"We can classify test

failure modes in power

transformers according
to transformer components

What's behind
transformer
field testing?
Power transformer predictive maintenance: field testing
Introduction
I\"""IT tnn<formcrs aT< k<y ",,<ct. in d:lric CTl<.TS)' g.",.,ration, trarnmi<o;;on and

dimibutioo 'J"lcm~ ..,d aJ.o an impor_

Lint clement m the indu.try. In onlcr to
get TTl"-..-imum ",,,ice rrli.hility in this
CTioc.l mmponcn~ it i, Tl<C<'lS>ry to p<r_

form "- <d>cdokd ..... ofwiuhl< Ji.gno<is

kdmiqucson =II tra",fimncr.
We = dawfy _

Ekrtric Circuit. (:opper {Who: contact

pmblcm' .t huMinll" jol"", wiooings,
",,,ldrd md ool<l<",d ronr>cctiolu, t"l'

"""""

MagndU; Cim<it. SIOO. ~ h><ening

Goom.t,y of winding. S~m~.

clung< of goomctry bct>.rrn wioo;ng<

..lure mode< in po...",

lramformcn ..cording to their difli.-=Jl

oomp<)Tl<TIl>. From a pr>ctical andJi<bcti
c:oI pOOll of "",,-, ~ is hdpful to divide the
transformcr iT"" t!>< follo....ing compo-

and wioo;ng< to core. distance<

1nsuU.ti"" 'Y,tcm. Oil pap<r. mntami

0CTTh and =ociottJ potmtiaI fautt..:

Figure 1. Breal:down of"'" dielOClric "ISIom io.

n:100n. w>tcr inge"", di<lan= .grins

lhis component u.<U2l1y Jdi""" t~< life

ofthc power lran.,fimll<r

powo,,,..rom..r <oIum"

Field testing
1he d<ctric utility :rnJ d<ctri<: p""'TT in_
duuri<> ncrJ ~) dcfioc their <tr:attgy:rnJ
maintrnanc< polk)' for their COSIly power
tr.m<formcr u<ct~ Tod.", there arc .."oc
,..,_Iioc!t. tIuI will
to .mi<."v< thi>,
hut most nf the chcds ITly,.., rrgular oIf_
lin< mn<Urm>rnts

helP

"Today, there are many on-line tests that

will help to assess transformer condition,
but most of decisions are based on off-line
measurements

Off-line testing

the "'''>ei"",d ",>ftw>.", to llimplify its "'"

fi,,-diagno<i.:rnJ tn-oding

Tahic I li<ls the ,uodard off_lin< tt<ls

.,":lilahlc fi,,- pow<r trar"formcr>. li>ohy
there .'" instruments to condoct .ll the
!st, li<l<d in thetahlc. Som<tim<s ing\<

Basic insulation testing (DC)

irn!rumrnt "'ill inchM!< mo'" of t<>1:ll ,,;th

In lTad~ional imul.tion =istance tc&_

ing, the In",lotion Re<istanu (IR,) hct_
ween winding< .nd bctwun e.m "in_
ding and the ground i, m<.",IT<!. Te"
instrum<nts US< DC "'lug< (typ.;
kV de). The inrnlatioo ,,,In<,, "'corded
,wer time, indirning the I minute .nd
10 minute (IR,,) ""I""". From the"" the
Pol.rization Ind<, (PI) " <alrul""'d ..
PI~I R,o/IRL Whil" the IR ,..I"", h.w
"mng d<p<nrlcney em lrnlperalrtre, the
poI.,;,. .tion ind<> IT<!uca ,hi. d<p<n_
rlcn<y. 1hi' m<a<uITmrnt <all rlctcrt "'_
dow pmhlmu. <n<:h ... moi,tuno, mnta_

mination or hr<:okdowns. Te<l<,., usuall),

plot the IR ,~. time and .Iso t.h rca_
di ng of'he "'P.<itaoce ,':line ell:

Advanced insulation testing (DC)

