VIBRATORY STRESS RELIEVING -lt's ADVANTAGES ASAN ALTERNATIVE TO

THERMAL TREATMENT

j .S Hornsey B.Sc (Mech Eng), SAIW, SAIMec h.Eng,

VSR(Africa)cc December 2004

CGLI (Dist Weld ) CGLI (Dist Met allur gy)

ABSTRACT
In an introductory review, the techniques and equipment for vibratory stress re/eving are
described and app/ications exemplified with case histories. lt has been proven that the
process gives stablisation results comparable with and in many cases exceedng those
obtained wth therma/ treatment, whlst be;ng quicker, cheaper, more versatife as the
equipment is complete/y portable and the technique offers many advantages when machined
parts or heavy fabrications are in volved.
INTRODUCTION
Over the last 60 years, vibratory stress relieving
has evolved from a little known art into an
indispensable basic process, which is now a well
tried and established alternative to thermal
treatment for the treatment of castings,
fabrications,
components
reqUinng
intricate
machining operations and non-ferrous metals. lt is
important to emphasize that vibratory stress
relieving is not claimed to be a substitute for all
thermal t reatments although there is sorne
common ground just as there are areas where each
process is and will remain predominant.
Therma l and Vibratory treatment share a capabi lity
in three areas, namely overall stress reduction,
dimensional control and dimensional stabi lisation.
Although total stress relief is almost impossible to
obtain by using any commercial process, vibratory
stress relieving can stabilise and stress relieve the
component at any stage of the manufacturing or
machining process without changing the materials
metallurgical condition, without scaling or
discoloration and without distortion at low cost and
with minimal time restraints to the manufacturer.
Conversely on ly thermal treatment will change a
material's metallurgical properties and thermal
treatment is also more effective than vibratory
stress relieving when used to prevent incidences of
brittle fracture, although more often correct
material selection is a prerequisite for the
prevention of this type of fai lure.
Additionally, materials that derive their mechanical
properties from transformation hardening or cold
working cannot be so thoroughly stabilised. Thus
the complementary nature of the two processes
can be appreciated. However instability in these
types of materials can be successfully treated
using vibratory stress relieving. The vibratory
process involves inducing metal structures into one
or more resonant and sub resonant cond itions
usinq oortable hioh force exciters. Treatment
periods are short and frequencies generally in the
range l0-230Hz.

With modern exciters, correctly sited , and the

component virtually undamped by means of rubber
isolation mounts, equal and often better results
than are to be expected from commercia l thermal
treatments are possible and are more often
obtained.
One of the main factors which has and in sorne
cases sti ll hinders the acceptance of the process is
the reluctance by engineers to accept that a low
cost vibratory treatment, using on ly 220v and often
lasting less than thirty minutes could possibly
replace an extended thermal treatment lnvolvlng
high energy consumption.
A recent survey carried out by the US
Department of Energy has shown energy savings
experienced by using vibratory stress relieving in
sorne cases exceed 500:1.
This article discusses the practica! benefits of
vibratory stress relieving as compared with
thermal treatment and attempts to dispel sorne
of the myths associated with
vibratory stress relieving it also highlights sorne
of the discrepancies in the various vibratory
systems available. A section dealing with
vibratory stress relieving equipment is included
although it is assumed that the reader will be
broad ly conversant with installations for thermal
treatment.
Sorne
of the
variations
in
specifications for therma l treatment are also
included which will hopefully expose the
ignorance in these specifications.

PAST RESEARCH
lt is possible to f ind technical papers, ostensibly
written about vibratory stress relieving dating as
far back as 1934, but in fact, there have been few
genuine research programs into the process.
The bulk of the papers concern either general
oscillatory testing of metals or work which the
author thought to be related to vibratory stress
relievinq without prooerlv evaluatinc and
appreciating the process. Many tests were limited
to simple test bars. which due to restricted

