
sufficiently similar characteristics to provide a fairly
typical breakdown (based on the typical arena
presented earlier)

End-Use
Refrigeration
Pumps
Hot Water- process
Hot Water- sanitary
Lights
Fans
Heating
Miscellaneous
Total
kWh
389,453 $
60,000 $
53,299 $
40,000 $
140,000 $
28,509 $
129,067 $
92,149 $
932,477 $
Cost
39,783
6,129
5,445
4,086
14,301
2,912
13,184
9,413
95,253

For a partially heated rink with some mechanical
ventilation, such as our typical arena, the heating
load is divided as follows

Refrigeration Loads
Refrigeration Loads
Refrigeration is by far the largest
single End-Use
Most opportunities will be linked to
refrigeration
Most complex mechanical system in an
arena or curling rink
It is important to understand what

makes up the load on the refrigeration
system
Refrigeration Loads
Typical load break down (based on the
typical arena profile)
Refrigeration Loads
Typical peak load break down
equipment sizing (based on the typical arena)
Refrigeration Loads
Summary of Heating and Refrigeration Loads in an
Arena
Roof Heat Loss
Air infiltration
Infrared
radiation
Exhaust & Fresh Air
Walls Heat Loss

Air Temperature
and Humidity
Lights
Floodings
Skaters
Slab Heat Loss

Under slab heating
Source: retscreen.net
Refrigeration Loads
Typical load break down (based on the
typical arena profile)
Load Component
Air temperature
Humidity
Ceiling radiation
Ground and piping
Resurfacing
Lighting
Pumps
Skaters
Total
kWh of Load
112,898 $
80,696 $
57,795 $
28,140 $
52,263 $
16,816 $
28,743 $
12,102 $
389,453 $
Cost of Load
11,533
8,243
5,904
2,874
5,339
1,718
2,936
1,236
39,783


As indicated earlier, the energy efficiency
potential for Arenas and curling rinks is
significant
It is important to know the most common
measures
The measures are all articulated around the
stated principles of:
Eliminating Waste a combination of low cost

and capital cost measures
Maximizing Efficiency typically capital cost
measures
Optimizing Energy Supply in our energy
efficiency context, concerns mostly renewable
energy

Refrigeration-related Measures
1. Low emissivity ceiling
2. Brine Pump Control
Infrared sensor
Two-speed pumps
Variable speed pumps
3. Ice temperature control scheduling
4. Discharge pressure control
5. Bleacher temperature control
6. Dehumidification
7. Ice thickness control
8. Adequate water volume for resurfacing
9. Condenser Heat Recovery for underfloor heating
10. Condenser Heat Recovery for snow melting

HVAC-related Measures
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Time scheduling of fans and exhaust

Temperature set back
Condenser Heat Recovery for space heating
Exhaust air heat recovery
High efficiency boilers and heaters
Heat pumps Air source and ground source

Hot Water-related Measures
1.
2.
3.
4.
Desuperheater for resurfacing water

Desuperheater for resurfacing sanitary water
High efficiency water heaters (other than electric)
Low flow shower heads

Lighting Measures
1.
2.
3.
4.
T5 or T8 for Rink Lighting with multilevel control

T12 replacement with T8 lamps
Lower wattage T8 lamps
Occupancy sensors

New Construction
1. Integrated Design combining Refrigeration, HVAC and
Hot Water
EEM - Refrigeration
Low emissivity (low-e) Ceiling
Every object emits infrared radiation (IR)
Up to 30% of the ice sheet refrigeration load can be due to IR
radiation
Common materials have emissivity of 0.8 and more
Low-e ceiling can have emissivity ranging from 0.05
(aluminized films) to 0.25 (special paints)
Savings are strongly dependant
on interior temperatures (ceiling,
floors and walls)
Emissivity is a measure of the propensity of