1he 1";,,, t<chniqocs below weTe devrl0l'ed
~) get an in<ight into oi]-p'p" insulation
hrn "'ith good IR.nd PI 'ults.l"'weT
tr.m<formcrs <all h.w a Jrgraded insula_
tinn with moi.<tn", Of mntaminatioo ,hal
"'ill aIfoo thei, ludim<. In the tran<lOr_
mer, it i, paper lifetime 'hal U<Ua1ly limits
tr.m<formcr life. and thc>e de: !st, "'"
~>oIs thai <all hdp in .."""ing~' mndi_
'00

roc I rocov.",. v<>1~

Turn. ratio IlV =~ation co""nt

PDC (l'nbrization and [xpolarir.llinn

CUlTent.)" an aa:q>d ",,)'In rlcttrmine
the p.r.nnett" oftll< mndcl from Fig. 3
H"", chargeldischarge <OlTI."I1ts'IT m<a_
",IT<! with th< .id of DC ""'r<e and
plotted in <orrrnt "'- tim< graph. Emn_
<ive "",k !u.. hem dnr.e in anal)1ical modcio to
'Il< gromrtry:rnJ pmpertics
ofoil ~) ,he>< <OTTrnts taking al", ><count
of kmpcraln"'. Whilst th" alit""" an csti_
malioo of mni""'e in th< insulation, th<
main hrnctit" that ~ pmviJrudi.gnO<is
nf the did<rtri<: <r>mpnocrllnd the poo;_
<iNe origin nf pmbIcrns if they ",i<ls in
that pan of 'il< tran,fi"'l1<r.

Winding .....t.new.

FIlA: Fr""""RCY R~,f>O"'~ Analy>l.

RVM (Remver)' VnItag< Mcosurement)

St.>ticldynamic (OlTQ

Short circuit

~,.8a>oli... lIold~ngol._
,ranslc<... r - . going into """"'" (50 M'iA)

T.blo 1. orr-Ii.. ,.", lor _

..

.... nstorm.r ~.Id ,...ing

In,u!lrtlon, [)LTC, Bu.hmll' & Wirw;lmllf

lIuic i..... lMIon:

,.,i,"'"""

FDS (~Spoctro>c"!'Y), Tan 6 to

windW>p (C~ Co Co.), HV8ritation " ..,..,,,
T.n 6to 1""lIing. (CliO) & "'" collar

i.....I.aon:

DIM" circuic Not::

tn.ul.,ion
polarization
inde", Co. COft' to IlfO<Jnd
_.~

~ Rpl

Cg

intpMan<o/V<>m.g~

Rp2

RI '"

Cpl

I Cp2

test plot> ,he ro:mTIf "'lug< (vertically)

agairn! tim< (horizontally) 1he tim<

"In the transformer,

R'

,d"'"

ICp3

ICp4

t"

INbgo rnI5tanaI,
~io'''~capocitanar,.00

, .. d i _ Rp/Cp om<Jlato tho "'l"MIont dieloctric polarilaion cim.it 0( JlOp-oiI. insoIaIion

~ 3. EquiwIant dlagn.m 01 tho dioIoctric circu~ 01. t1ansIormor

it is paper lifetime
that usually limits
transformer life, and
advanced insulation
tests are tools that
can help in assessing
its condition

"It was found that

for more degraded insulation the crest of
the time constant moved to the left in the
RVM display

mnlamin>rioo aTI,hg"i~g. the RVM_

reco,d. R\'~l ... i~ fill- 4. with mrnmum
TC ('I1me C~~<Unt ~ prOOomina~t time
mn<Wrt). aoo al", includes IR" IR,. &
PI Jn~ial :ortrnlpt> ..ith RV~t to a""",
moimlre diTC<:t/) from tl>< plots met wit~
limitro ut<US~ hut mor< importantly, it
...... found th", fo.- mor< degradcJ in,ula
tim the cn:.<t of the tim< coo.~~1 movro
tothe left in the RVM di'J'lay.

ti, the peal of the ,'OIragcs rrlote. to the

tim< coo.~nl of the dkkctric .,..ocm
(Rp.Cp. tim< cOlUla~1 in Fig. 3). lhis
gil''"' information of disoolved moisture.