budgets were treated in fatigue test machines at

fixed frequencies and amplitudes.
Recent testing (Oct 2003) in conjunction with The
Anglo American Corporation of South Africa,
again due to budget restraints used a simple
welded specimen two plates 150rnm x 150mm x
25mm thick, butt welded together. This is
certainly not a good example of actual
components owing to perfect welding conditions
with the welding carried out by personnel frorn
The South African lnstitute of Welding and
consequently very low inductions of stress. The
results obtained showed strain redistribution of
up to 90% and a reduction in stress of 42%
In some tests fixed foundry knock-out shakers
and de-burring barreis have been used and the
work audaciously clairned to relate to vibratory
stress relieving! There are obvious reasons why
most of these low budget methods did not
succeed in producing the desired resu lt.
Recent tests carried out amongst others by the
University of Strathclyde and the Department of
Trade and lndustry has redressed sorne of the
inadequacies of the older test methods, a list of
papers and tests will be included in the
bibliography at the end of ths paper.
EQUIPMENT
Although any equipment can satisfy the "easy to
treat 1 little need" category, only the best
equipment with optirnum force 1 frequency
characteristics and rnaxirnum "g" tolerance
successfully treats the rnost challenging end of
the range. As exarnples and research show, it s a
range that spans the entire rnaterials and
engineering spectra. Gone are the days when
heat treatment contractors took an adversial
attitude to vibratory stress relieving. Some have
purchased their own VSR equipment; and rnany
others use an on-site service. As well as enabling
thern to treat parts hitherto too large for their
furnace, vibratory stress relieving opens up
completely new areas of business. However, for
coded components such as pipework and
pressure vessels etc. thermal stress relief must
be used as only th is gives the required
metallurgical benefits. There have been many
requests to include vibratory stress relieving into
the various codes but the reluctance to do so is
still dominant in t he industry
Stability is the main requirernent for which
vibratory stress rel ieving is applied. When VSR is
used stability more than matches that of thermal
stress relieving. Stability can be improved by reapplying VSR to components in near finished
condition thus saving components that might
otherwise have been scrapped. Vibratory stress
relieving does not reduce rigidity or affect
material properties or fatigue life.

There are various VSR systerns, sorne effective

some less so. The only common denorninator
being that the component to be treated is placed
upon rubber isolators and subjected to a cyclic
force. Recent research has identified the
successful and not so successfu l processes.
The three rnain VSR approaches are resonant (RVSR), modal sub-resonant (SB-VSR) and sub
harmonic (SH-VSR).
The British "VCM series" is the only equipment
range that is specifically designed for R-VSR. lt
has superior frequency/force ranges and a
remarkable tolerance to high "g" torces. The
formula 62 and Fourierrnatic systems cla im to be
successful for resonant VSR but research
mentioned below cast's doubts on their
effectiveness - possibly because of poor
frequency range, "g" tolerance etc. Practice
seems to support th is.

RESONANT VSR
This has evolved over a 40-year period. For the
VCM series mid 1997 saw major research-led
changes in both approach and equipment
specification. In well defined areas of application.
R-VSR is now 100% successful in its rnain
objective stress relief-component stabilisation.
The treatrnent of components from less than 1kg
to in excess of 100 ton is cornmonplace .
Procedures stipulate a progression up the peaks
to resonance, consisting of a pause at the foot to
allow any crit ically high stresses to diminish, prior
to treating at the mid height region and then a
short defined number of cycles at the actual
peak. As long as the mean stress is allowed to
float the resulting cyclic imposed, strans
progressively add to the residual strains in the
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material to cause stress reduction and

distribution as with TSR. For the most uniform
stress relief and stabil ity, as many as the natural
frequencies as possible are reached . The greater
the equipment's range and the more cornplex the
loading pattern then the better the treatment.

Research and over 40 years of application have

shown that there is no damage due to high
resonance. This is because critically high-imposed
stresses are impossible to achieve as damping
increases dramatica lly with high cyclic strain.
R-VSR is normally applied before machining,
ideally though it should be applied after rough
machining as it then also reduces machining
stresses. Application before fina l grinding
achieves even closer tolerances. Treatment at
this or the finished stage eliminates micro
movement occurring between leaving the
customer or in service. The most accurate and
stable components are R-VSR treated . In general,
even using old style R-VSR, where su itable
components have been excited at one or more
resonant frequencies, the resu lts have been
stress reductions of 30% or more depending
mainly on the equ ipment used. Meanwhile an AC
vibrator system with a 'g' tolerance of over 80g
can obviously be expected to be the most
efficient means of stress relief Strachen showed
an 80% reduction with mild steel welded
specimens and a 60% reduction in stainless steel
welded pieces. Zveginceva found over a 40%
decrease and Zubchenko showed a 73%
reduction with large mild steel welded bedplates.
Treatment at a succession of modes, each having
a different strain pattern was shown by Polnov to
cause substantial reduction and redistribution of
stresses. At the limit 1% stress relief makes the
difference between instability and stabil ity.
With the advent of the 5-22 0Hz range of VSR
machines, jesensky
Bonthuys
Ohol
and
Sagalevich have shown reductions of 40-80%
using
resonant
frequencies.
The
higher
percentage figure will not be achieved if the
researchers did not invoke the cyclic properties of
the material. Much is to be learned from the
excellent research by Walker, Waddell &
johnstone .
Manufactures of vibrating plant use R-VSR for
stress relief and fitness for purpose testing and
thereby extend warranties on screen, deck
support frames, moulds etc.