an object to emit IR radiation. A value of 0
indicate that it will not emit any IR while a
value of 1 shows that it is a perfect emitter.
EEM - Refrigeration
Low emissivity (low-e) Ceiling
Typical cost $30 000
Typical saving 60 000 kWh
Savings will also be reduced when there is a radiant floor.
EEM - Refrigeration
Brine Pump Control IR Sensor
Brine pumps are typically 20 hp in arenas and 15 hp in curling
rinks. They typically run 24 hours a day.
Approximately 90% of the energy consumed by the pump
motor is transformed into heat in the brine loop
This is like having a 10 to 15 kW heater in your brine loop
An infrared temperature sensor system will allow cycling the
brine pump to maintain the proper ice temperature.
EEM - Refrigeration
Brine Pump Control IR Sensor
Typical cost $5 000 with sophisticated model reaching $20 000
Savings 30% - 40% of pumping energy and refrigeration impact
28 000 kWh for our typical arena
Refrigeration impact: Since most of the
pumping energy turns into a refrigeration
load, savings from pumping measures will
also save compressor energy. This also
applies to any measure that reduces the
refrigeration load.
How to estimate these interactive

savings:
1- Estimate the load reduction kWhr
2- The additional savings will be equal to
the load reduction divided by the average
efficiency of the refrigeration plant, often
call the Coefficient of Performance (COP)
3- Get the total savings as
kWh total = kWhr + kWhr/COP
A COP of 2.0 to 2.5 for an average age

refrigeration plant is typical.
EEM - Refrigeration
Brine Pump Control Two-speed pump
Brine pumps are sized to deliver enough flow to satisfy peak
refrigeration loads that occur only a few hours a year. A twospeed pump, or a smaller secondary pump, can operate most
of the time at low speed for major savings.
An infrared temperature sensor system is required to control
the operation of the pump.
Typical savings: 50% of pumping
energy and refrigeration impact
45 000 kWh
Typical Cost: 15 000 $
EEM - Refrigeration
Brine Pump Control Variable pump
Further savings can be achieved by continuously adjusting
the flow to the refrigeration load. Using a variable speed drive
on the brine pump can allow further savings compared to a
two-speed pump.
An infrared and a brine return temperature sensor system are
required to control the operation of the pump.
Typical savings: 60% of pumping
energy and refrigeration impact
55 000 kWh
Typical Cost: 22 000 $
EEM - Refrigeration
Ice Temperature Scheduling
Savings of about 1.5% of the total energy use can be obtained
for each oC of reduction of ice temperature (yearly averaged
reduction)
Adjusting the temperature for the type of activity and
operating schedule is the optimal procedure.
Time scheduling is more easily implemented
Typical recommended ice temperatures

Hockey: -6C to -5C
Figure skating: -4C to -3C
Free skating: -3C to -2C
No activity: -2C to -1C
Curling: -4C to -5C
EEM - Refrigeration
Discharge Pressure Control
In many refrigeration systems, compressor discharge (head)
pressure is kept at a fixed, high level to assure safe, reliable
operation over a range of outdoor temperatures.
Its far more efficient to allow head pressure
to float with ambient wet-bulb
temperature, down to a minimum
safe level for a given system
For every degree you reduce the