1""'" """ kc~niq""" (pIX: and R\'~l)

for od=d imubti<m ..'Or!< in tl>< time
domain. A fun~cr met~od. FDS, wo,h
in the fi-equency domain aoo is dcsct-ihcd

- ,.---=..---- ~".-...

~--

- ""'".

_ nor
FigIn~.

n:

.,or"""

To"
from RVM t ...... witt>. timo
limo 01 RVM plot c","

coo".nt that is too low. Timo Coo".nt

lote, in tM. paper. La" O(;RE wor!< on

dkIcctric =poruiC di",,'"""'" (41 idcnti
fie> PIX:aoo Fl)<;o> theldrnique' w~ich
allow the d<are" discrimination hctv.ern
the etfcrt> of oil mndition aoo soli-d inw
I";on moimITe mntcnl

Winding resistance: static (DC)

lhis te>t J.ctcrmi "'" the pur< ohmic "",is
lanco (Raj from <adr pha>< hot~ in ~iglr
aoo Iow,~ <ides. ond. if a ..i~ding
1= at.p change" it i, hc<t to perform the
k<t al each t.p l""iOOn. Rc<i<lanC< mea
WITmcTlt fCqui"", a four tcrminal or Kel_
vin mnocction. with scpar>t<d rurrent
insertion and volt-.,'< reading to a"lid
iocludi~g the tt<t cahle nooistanc< in the
measurement
Final =uIt. must be lrnlpcrature norma_
li:ld to allow comparison a~d trrnding til
pr<Vi<.... ~istorical mcaAlITm<1Tts aoo til
the original bctory k<t ""ults. it I. bet_
tcr to presrnt <ingl< pha>< ,-.locs rube,
than mmpositt (pha.", to pha><) ,-al0CS;
the.< give a hcttcr ond=tanding of the
,";gin of I"",ihle fanh II is dillirult til
idrntify tbe cau", of ...inding ,i,tan
discITpanc)' from the rnc=mnrnt< 010
n<. roo.- mnn<ctiorn on ..iooinll' or tap
cha~;;cr and <lroTt. can be Jctcrmincd hut
thc). all r"'JOir< additional tt<ting or plr)";cal i~ve<tigatioo. Ahhollg~ tM.ttot i,,;m_
pic in concept. it can hcromc mmpkx i~
laW tr=<lOrm<T1l whcIT the mix of \'Cry
low re<i<tiv<,.,.]11&< with ~ig~ induetooc
,ults in long dd"l" ...hiht the reading<

stabilise.
Winding resistance: dynamic (DC)
lhcre is ako in!llrum<ntatim a""ilahle
that can perform Dynamic Wi~ding Re_
<i<lanC< (DWRj mcasorernrnt<. l~is GUT
he used to chcd< the prnp<' operuion of
the (m_Load Tap C~a~ger (OI.TC), here
the timing of the '"loon and chong>.
'Tf IT<i.<lOJlCe or< monitoITd to iJmtify

I"",<ihkpmbkms
TTR. Transfonner Turn Ratio (AC)

Figur. 5. Plot '1ISU1ts from .. winding _ro:o tllSt showing .. problom in tho high W>!tago
wioding. (oorninol position io 11, oot 1). Thio was. probl,m ...
tap co.ngor

t"

lhis te>t Im-oo,,", wying .. I"", AC vol

lage to <adr ~ig~ voltage winding plra",.
mea<UTing the com:.<p<Jflding i~duccd
,-aloe ",=h lmn~ winding, and de_
kmTining the TTR fo.- <adr tap changer
I"",ition. lhis ruio ,-aloe droold h< very
do", to nomcplatc vatoc. and can iookatt
oketrical or tap chonger prohkm~

lI--"""'l_..-I_.... _I
....".

_...... .... .......

.. ....