MODAL SUBRESONANT VSR

lf when attempting R-VSR, only the base of the
peak is achievable (dueto the peak being just out
of range). Treatment wou ld be classed as modal
sub-resonant VSR i.e. the mode shape would be
evident, but t he peak not ach ievable. Optimum
results are obtained if up to 10 times the number
of cycles required for R-VSR are applied in
inverse proportion to the magnitude of the cycl ic
response.
Where only modal sub-resonant treatment is
possible Waddell has proved that, given sufficient

cycles, considerable stress relief occurs with no

reduction in fat igue life.
Practice supports this. The time for treatment
vares from equipment to equipment.
Strain measurements have indicated that modal
SR-VSR is most effective against high tensile
stresses, whereas R-VSR works well either on
both high tensile and high compressive stresses.
For stability after machining and in service, both
tensile and compressive stress peaks must be
lowered if they are approach ing yield value. After
all, stability is the main requirement for wh ich RVSR or modal SR-VSR is applied.
When resonance is used, stability more than
matches that of thermal stress relief, as it can be
re-applied near f inished machine size.
lt is best carried out with the equipment used for
R-VSR processing because of its superior
frequency range .
VCM 90/905 machines which have twice the
range of any ot her equ ipment.

SUB-HARMONIC VSR (MetaLax)

lf neither of the above conditions are met (due to
resonant responses being way beyond the range
of the equipment), conventional wisdom indicates
that no stress relief is possible. Th is seems to be
the domain of sub-harmonic VSR. Treatment is
said to take place at the foot of a minute subharmonic of a true resonant peak. Sales literature
states t hat the process depends on energy
absorption being ata maximum near the foot of a
sub-ha rmonic peak. Because exciter force
increases with the square of the speed one might
logically expect t he highest sub-harmonic peak to
be the most effective for treatment, however the
manufacturers, actually advocate treatment at a
low one.
This possibly indicates that their
equipment has poor 'g' tolerance. The
mechanism by which SH-VSR is said to work has
no connection with either R-VSR or modal SRVSR.
The diagram used to promete the process and its
mechanism appears unconvincing if drawn to
sca le. SH-VSR claims to vibrate the atoms and
move them relative to one another in the
stra ined crystal lattice of the material. This
seems farcical, as the energy used is so low that
the vibration usually cannot be either felt or
heard.
RESEARCH
Researchers ha ve investigated aspects of VSR for
over 40 years. Sorne were legitimat ely exploring
its boundaries but others have toyed with testpieces and procedures not remot ely connected
with VSR resulting in sorne misconceptions. All
the resea rch reported below was conducted with
actual VSR equipment, assisted by the equ ipment

manufactures or their direct agents. Whereas

historically research projects in the mid/late
nineties have consistently disproved the
effectiveness of American de resonant, nonresonant and sub harmonic equipment. A 2-year
Dutch/German EU project tested two de types of
equipment - SRE Co, Form ula 62 and VSR Eng
Martn LT120/MX800 re: stress reduction and
fatigue of components. Little or no benefit was
found. British EU and later DTI projects tested two
other de types; both automatic Bonal Meta-lax
sub harmonic system and VSR Eng. KD16
Fourier sean re stress reduction and stability. The
projects !asted nearly six years and little or no
benefit
was
found.
Particularly
difficult
components were tested as an adj unct to the DTI
project.

They were treated using the Meta-lax and

VCM 90 equipment. The results showed that
Meta-lax brouqht about little chanqe
whereas the VCM 90 was on par with
thermal stress relief (see bar diagram).

Fan lmpellors and Rotating Equipment:

Vibratory Stress Relieving is used to stabilise fans
and impellors ranging in size from 800mm
diameter x lOOmm to 2m di ameter x 900mm in
fabricated mild steel and stainless steel.
Sometimes these are repaired components, and
sometimes replacements. After fabricating, but
prior to dynamic balancing, the components are
subjected to VSR. Since introducing this
treatment, no fans or impellors have gone out of
balance in service, even under hot conditions hitherto a troublesome area. lnstallations are now
much quieter and last longer between overhauls.
Novenco Aerex, the UK's largest fan and impellor
manufacturer, have had their own VSR unit for
many years and endorse the benefits stated
above. Their Canadian plant also uses VSR. In
both cases the system pa id for itself in 4 - 5
months. Rubber coated, steel fan blades have
been treated to overcome instabili .