discharge temperature the
efficiency will increase by
approximately 1%
Source: Energy Center of Wisconsin
EEM - Refrigeration
Discharge Pressure Control
The minimum setting is very dependant on the systems
characteristics and consulting a refrigeration expert with
experience with floating head pressure is needed.
Using a lower pressure setting will result in longer operating
times for condenser fans and using variable speed drives
would further increase the savings.
Typical cost to implement :
$5 000
Typical savings:
50 000 kWh
EEM - Refrigeration
Bleacher Temperature Scheduling
Decreasing the stands average temperature set point has a
double effect in arenas. It results in heating savings as well as
refrigeration savings (interactive effect)
Savings of
2%/oC to 4%/oC
of the total
facilitys energy
use are available
EEM - Refrigeration
Dehumidification
Will lower the latent load (humidity) on the ice and provide
better ice conditions.
Savings result from the higher
efficiency of the dehumidifiers
EEM - Refrigeration
Dehumidification
Desiccant dehumidifiers offer the largest savings
More efficient at low indoor temperature
Requires a heat source to regenerate the wheel, optimal
scenario is a gas regeneration to limit peak demand
Typical cost $60 000
Typical savings 70 000 kWh
EEM - Refrigeration
Ice thickness control
Typical ice thickness ranges from 25 to 40 mm thick.
In some ice rinks with uneven slab surfaces, thickness
approaches 75 mm
Keeping ice thickness to about 25 mm provides the optimal
energy usage
EEM - Refrigeration
Adequate water volume for resurfacing
This is a purely operational measure aiming at insuring that
the amount of water put in the resurfacer and used in
resurfacing is optimal.
Loading a extra 10% water volume in the resrufacer translates
into an annual cost of $550
Too much water for floods builds up ice thickness and results
in additional use for freezing the water and decreases
refrigeration efficiency from thicker ice.
A typical flood only adds 0.25 mm to the ice sheet.
EEM - Refrigeration
Condenser Heat Recovery for underfloor
heating
Extended use facility usually have underfloor heating to
prevent frost heaving.
The typical heating capacity required is 5 to 10 kW
Since the temperature required for underfloor heating is low, it
is an ideal application for condensing heat reclaim.
Savings: 20 000 kWh
Cost: $10 000
EEM - Refrigeration
Condenser Heat Recovery for snow
melting
Some arenas can dump the snow outside the building
Other must have snow melting pits that uses hot water to melt
the snow
Using recovered heat is a perfect application given the low
temperature
The snow pit can be used to subcool the refrigerant going
back to the compressors, further increasing the savings
It is important to avoid warming up the water past its freezing
point to limit the humidity load going back into the arena.
The total energy use for melting
a full year worth of resurfacing is
equal to 70 000 kWh
EEM - HVAC
Condenser Heat Recovery for space
heating
A typical arena, or curling rink, rejects much more energy
than is required to meet its entire heating and hot water load
The majority of the energy is available at a low temperature, of
38 oC or less
Spaces with a low set points, such as the bleachers, can use
this low grade heat
Spaces with higher set points can also benefit from heat
reclaim but may need to use heat pumps to boost the
temperature level of the heating air
Implementation of building-wide heat reclaim in an existing
facility is an expensive and often complex measure
EEM - HVAC
Condenser Heat Recovery for space
heating
Heat reclaim can technically replace all of the bleacher
heating but in practice there are times when the available heat
rejection does not match the heating need
Typical savings
(bleachers recovery):
75 000 kWh
Typical cost: $50 000
The measure will
limit the minimum
discharge pressure
- there is an optimal
setting
EEM - HVAC
Heat pumps Air source and ground
source
Heat pumps in arenas can be used in combination with heat
reclaim for areas that have higher set points
Without heat reclaim, a high efficiency air-source heat pump
will save 40% of the heating cost
A ground-source heat pump system will typically save 65% of
the heating cost
For arenas, heat recovery will usually be used first
Savings from heat pumps will be based on the remaining
heating cost
Energy savings are often not additive and have a cumulative
impact on each other. For example, a measure that results in
20% heating savings combined with another that brings 15%
does not result in 35% savings but 32% savings (0.8 x 0.85 = 0.68
or 32% total saving).
EEM - HVAC
Exhaust air heat recovery
This is a standard EEM for any type of building and consist of
installing a heat recovery exchanger in the buildings make up
air unit. A typical cost for the exchanger is $5 to $8 per CFM
(cubic foot minute) of outdoor air flow. It will about 15 kWh/yr
for a system operating 12 h/day.
Time scheduling of fans and exhaust

Turning off ventilation provides large savings. Using a
programmable thermostat or time clock is an inexpensive way
for implementing this measure. Using a Building Automation
System (BAS) will allow more complex scheduling and other
control optimization. A BAS will typically produce a 15%
energy reduction, excluding refrigeration and hot water.
EEM - HVAC
Temperature set back
A 1oC = 3% of heating bill (spaces other than rink).
The measure can be implemented using programmable
thermostats or a BAS
High efficiency boilers and heaters

Boiler tune-ups provides typical gains of 2.5% of
boiler consumption
High efficiency condensing boilers have efficiencies
of 90%+
EEM Hot Water

Desuperheater for resurfacing water
Approximately 25% of the heat rejected by the refrigeration
system is available at a higher temperature sufficient to heat
the water needed for resurfacing
This part of the rejected energy is called the superheat. A
specific heat exchanger, the desuperheater can be used to
preheat the water needed for resurfacing
An additional storage tank is typically required since the
energy available at the compressor and the demand for
resurfacing do not always match
Typical savings: 48 000 kWh
Typical cost, with storage tank: $30 000
EEM Hot Water