"',
...,w_u_
"',w_'__
"',w
,
.1Il
._
""
,
.IIl' , ....
'1Il'
"

"

".".
".

n .'

r'll"'" 6. ItooIJlts rJ. rum mio toot dm>rminir1l' short 00:uit ~ tLms ot low \'OltogII
side, S"'"" phase OIl top rJ rfJd one. j'Ollow phase _ted. _
W.1.oo """""'. highio

" Instruments for

measurement of winding resistance during operation of the
on-load tap changer
are available
Low voltage =itatillO current (I.):
During the TfR t<>t. the mognctic cirrui,
crriting current" :01"" m<=red. 1hi,
eurrrn' flo",ing in the high ",lug< win_
ding ",ith the 1lWvnltag<.>d<oprn is pm'
portinn.aJ to the hctnry "no h.d current".
hut might no' mmplrtcly wrrd:ott. k i,
imporunt to ch<d ditfcrcnc"" brtwcen
plu."" fi,r the.< <oITcntJI, :rnd dwlg<' in
trending of thi, """'" will h<lp identify
problcms in magnetic cirruit dcgraohti_
on. Ioo<c mr< 0.- hot
in mr<. 10 con
:01"" he used to dct<d "'oned turns and
intcr_<tr.ind huh to som< dogn:<. Be_
coW< the eurrenl could he 1,w. if there i,
any doubt ahoul the T<SUIu. they "'ould
he eoo~rmOO ",-ith tan ~ measurement,
which can al", pcrfo.-m th is t<>t. hut 0"" a
higher ",cilation voILig< (I 0 \;V) :rnd tho,
gives a hdtcr <OITcnt IT>OIution. Again
eurrrntJI mould he mea"",ed. mmpaITd
hdween pb""",- and 1mg t<rm trending
,<hoo.ld he ll.W ~, identify dwlgc<

'roc'

11 ...... - ~""'"

-_

1
, ro;;o
.... "'.,..1".....''"'_...
ro;;o
"',,.. ,, ro;;o
"'''..

I __ ''''''

.-.....'-...1 , _
'~I

Short circuit impedance test I

leakage reactance (Aq

... tor power trolslor....... oluatioo rIP

r'll"'" 7. Exompl. rJ. floW _

!Oil ...

,r-;-1,."..,vJ

I
I
I
I

-,

'~ ....LU

..
."

I
I
I
I

---,

It

,~--

."
".

..

. ,---.-.-
,---.-,-- .--.-.-..
,
....,.. ooo.;uo'J

,,-"... -"
.
" ..
.,
..-,. .,.
-"'-""'-

I _ l""
I ... ,-,

"

' ".

"

I
I

uli

I
I

~,m

I
I
I
I
'.1 !!.
(0)
'1m
I

....--."

,'J

" '"

IUtp

:r>'O

I
I
I
I
I

...

..'"

I
I
I

..M

--LJ

r'll"'" 8. Results """'"" from /\old short cimJ~ "'.. indicoting cho"l!"" in "'" geometric
cimJ~

lhis tt<t is .imil" to the fa.rtor)" <hort cir_

cuit l<"- II" hascJ '"' the rlu-<e hy pb=
injection of an AC CUITcnt in cam high
",Itig< .ioX ",ith a good (V<ry low mi>
lance) .non drruil mnnt<d on the low
",It::igc 00<. 1he m<a.<uITd ",It::igc. cur_
rent :rnd phas< aT< o<ed to calrul:ott the
i~alaparticular ba MVA

Thi. d~nd short circuit .... Ita~.

le.t Vo< ("j i fidd tc<l th.l.imnla
t<s the factory I.", and ",ill report .imil..
,..1""" giving an indicooion uf g<ometri_
cal hilUTc m<..x.o winding di'Placcmcn~
mechanical deformaiioTU, a<ymmrtry.
etc Her<, it i, mu.oJ to r<mrd data 01 the
nomin:ol tap changer pooitiun. If a gro_
metric problem i, ".<pcrt<d from the
fidd "'on circuil ksl, fRA tcrt< and the
hi"torica.l ,..nalion uf eapacitanc wml
Lint from Lin ~ tc<l CCluld:ol"" help in the
diagnosi<