Sumarising recent research, it clearly shows that:

VSR can be as effective as TSR glven

the best RVSR equipment.
A cycl ic version of a simple stress
overload is one mechanism that is at work
given sufficient amplitude.
Given sufficient energy, a beneficia! effect
on the distorted crystal lattice of the
material occurs.
No reduction in fatigue life occurs
using any form of modern VSR
equipment.

INDUSTRIAL EXAMPLES
The widespread use of, and the general
satisfaction with vibratory stress relieving has
been shown by the extent to which it has been
accepted by virtually all sectors of industry; so
extensive in fact t hat it is impossible to tru ly
represent the entire spectrum here.
No specific example of mild steel fabrications or
cast iron 1 cast steel castings is given here as it is
well accepted that where no metallurgical
changes are requ ired, vibratory stress relievi ng is
as good as therma l stress relieving for stabilising
and stress relieving beams, bases, columns,
gearboxes, bedplates etc.
But it is quicker, cleaner and cheaper as
witnessed by thousands of regular users over t he
last 45 years in virtually every applicable
englneering field. The acceptance and usage of
VSR in South Africa alone has increased by an
average of 69% annually since 1992.

Courtesy Rotary Ma
South A frica

Rolls, bars and shafts:

Bowing of shafts whether during machining, weld
depositing of worn items or in service had proved
to be a virtually insurmountable problem.
Particularly difficult materials such as duplex
stainless steel, nitronic50, E4340PQ etc. are
stabilised using this method, saving companies a
fortune in material, time and labour costs.
The following photograph shows one of twentyfour unstable EN19 steel, forged drive shafts,
being VSR treated and monitored using surface
strain gauges. The results showed that VSR
reduced surface stress to safe limits, stabi lising
the component while not reducing fatigue life or
altering material properties. Also, VSR and stra in
measurements clearly identified the shafts which
had been correctly TSR'd and those wh ich had
not.

20 off EN19 Shafts treated prior to final

machining

ted pump and gearbox

bases.

Gearbox Casinqs

Vibratory stress re/eving being carried out on a

cast iron precision machine bed.

Sorne twenty t hree years ago, Dean Smith &

Grace became disillusioned with thermal stress
relieving when cast iron saddles, consistently in
tolerance on final inspection in the UK, were 20%
out on arrival in the USA, necessitating rework.
VSR solved the problem and today, DSG rely on it
solely to stabilise saddles, beds, etc.
Before that t ime QA records showed that, using
thermal stress relief 98% of beds were reworked
in-house after final machining due to movement
during handling. Subsequently, only one of 533
beds was reworked - 0.2%. Dean Sm ith & Grace's
subcontract machine shop also finishes mild steel
fabricated beds up to 10m long and 1m x 900mm
section, basically in 12mm plate, but with
sideway sections up to 100 x 300mm and weight
up to 12 tons.
A 10m bed has a welding t ime of approximately
so hours. The fabrication is solely VSR treated .
Operation procedure is to fabricate, apply VSR,
inspect, rough machine removing up to 35mm to
produce sideway profile, ship to Dean Smith &
Grace, apply VSR and fin ish machine to five
microns in 6m by grinding. No machinability
problems are encountered at any stage, despite
extensive machining of flame cut edges up to
100mm th ick.

In this example the manufacturer had a

reclamation problem involving the rewelding and
fin ish machining of lightweight gearboxes already
in a part machined cond ition . The components
had already undergone one heat treatment prior
to the reclamation operation, during which
distortion had taken place sufficient to indicate
that a further thermal treatment would render
them suitable only for scrap. After consu ltation
VSR was att empted on a reclaimed sample of the
weakest component, the gearbox hood, following
a rigorous dimensional check. The hood was
satisfactorily crack detected and finish machined
and all other items successfully treated, thereby
avoiding complete remanufacture. VSR is used
extensively for th is type of fabrication which
requires close machining tolerances.