Desuperheater for resurfacing water schematic
EEM Hot Water

Desuperheater for service hot water
This measure is similar to that for the resurfacing water
The one significant difference is that a special heat exchanger
is required since the water is used for sanitary purposes.
Typically, a double-wall vented heat exchanger is needed.
Additional storage capacity is often added
Typical savings: 36 000 kWh
Typical cost, with storage tank: $25 000
EEM Hot Water

Other Hot Water Measures
High efficiency water heaters (other than electric): An oil fired
hot water tank will have an Energy Factor of about 0.5 with the
best one at around 0.68. Gas heaters will have a base EF of
about 0.59 but can be as high as 0.70.
Low flow shower heads: All shower heads sold since the early
90s have a maximum flow of 3.5 usgpm. However, there are an
increasing number of models at 2.5 usgpm or less. Savings
will be less than the % of flow reduction since it has been
shown that lower flow translates into warmer and/or longer
showers. Expected savings would be reduced by a factor of
20%.
The Energy Factor is used to express the efficiency of
residential-type heaters. It represents the amount of heat
required to warm up a years worth of hot water divided by the
amount of energy input into the heater to warm that water.
EEM - Lighting
Lighting retrofit is one of the most common EEM, if not the
most common
It is important to know the efficiencies of the light sources
For arenas, we must also consider the amount of heat sent to
the ice by the various types of lamps.
Energy output
Type
Incandescent
Halogen
Halogen - infrared
White LED
CFL
PL (U-tube)
T8
T5
Metal Halide
Metal Halide - pulse start
Sodium (HPS)
Luminous
efficacy
(lm/W)
15
24
30
50
60
70
80
90
70
80
100
CRI
95+
95+
95+
80+
80
80
80
80
65
65
25
Typical Life
(h)
1 000
2 000
4 000
60 000
6 000
10 000
20 000
16 000
20 000
20 000
24 000
Visible
Rink
Heat light Infrared Load
7%
9%
84% 93%
8%
13%
79% 92%
8%
13%
79% 92%
80%
20%
0% 20%
40%
25%
35% 60%
40%
25%
35% 60%
40%
25%
35% 60%
40%
25%
35% 60%
27%
23%
50% 73%
27%
23%
50% 73%
23%
30%
47% 77%
EEM - Lighting
Light source efficiency is not the only factor: the Colour
Rendering Index (CRI), the lumen maintenance as well as the
fixture efficiency need to be considered.
Light levels need to be adjusted as per the requirements of
the activities
Lumen depreciation: There is a

significant reduction in light output for
some type of lamps, called lumen
depreciation. For example, Metal Halide
lamps can loose up to 30% of their
output over their lifetime.
EEM - Lighting
T5 or T8 for Rink Lighting with multilevel
control
A measure that is becoming more and more common consist
in replacing the typical 400 W Metal Halide lamps with either
high output T5s or T8 fixtures
T5s and T8s have better CRI, lumen maintenance and equal or
better luminous efficacy. Many fluorescent fixtures also have
better overall efficiency.
The fluorescents provide quicker start/restrike time the metal
halide, easier multi-level control (6 lamps/fixture) and even
light distribution
EEM - Lighting
T5 or T8 for Rink Lighting with multilevel
control
Typical savings, including refrigeration impact: 35 000 kWh
using a bi-level switching scheme
Refrigeration
Typical cost: $20 000
Usage impact Total Hours per week kWh/yr

kWh/yr
kWh/yr
18
100
54240
18018
72258
Before
Total kW
40 - 400 W MH
After
40 - 6T5HO
13
40 - 6T5HO
6
Savings (kWh)
35137
Savings ($-Energy) $
3,008
Savings ($-Demand) $
346
Cost
$
20,000
Useful Life
Fixture
20yrs
Lamp
16000h
Ballast
50000h
50
50
19440
9720
5308
2654
24748
12374
EEM - Lighting
For the other section of the arena, there
are a large number of conventional
lighting measures, such as:
T12 replacement with T8 lamps
Lower wattage T8 lamps: using 28 W or 25 W T8 lamps to
replace 32 W lamps if the foot-candle requirement is still met
Occupancy sensors: for spaces with variable occupancy,
such as conference room, or the cafeteria/snack bar section
of the arena
Interactive effect: More efficient lighting uses less energy but also
produces less heat. As a result, there is an increased load on your
heating system in the winter and a reduced load on your air
conditioning systems in the summer. This impact is commonly
called interactive effects or cross effects. For a typical heating
dominated building, this impact result in a 50% reduction in net
savings (non air conditioned building)
EEM - Others
Many Facility specific EEM are possible,
common ones include:
Recommissioning (O&M)
Renewable energy:
Solar air heating
Solar water heating
Maintenance: Some significant savings are possible with
good maintenance practice, especially in regard to
refrigeration (e.g. refrigerant levels, suction line filters, etc.)
Recommissioning (RCx) or Existing Building Commissioning (EBCx): Consist in a systematic analysis of the operation and controls
of existing building equipment to insure that they meet the current
operating requirements in the most optimal manner. RCx projects
typically provide 10% to 30% savings with a payback of less than
two years. The smaller the building, the longer the typical payback.
EEM New Construction