"If a geometric problem is suspected

form the field short
circuit test, FRA tests
and the historical variation of capacitances resultant from tan
test could also help
in the diagnosis

rogu", 1O. CoIIapsod winding degradation dotoctablo wi'" fRA

Tan b capa.citance for winding &

bushings (AC. 50 Hz 160 Hz)
H"", we 0'1< an AC s.:h<ring hridg< to
m<1<OJe til< ang\< by whkl> th< me.." ,,,,d
,..Iu< f.lit. to gi'''' th< <>:pt<d 90' 00""'"
I"mdi ng ~) a pcrf<rt coparifu.., insulolion
1"" bigger thi, angk. th< gr<1tcr th< In..
""'. and hrnce th< drgr:odotion. Simolt.
nrooJy to th< tgA (%) mea,urement.
th< e>p>dtano:< bet..""n \>;nding< or
\>inding> to groond is ID<1SIlrcd bot this
time ..ith high mlt>g<. 11>i, _ i, usoally
perii)Tnled .. 2Wand lOW

Ie

wing huJ,ing e>p>dtiWOTtN!>p. Ifth<.

IT i, Tl<I teo! tap or a pmhkm is ""'f"'C'<d,
a tan & instrument am ilio perfoom an
""lem.l in,ul",ion h",!Iing !<ting called
"hot.rolla,: \>-hkh II11d check for local
ddectJlli\ce erncks in th< p<lTC<bin or bd
of oiL

that m"" a llimplibcd modcl " th< tran,

fimllcr in<ul";on to grt an indk";on of
momur< in pape' andoil rondoctivit)'

Tan 6 ,,;11 dctcet oiJ drgtadation/mnta.

by til< mmplcr RI.-C cqoivalrnt d,ru~

inside it. With iTcqurnq R"'I""'-'" Ana
i}-.i, (FRAJ, we am > for cIDl ph..",
and ,,;ndingthe plot of pok> & zrn" th",

1"" I"llI'Cf lransf",mcr is ellaTxttTi",d

min"'ion. Capacitlnu am "''''' identify
gmmctrical change< in 'oI'indinll' and
mortcirruits hrtwccn bYIT!l in hushing>
Mo'" modem instrumrntation .llm."
tt.ting not just at 50 Hz 160Hz. bot in a
frcqococy rang< (15 H, 400 H,) tlul am
I"mu funll<, help in di

..,'Tl<I<i,

IT

fDS/DfR (AC: 1 mHz to 10 KHz)

~' DonWn Sp<dm'l<opy (FDS)

or Dielectric

~'R"P')Tl'I<

(DFR)

is th< lTadilionaJ tan 6 te<l. bot thi, tim<

m<"-"lf<d at a Tang< ,-I: fr<qu.mci<> and
o>wJly ..ith a low AC ",Itag<. Utilitia,
OGRE & IHE a", """"'ing han! on this
_ hocan", it is crpeet<d that with more

"----L..+IR V

fRA. Frequency Response Analysis lAC: 20 Hz to 2 MHz)

fCp"""" th< ",,,m.no: of th< indoctiw

and capacitiw cIcrr.crru; "th< \>;nding
Change< in ea.ch phaiC plot (al", called
",ign""'''''-) :If< th< n:pn:srntaric", ,-I: th<
altt""ion, ("""tly g<<>mctrical) " th<
diffcrcnt \>inding ch"acttri.&, in..id<
it (numhcr of lIlm~ "";""'no:<. di<lanc<>,
<tel. Chang will he chcd<d hctwcrn
phas<>, ";mil... tran<fonncrs or m-cr tim<
(!rending). 1hcre a",ilio <land."k 15,7,~1
and othcr ,dcrence, 161 th.t am help to
gi'" an idea of th< Jiffcrencn hetween
pattcrn, " each ph"", in
to """'"
if there a", an)' "<llitortion, in ..inding:sand if", thei, p",.ihk OIigin

,.-de,

crpmroc< of maintrnanc< prnbkms and

""''''''I.