Picture courtesy Sasol Synthetic Fuels South

A frica

Treating the parts that thermal stress

relieving cannot treat
There are thousands of components in need of
stabilising that cannot be thermally stress
relieved but can be treated using a VSRS.
Here follow sorne typica l examples:
(a) Precision conveyor rolls for nuclear waste
disposal, having an outer 304L stainlesssteel shell, of 819mm diameter x 884mm
face, welded to 789mm-diameter mild-

steel end plates and bosses with integral

En8 120mm-diameter shaft. AC-VSRS was
specified by Sandvik, approved by British
Nuclear Fuels and NIS based on Sandvik's
twelve years of complete satisfaction with
the AV-VSRS.
(b) Mild-steel rolled hollow-section (RHS)
fabricated 'A' Frames with reinforcements
for a vehicle front chassis, with integrallywelded cast steel "Rose' universal joints,
are manufactured in a jig to tight
tolerance. Prior to VSRP being applied,
106 sets were produced and all distorted
in service, causing wear. For over 1000
sets, VSRS treating at three resonances
between 35 and 180Hz has rendered all
completely stable.
(e) Three designs of steel armour-grade
investment casting, one with a welded-on
t ie-bar in the fully heat-treated and final
metallurgical condition, were found to be
grossly unstable during machining. The
largest had a 300 x 400mm picture-frame
tace, associated bore and pad faces
400mm apart, in the first batch of four,
movement continued for two months after
machining. TIR allowable in all planes is
better than 3 microns. A special VSRP was
applied, prior to machining, by mounting
the component at its center of gravity on
a small pad on a 400 x 400mm jig table
with a vibrator mounted on the underside.
Treatment: 11 modes of vibration between
S and 220Hz, which has rendered all
subsequent batches completely stable.
(d) A VCM80 AC-VSRS was specified by Short
Bros. For this work at their subcontractors
and they have used their own VCM80 for
stabilising mild-steel and aluminum
composite fabrications for many years. A
VCM90 system was ordered in january
1991.

Vibrating Screen VSR after assembly

(g) Typically,
screens
are
mild-steel
fabrications from 1m x 3m to 3m x 10m
and 100 to 200mm deep - usually a
complex lattice of RHS, angle and tubular
members. lf thermally stress relieved,
they usually distort badly and need
mechanical or thermal straightening, often
defeating the object of the original
thermal treatment. When no stress relief
or thermal treatment was used, butt welds
that lacked preparation and had their
bead ground off, leaving a weak joint,
failed in service. Now, with the
introduction of VSRP, welders know that a
poor joint will break in the weld shop so
they ensure good joints. This 'fitness for
purpose' testing is regarded by Goodwin
Barsby, Parker, Kue Ken, Pegsons,
Babcock Power, etc. as a good reason to
use the VSRP, as in-service life has, on
average, tripled.
(h) Beams, Sm long x 140 x 300mm section,
fabricated from RTQ60 material, bowed
2mm during rough machining. Thermal
stress relieving was not permissible on
metallurgical grounds. The VSRP has
completely solved the problem for British
Steel.

(e) A failure rate of approximately 40% has

been reduced to zero on parts of mining
and quarrying equipment since Trellex
(Trelleborg Group) and Skega introduced
the VSRP to complex mild-steel fabricated
components, often only 14mm x 2mm in
section x 4m long.
(f) In the same industry, sorne vibrating
screens now carry a three-year guarantee,
thanks to the AC-VSRP.
(i) Deloro Stellite use an AC-VSRS at both
their UK and Canadian plants to stabilise

carpet knife blades. These are typical ly mildsteel bar, 5m x 150 x lOmm, grooved out and
deposited with stellite along one long edge.
Th is edge is ground to expose the stellite and
form a cutting edge. The mild-steel section
behind is slotted to give adjustments for the
holding screws. Up to ten year ago, it was
common for 50% of t he wear tolerance to be
lost due to movement taking place duri ng
t ransport (typica lly UK to ltaly). Since
introducing the VSRP, no movement has
and
t ighter tolerances
are
occu rred
maintained.
Hundreds of examples are on file: large copper
plates fully machined, screwed and dowelled;
flow-brazed
aluminum
instrument
frames;
powder-coated enameled 25mm x 25mm mildsteel angle instrument frames for Marconi;
mixed-metal fabrications for Helio tank turrets
and a wide variety of materials such as Jnconel,
Zeron, duplex stainless steel, Ferraliu, titanium,
P20 (l. 7% Cr steel), alum inum in TF condition,
composite metal 1 plastic, metal 1 rubber
fabricati ons, etc. for these and many other
applications, the VSRP is invaluable.
However, it must be remembered that the VSRP
cannot be used on pressure vessels, pipework or
any parts where metallurgical change is
necessary. To its benefit VSRP can be used on all
non-ferrous materials and on the hardened
materials that are commonplace on most mining
and quarrying components. No reduction or
softening of material properties occur with the
correct treatment
Treatment of La