Integrated Design combining Refrigeration, HVAC and Hot
Water

Benefit cost analysis:

Making the case for energy efficiency
Energy efficiency
benefits
Tangible and intangible benefits
Improved reliability
Reduced utility expense
Improved employee productivity
Less pollution
Numerous organization barriers exist to energy

efficiency projects
Need to be adressed in the business case
Barriers
Capital vs operation
Energy is often considered as a fixed cost incurred to the
operation budget
Higher capital investment in energy efficient technologies
lead to reduced operating costs
Little incentives for engineers and managers to specify
higher cost equipments with long term potential energy
savings
Capital investment opportunities

Limited capital energy efficient project leading to reduced
expenses vying for same capital as other projects that
may generate additional revenues
Barriers
Organizational commitment
in energy efficiency and energy management is critical to a
successful energy management plan and to long term energy
savings
Energy efficiency knowledge deficit

Regarding valuation techniques
Regarding available technologies and benefits
Regarding energy consumption of the facility
The first step
Energy audits are a requirement

Know your baseline
Identify potential opportunities
Allow to evaluate cost effectiveness of improvements
What is the value of my future savings compared to the
cost of the project?
3 levels of audit standard guidelines can be found at:

http://oee.nrcan.gc.ca/publications/fbi/m92-841994/audit_contents.cfm?attr=20
Valuation techniques
Different techniques for different purposes
Simple / incremental payback

Annualized savings
Internal rate of return
Lifecycle cost analysis
Simple/incremental
payback
Simple / incremental payback
Amount of time required to return the value of the
investment
Total first cost of improvements / first yr energy savings
Highly simplified technique
Best suited for general discussion than proper B/C
analysis
Mostly used indicator but
Wrongly seen as a good indicator of cost-effectiveness
Simple/incremental
payback
Example: Low-e ceiling retrofit
Project parameters
Measure:
Low-e ceiling
Cost of project
Energy savings (kWh)

Measure life (years)
B/C analysis
Yearly savings ($)
Simple paypack
Financial parameters
Energy cost ($/kWh)
0.0856
30,000
46089
20
3,945
7.60
Pros:
easy, simple
Cons:
does not evaluate time-value of money
Does not value energy savings after the pay-back period,
even though they still occur
Does not answer the question: How much does it cost NOT to
make the project?
Annualized savings
Annualized savings
Technique that takes into account the estimated usage life of the
measure
Initial capital costs converted to annual equivalent over the
expected life
Take into account time-value of money
Account for operation & maintenance costs
Net annualized savings =

annualized cost yearly savings
Annualized savings
Project parameters
Measure:
Low-e ceiling
Cost of project

Energy cost ($/kWh)
Discount rate
$ 0.0856
6%
30,000
46089
20
B/C analysis
Yearly savings
Annualized costs
$3,945.22
$2,615.54
Annualized savings
$1,329.68
Initial investment over project life - discounted
Pros:
Considers the complete life of the measure
Take into account the time-value of capital investment
Cons:
No sense of yield of investment

Often used for big capital projects
Defined as the Rate of return required for the present value
of future savings to be equal to the current price of the
investment
Need to know the time series of future savings
Does not consider the cost of capital
Project parameters
Measure:
Low-e ceiling
Cost of project

30,000
46089
20
B/C analysis
Yearly savings
Internal rate of
return
3,945
6.28%
Energy cost ($/kWh)
Discount rate
$ 0.0856
6%