RosistM
is in pha>o with tho 'IItago
CapocitiYo """on< k is """ rAj>h_ t". 90'
fotal ""'_ hdofi""" 6org1o.nd .. tangent

rogu", g, rMgrnn rAcur",r.. lIcwing throogk

dieloctric

pb altttari<)ns W< ..ill \cam mor< ""'...

the diclcctric ')'SI<JTL In<hUITJ<nt manu
f.octurcn pl'<l'lidc oompkmrnlaT)' .oftwar<
f.blo ,. On-lin. tosts f[)f po-.-

((;rnundcdiUngmondcd Specimen Tost). diffcrrnt a"""," the tr.lrn.

former insulolion am he te<ttd: HV ";n
dingto cor< and tank CIiG, tV \>;ndingto
WITand tank C", HV to LV CliG,or <V<I'l
h",l>ing:s- In hwhing< til< inlem.l insula
tion i, tt<d with til< mco.'UITTllCTlt
capa.eilan> CIICl. 1his can he tt<d
indcprndmtly f",m 'oI'inding iTlSllhtion

"in

,,,,-Jc>,,,

""""ofth<an online

kst-, fi,,- pmlictivc maintrnanc< in I""""

ttan<lOrtncr1I

".r>sfom>ef f!oId tosting

TRANSFORMR/OIElECTRIC/BUSMINGSIOlTC

With th< Jiffe"'nt instrument tt.t mnOCs

(~\T/UST

fahk 2

fan b

Th,rmography (IR)

Po"iol di"haf9' (UHFNI"o",nic)

oue monitoring

In.ulming 011
Phy,k-ch,micol oil
furan t,"ing

t<>t

DGA lDi"olv<d Ga. onoly.i,l,ith..

manual or continuou<

Som<llmeo Ft>rJ-b conlrnt is ,""" ""II"""

" Equipment with improved features and led frrwn tho lalt<"*"T btcal.. wpron.
... h&
al d<gndoIion .... of
resolution enables a detection of most failure da
R'"' (fur>M
ponmI irI
no! only
JR'"'ckJl
,.,..[
modes that generate a thermal fingerprint ..abr
~ -.II wiIh R'"' o.pr all'lllf(bushing, coolers, pumps, fans, OLTC, etc.)
(DPlIl71~
Ii...

On-~ne predic:ti~ tests

for

l<l< of oil

tlllnsfonnl!f/di elKtric

l,>doy thcIT "'" ,,,"'" proc<tln= tho! <an

I>< ~ "".h... in 1"""""- tnnoI<".
....... and gin" "" valuolW in~
........ 0"1"'.....'.

.....u,.

I'oJtial DiKbup (PD). 1h<

F""'I'" (9. lot i<I<rolftd - . IDb '" tho
_
oaarJuI iol icId - . ........ and
_____ th< ......."' IUUHfand
Uluuoaic. Both "'
imtaII -.....
worlioItl in fm:potnq op<ctrwo arao
,,;,t, ~ ............ (11).. oJlmn th< In<lru"""," to r<j' ony 1'l).h1 i!1lffer<nc<
fnom I"<llsidc<k-mcl1\l1).
,.... &. A .......".i,Ollochtd tondJ_t>p
'" tho huohinp oncl .... ,etbron" pd<tOli.
oI ....""""........ !No: t#I ddto. io .........
.....0 b ndJ huohonf 1h< ""'" io .. pi.:k
"" &iIo- """"'" !No: ...,. ...... in a
........ ~!No:<:<ddd<mu,-...,'"

'f'Oht1. MDistvrr in oil ro"

IndicaMn .,( ,,'atC1" 1'1"" i" oil itxlf. Whll"

mni.tore in "il i, bri"ll mca>Ured, ,1>< ....
wh is wcJ '", Indirt<tI) Jct<r",l III<
mni5lur< in the p>r<"" inml.oon .)
..
a particular l<n
is --.,od.

1hiof'jo,~
FOSan ....' ....... '.....
II .. raIy irnportarC'"

lhio .mo"
boc..-Ihio poo
"'.-. io
.-myal.... P-'"
""" ...

....

"" ............................
OLTC rnooittln"ll: ~ ...,.,sdc.