excess of 400,000kgs all of which was VSR

treated. A modern VSR system has the capacity
to treat a singula r component of up to 200ton.
Opencast dragline buckets with weights of up to
70,000kgs are treated on a regular basis. Many
are treated after a major repair sorne are treated
after fabrication at the OEM suppliers. VSR has
been proven to reduce cracking and some
manufactures in the USA are claiming an increase
in service life of 400% a figure suspected to be
grossly exaggerated although published in a
leading welding publ ication.
Feedback received from mines in South Africa
would suggest a figure of around 45% to be more
realistic as VSR cou ld in no way influence the
(wear and tear) characteristics of a bucket with
the exception of no softening of the materials
occurring during the stress relief process

119,000kgs Tippler cage VSR after welding prior to

machlnlng

CONCLUSIONS
Based on hitherto attained research resu lts and
experience in practica! use of VSR weldments the
introduction of VSR into practice can be
recommended . The Vibratory stress relieving can
be employed for stabilisation of the size of
suitable weldments prior to their machining and
servicing as a replacement of stress relief
annealing. The VSR process is used for lowering
of residual stresses and stabilisation of the size of
different weldments such as trames of forming
machines, machine trames, grey cast iron
casti ngs, etc. which were up to now subjected to
stress relief annealing.
VSR does not negatively affect the static dynamic
strength of welded joints and weldments, fracture
and notch toughness and homogeneity of welded
joints.

Treatment of t he above tippler cage and its

associated components was carried out on behalf
of Sa ldanha Steel at DCD Dorbyl. The tippler cage
weighed 119,000kgs and treatment was in the
range of 2 hours at resonant frequencies, the
complete assembly including the end rings was in

Based
on
the
attained
data
the
implement ation of VSR procedures as a
replacement of stress relief annealing for
the stabilisation of weldments, castings and
forging leads to high savings of production
costs to our national economy. The saving

of thermal energy has to be emphasized

first of all because in the VSR procedure it
does not exceed 1% of the energy required
for the annealing of weldments and in
average only 0.4% of production costs.
REFERENCES

Polnov, VG. 'Effect of natural oscillations of

welded structures on residual stress relief by
vibrations.' Welding lnt. 1989, 3(6) 520-523.
jesensky, M 'Vibratory lowering of residual
stresses in weldments' Proceedings of IIW
conference, Sofia, July 1987.
Gnirss, G. 'Vibration and vibratory stress relief.
Historical development, theory and practica!
application.' Welding in the World/Le Soudage
dans le Monde, 1988, 26 (11-12) 284-291.
Buhler, H. Et al. ' lnvestigations into the
reduction of welding stresses.' Schweissen and
Schneiden, May 1964.
Gifford, DJ. 'Vibratory Stress Relief.' Metals
Australia, April 1984.
Wahlstrom,LE. 'Dimensionsstabiliering genom
vibrationer.' Report No. 83 jan . 1976.
lnstitutionen
for
svetsteknologi
Kunliga
Tekniska Hogsoko - jan. Swedish Welding
lnstitute.
Leide, NG. 'The significance of residual welding
stresses - sorne experimental results and
sh ipyard.'
practica!
experience
in
a
Proceedings of paper 15, Wl conference
'Residual stresses in welded constructions and
their effects.' London, Nov. 1977.
Strachen, RW. Report on the Efficiency . of
vibrational stress relief. General Dynam1cs
report no. U413-68-059. 1976
Zveginceva, KV. Svarochnoe Proizvodstvo.
1968 (11).
Zubchenko, OL. Et al. 'Vibrating loads used for
relieving stresses in welded trames.' Automatic
Welding, 1974, 27(9), 59-62.
Bonthuys, BF, Vibratory stress relief study.
ISCOR South Africa 1989 Proprietary report.
Ohol, RD. et al. 'Measurement of vibrationinduced stress in the heavy fabrication
Proceedings
of
lnternational
industry.'
Symposium on mechanical relaxation of
residual stresses. Cincinnati, Ohio, April 1987.
Sagalevich, VM et al ' Eliminating strains in
welded beam structures by means of
vibration.' Svarochnoe Proizvodstvo, 1979, (9),
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