Lifecycle cost (LCC) analysis
Total cost of system over anticipated useful life
Initial capital costs
Ops & Maintenance costs
Financing costs
Estimated usage life and residential value
Expressed as the value of future cost and savings in todays
dollar as reflected by an appropriate discount rate
Used to compare alternatives

Project parameters
Measure:
Low-e ceiling
Cost of project

Energy cost ($/kWh)
Discount rate
$ 0.0856
6%
30,000
46089
20
Interest rate
Equity
Debt term (years)
7%
50%
15
B/C analysis
Yearly savings
4,323
Equity
15,000
Debt payments
1,647
Total lifecycle benefits
$ 52,560 (Present value)
Total lifecycle costs

Total lifecycle analysis
$30,995(Present value)
$ 21,564
Project costs
Summary - B/C analysis

Benefit cost analysis need to consider the complete
costs of measures, as well as the total energy
savings of the project
Initial capital costs

Financing costs
O&M costs
Energy savings for the complete
duration of the project
Time-value of money
use appropriate discount rate
Summary - B/C analysis

Is a measure of the investment efficiency
Should not be used for mutually exclusive projects
Annualized life-cycle savings

Provide a measure of the value of the project

Provides the best evaluation of the current value of an
energy efficiency project
Accounts for all costs and savings for the entire duration
of the project
Discounts future money streams compared to current
dollars.
Additional benefits
Financial benefits are only one part of the equation
Additional benefits:
Optimized operations
Regulatory compliance
Strategic maintenance planning
Increased reliability and reduced downtime
The business case for energy efficiency should also

clearly state the non-financial and indirect financial
benefits of the investment
And dont forget to include any grants or incentives during the
B/C analysis

Available Tools
Available Tools
A number of free, publicly available
tools on the market
RETScreen Arena & Supermarket Model
eQuest Hourly simulation
2 versions, one with a simplified model and
one with a detailed modeling capability
CanmetENERGY CEFOR Excel spreadsheet
EE Wizard for Arenas On-line tool, developed
for CBIP limited use for LEED, based on hourly
simulation
Available Tools
RETScreen
Excel-based tool, easy to use
Pre-feasibility tool
Costing and financial analysis
GHG analysis
Limitations due to its simplicity
Limited Building envelope and HVAC
definition
No entries for Brine pumps
Limited Schedules
Available Tools
RETScreen Example
Available Tools
eQuest
Detailed, hourly-based simulation tool
Complex to use
Feasibility/technical study tool
Can be used for M&V
Limitations due to its complexity
Requires very detailed descriptions
Requires high user expertise
Calibration should always be done to within
10% of monthly utility data and less than 5%
of annual utility data
Must use weather data matching utility period
Available Tools
eQuest Example
Available Tools
EE Wizard
Simplified, hourly-based simulation tool
Easy to use
Pre-feasability or feasibility tool depending on
user expertise
Limitations
Web-based version has some pre-establish
defaults that cannot be changes
Limited HVAC systems available
Web-based version does not allow using
local weather data matching utility data
period
Available Tools
EE Wizard Example (stand-alone)

Energy Management Plan
Energy Managment Plan

Recall Energy efficiency
should not be an isolated
action: the Energy
Management Plan
Requires to know where
energy goes
Need to know the major factors
influencing energy use
Identify the efficiency
measures and tools available
Need to formalize the

process and adapt it to
your specific Facility

Audits alone will often not achieve the full
potential available in a facility. An audit, done
without an overall plan, is likely to have few of
its proposed measures implemented.
The audit should be a step taken within a
broader Energy Management plan.
The plan must have the buy-in of all players
involved, from the operating staff to the
facilitys manager and the owner.
The plan must set specific goals and must
insure to provide the means to achieving these
goals.

Key Points in the Energy Management Plan
Proper training for staff

Coordination and prioritized by manager
Financial backing from owner
Availability of technical expertise, such as through audits
Clear and achievable goals: avoid setting unreachable
goals based on hearsay
Audits can help in setting goals
Regular updates to the plan: there are always
emergencies that will be more pressing, the Champion
must take charge.
Clear responsibilities for everyone involved
Communications: if goals cannot be met, need to reassess the goals, not looking for whos fault it is.