"""''''''''qu<. etc,
~pby.

lhanh to th< nailabi

hty '" .......''''. w'oth ~ fnIureo

and ~ .. an doo<ct
f.;loft
..... 1M ......... ad>onnol
'I"w.

~maI<n.,~ .... OUC<1l<.~

On-ine predictlw tKts for

tnnsfonnl!f oil
Tnday_hav<"""cnmmm""'l,,,,-ailab
Ie fur oill<oli"ll rnca>Uf<m<nl< in tho fidd:
Manoal oil .ampU,,&- Oil i. oam-plnl
(working with iCricI .uandard pro<hun

Ill. UU i>Ibored by IaItor*--y onaly.

_ II;,....., h...... "". "' ....... tt.. oil
II:u...'*""' ..t..n ~ II io .....
.............. ~~--.inoil

,..;,\ 101IO< " " " ~ _ . . . . JJmoLIo,r"

. . . . . , . . _..... abiblyofoil"'-..do

oandan d<drlc lield .... iup>d indioI-

.....u... J oyooenu duI """,itor _

kqpo anaty.d ib DGA (7., P-).
n.....
"pu

and

....1 wiIh
~

biI'.
~DGA~Gu""" mer to I"~ .. oon:alI . - "'
Ipio) is a l<oil
po
d br ..... rondition. IX;A is a -tI-atal>looh.!
di,,!! gmpl<> ,. b/onral<r ID aitoIyor ndJ 1<001 '" di"l!...... fa;1uu made. In po.......
gn imid< th< oil in 1'1""- 1EF.F.lIr If.Chav< lran,fnnnel'll, IlotJ, ga.."""""" and gao
<W><brds 113,141 """ C2It guide "" In tho rat;'" a" inJkari"n, "f dlff.... n' f.il,,
dcci,;.,., mal:1"ll p"><nt ttl diagn<... lP" f. ",,,.1<.0 In P"'S"''' and p"lnl,n toor
in oil both I<or It..u and trn-d 111= .... p""'lbl< ... Igio. :u wcll .. 1f paper is in
o=ral diap>ooU ~ in tl>oot-.. vol'vuI In ,he prol>lem.

.......nr u"..

d>rtIo hU ''''' R-... Jlnp:r _

~
...... lAPAI' EnA (Ei<dri< T~
~ .. 'M ),<11<.010< " " ' _
........... ..... "' _ _ lha<
_
..... d6rmt DImIl Trlaops I!I:M.
.
J'I""' P
6 of adI t)'pL N.
_~ .. bt~brnp.roll.
th<mdof211I4,
Dun! """'
pmh... Cl/C2 ......
mioaIa ...... inoig/t' todaomr
"...

r..

C06lin....... 0;1 DG.... Thday. ~

OR .y>tcrn. ",.. ilaN< '" ,,1 wnpla
from "n In wntim,,,,,,, mnde, Ins!
lU"'Cn! ",.n"f""tuITf'I n.n.lly pm.,.;de
,...., 1<>,,1. "f c""'pluity '" ,heir gas
analper>: 'm< ,"-.1 of inot","'..." m<>nilon I. 2 '" 3 ~ (H........ >m. ba>i<:
~ Ilk< thooe for Duval trian$kl and

Diagnosis & trending

bdo .... J"""""o".. a>d

......

,.p.

S<lrn<
an btdirt<VTu.,,,,,,,rdto
~ or 11o:tory......Jb. 11oeoo num

Iocr.... di......... m.... l"""dilfeTtn'....v-

"'Ylt '""""'*

pmbI<m>and thdrpmgn= R=b".;l11>< ria naluancot.

~>gcthcr- and
ahI< ttl indiato the preT>C< ofl'l). ,hcnnaI with lr<nd U> ~n"", with. m:nrnrncndali
... dcctric pn-lI>lcnu nnoh way .nd .1"" If rot furthotran,{"nncr -.... ,...".nant lik
... poooiblrrepai, ..m
th< pap<T is lIm-.lvod in th< pmNcm,

"Sometimes trending can be more important than an individual diagnosis based only
on immediate results, because trending reveals the speed of degradation

in ~M Sa)oo Fr.d<sa Imtrhriin FJmrica.