Key Points in the Energy Management Plan
If one link fails, the entire chain breaks
Operators must see the advantages of the Plan and have a
say
Managers must understand the rink operation and
constraints
Owners must be aware of realistic goals

Typical Team Members
Building operator To provide day-to-day experience,
opportunities, constraints
Representative from Facility Management Technical
expertise, possible project management resource
Representative from the Financial Department insure the
plan is done within the proper budgetary guidelines, and
other contractual and financial considerations
Representative for the Owner Overall plan orientation,
priorities

Steps
The EMP should be multi-year, spanning a minimum of
three years in its first instance.
The EMP should define the measures that will be taken for
each year, the targeted savings, capital and training
requirements.
The EMP will need a sound technical base in establishing
its targets and measures: the Energy Audits

The Energy Audit
Integral part of the EMP
Provides basis to establish quantifiable targets
Provides list of measures to integrate into a multi-year
plan and capitalisation plan
Provide the baseline information on the Facility
Provides the energy break down by End-Uses for the
Facility
Must cover all aspect of energy use
Equipment
Operational
Maintenance
Behavioural
Beware of sales pitch disguised in single measure audits

Type of Audits (ASHRAE)
Level 1 Walk Through Assessment
Assess a buildings energy cost and efficiency by
analyzing energy bills and conducting a brief survey of
the building. A Level 1 energy analysis will identify and
provide a savings and cost analysis of low-cost/no-cost
measures. It will also provide a listing of potential capital
improvements that merit further consideration, along with
an initial judgment of potential costs and savings.

Level 2 - Energy Survey and Analysis
Includes a more detailed building survey and energy
analysis. A breakdown of energy use within the building is
provided. Identifies and provides the savings and cost
analysis of all practical measures that meet the owners
constraints and economic criteria, along with a discussion
of any effect on operation and maintenance procedures. It
also provides a listing of potential capital-intensive
improvements that require more thorough data collections
and analysis, along with an initial judgment of potential
costs and savings. This level of analysis will be adequate for
most buildings and measures.

Level 3 Detailed Analysis of Capital Intensive
Modifications
This level of analysis focuses on potential capitalintensive projects identified during Level II and involves
more detailed field data gathering and engineering
analysis. It provides detailed project cost and savings
information with a high level of confidence sufficient for
major capital investment decisions

Energy Audits
The most commonly done type is the Level II.
The major elements that should be found in a complete
Level II audits are:
1. Building Description: space functions and sizes,
applicable schedules, occupancy levels
2. Thermal envelope: General condition, type of
construction, estimated insulation levels, type and
size of fenestration, infiltration issues
3. HVAC: List of HVAC systems, identification of HVAC
type, main specifications of HVAC equipment,
operating schedule and control logic, estimated
outdoor and exhaust flows, description and
specifications of heating and cooling central
equipments and pumps

Energy Audits
The major elements that should be found in a complete
Level II audits are:
4. Refrigeration: Description of system layout and
control logic. Equipment specifications
(compressors, pumps, condensers, heat recovery).
Document the major load components such as # of
resurfacing, low-e ceiling, bleacher set point
5. Domestic hot water: Type of heaters, capacity and
storage volume, set points and estimated usage.
6. Lighting: A room-by-room or Facility-wide lighting
count is often performed with identification of lamp
type, voltage and wattage
7. Maintenance: Type and frequency, general condition
of the various equipment covered in the audit.

Energy Audits
The major elements that should be found in a complete Level
II audits are:
8. Plug Load and Equipment: Document other
miscellaneous loads, such as plug load and kitchen
equipment. A detailed count of small loads is not usually
done.
9. Past and proposed EEM: document EEMs that have
been installed recently (e.g. past 5 years) and those
already planned
10. An utility data analysis, preferably for the last 36
months. The analysis will often provide a weather
regression and trend analysis. Look at peak demand,
power factor and any anomaly
11. An energy break down by End Use, not based on typical
values, but specific to the facility.

Energy Audits
The major elements that should be found in a complete Level
II audits are:
12. Benchmarking.
13. Proposed EEM: the list of EEM must cover the no-cost
and low-cost measure that pertain to operation,
maintenance, awareness as well as the capital cost
measures. Level II implementation costs are budgetaryonly. Savings estimate ($) must not be based on annual
average unit cost. Any practical constraints and other
requirements with regard to the EEM are also provided.
14. Incentives: Many Level II audit will provide information
(qualitative and/or quantitative) on applicable incentives
for the proposed measures.

Measurement and Verification
M&V
What is it?
M&V is the process of using measurement to reliably
determine actual savings created within an individual
facility by an energy management, energy conservation or
energy efficiency project or program. As savings cannot
be directly measured, the savings can be determined by
comparing measured use before and after implementation
of a project, making appropriate adjustments for changes
in conditions. - Efficiency Valuation Organization (EVO)
Savings cannot be directly measured since savings
represent the absence of something
M&V and M&T are closely related. M&V formalises the

reporting of savings.
M&V
Why?
Allow adequate feedback to EMP: funding, reinforcement,
recognition
Avoid Placebo Effect
Trust but verify
M&V
How?
There is an international standard that is widely accepted
for verifying savings: IPMVP
It outlines four different options that can be used to
measure and verify savings
Savings = Base Year Usage Post Retrofit Usage +/- Adjustments
Options A and B (Isolation Retrofit Approach): Options A and
B focus on the performance of specific ECMs such as items
of equipment and installed retrofits that can be measured in
isolation from the rest of the building. Before and after
measurements are taken and compared to determine the
savings. A lighting retrofit is a good example for Option A.
Installation of variable speed drives is a good example for
Option B.
M&V
How?
Savings = Base Year Usage Post Retrofit Usage +/- Adjustments
Options C and D (Whole Building Approach) These options

are used when the nature of the ECM is not easily measured
in isolation from the rest of the building operations. This
could be typical of operational and control changes that
affect many areas of the building. The Option C approach
assesses savings at the whole-facility level by analyzing
utility bills before and after the implementation of the ECMs.
Option D uses computer simulations and modeling of the
whole facility, usually when base year energy data is not
available or reliable. Installation of energy management
control systems (EMS) and training/awareness programs are
good examples for Option C.
Option C is the most common procedure adopted.<
M&V
When?
A proper M&V plan must be considered at the on-set of a
project, prior to its implementation
This is required since pre-implementation measurements
may be needed
M&V can be done formally by an independent third-part,
usually an Certified M&V Professional (CMVP) or it can be
done internally with a less formal approach as long as the
basis for the adjustments are done properly

Wrap-up

Energy efficiency measures for arenas and curling rinks

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Energy Efficiency in Arenas and

Located in Saint John.

use energy more efficiently;

Defining the Sectors

Target: Base Building Energy

Target: Process Improvement,

SMART START &

SMALL & MEDIUM

Marketing and Public Outreach

Energy Management 101

Start Smart for New Construction

Start Smart for New Construction

Start Smart Program Options

Minimum Performance: 30% better

Minimum Performance: 30% better

Agenda for the day

Benefit / cost analysis: making the case for energy efficiency

Energy Efficiency in Arenas

Energy Efficiency in Arenas

Energy context and efficiency

Energy context and efficiency

Least environmental impacts

Energy context and efficiency

Both energy sources carry a significant price uncertainty

Energy context and efficiency

Energy context and efficiency

Carbon constraints will potentially lead to higher RPS

Energy context and efficiency

NB Furnace Oil price

Energy context and efficiency

Two options to reduce GHG:

Energy context and efficiency

2005: 379.1 ppm

Last Ice Age

Energy Efficiency in Arenas

Arenas & Energy

Unit Cost and Use

Unit Cost and Use

Unit Cost and Use

Total Arenas and Curling Rinks

Less than 0.5% of all General Service customers

Electrical Energy Use

Low emissivity ceiling

Energy Efficiency in Arenas

Typical Arena Profile

Typical Arena Profile

Typical Arena Profile

Typical Arena Profile

Energy Efficiency in Arenas

Energy Use in Arenas & Utility Data

Taking it from the Top

Steps in controlling energy use and cost

Utility Data and Rates You cant control what

Assume 75% motor loading, 50% kitchen appliance cycling

Assume that base demand and consumption attributed to the compressors

Energy Use Index

Energy Use Index

Example: 25 000 ft2 arena, 650 000 kWh and 15 000 m3

Benchmarking against historical data is better or

Monthly Utility Data

Monthly Utility Data

Monthly Utility Data

Monthly Utility Data