Spain. (]GRE201O A2jO'UOIO.
14] Tromicalllro.:lar< 4 14-2010. I~ R<-

'I"""'" Di>gnos b Tnmhmcr \';nding<

W(;0101(TF14)
15] DLJT 9112004. fu<pJrncj' "'v= A..
~-mm l'r..Jing D<formatim <lfl\no.<rT,..",

~~rtf~:'lrwlu<tJrStandarJ
l:>iagno<tic mrrn.. GIll ~ d<pending
00 the tnr<Ji:Jnncr, _ g comparne. <..
rnd '""'" but they ",N. a, a minimum oct
rtf rrfrn.-r.cr ~ """" :or< """,,,"iT<! [11
.nd od>cr. (2, 3] com< from an empirical
"I'l"'..rn. Toda)\ "'~ 1m", av.lilablc Expert
I:>iagnoo< So&.""", tIut can pcrhm 0 f.Wu.

'" intcrprctalioo '-cd 00 the ah<,,~ mrrn..

100< 'i<llb.= W~ g;..~ "" indica
tion rtfthe madlill< >tala<, but it mmt Ix the
nuintnanc< "'P"" who. ",1Ih all the rna
<hill< <hla. pcrfurm< the ~naJ diagnn<i< and
nul<< rcromrnrr.daliorn in Tdrnnc< ttl
"'I"'iT, coolinuanc< <~ ~ prowam.
ming ne"" _

<Vrn

>crvic< limitalio:>rn, ctL.

I"lWtT lTamformcr and thi' ilK'''''' Rliability of oor .._ I")rtfol~) 11>< .wls
mm 1JS mo romprtrnt, rrdo in",
n.ne<
and will ",,,fi, ~) the aim of
tramfurm til'< .:rton.ion.

00""

Today thcr< aT< ....ilohk trn ry>trn>s til>!

,;mplify m<a>Llr<m<nl~ wloco _ <mlI1l
.nd t<Jlting tim<, and mm data co.,;"" to
",,,rk "'ith. As ",m< diagnosis "'prni is
Io<t do< ~) <taIf Trtim<nt .nd ocwal
the I"" ""p;' to ha"" wdl.trair.<d.wf,
.0 that all pmee<"'" fu"" m<"'ill<m<n1
throog~ di.gnosis ~) m;:,,,,,m<nd.tio,,,
'IT rdial:>k

161 TMnicalllm.:hur< 341J008. CK;RI M<dlanical.( <JndD:Jn Ass=mrnt rtfTmJonncr

l'r..Jings using F""J"<'>')' R<sJ>ons< Ana/pi<
(FRA. WGAUti)
17] lEn <:571-1920ll TEI-:r Guidr!of tOC
mel IIIlt,I",....., rtf fu<pJrncj'
Rapons< A.w,-m for (~Ilmmm! Transb

AWiation

I~]IEC 6007/i..llU()ll FI:lo.m- tnn<hmrn_

I'art 18 ~ rtf Fn:qo<nc,.- "V"""TC 14.
19] TFH.SId C57.I272007. IEFH<Iid<m..tOC
Iktoctim md l.ocatioo <If AalO<b:: Frnis<iorn
frrrn r.rtial ~in Oillmmm! FI:lo.m-

T~meIR<arnn.

110] T<dInical Ilrochur< 343J008. (X;RF.

Another key point in diogno,,;' i. the R,icw of historylrr,"ding of tra",fi)rmcr
k<t
Sometime> trrnding can I><
mOT< important than ." individual dia
gn"';' ba.cJ ,..,Iy '"' immediate
Trending n-vcol. til< 'J'ffd ofdegradation

,,,,,,It<

,,,,,,It<

"""eli",

k i, .1", ncreary to p<rfuom a

1m, elther fi.. nnkn",,,,, tra"'furrncro or
.t commiionirtg. fur two r"",",~ fir,t1y,
~) I>< <crtai" tl>< lTa",foTTOCr ;. in good
condition and fulli;' mnmctw.l rrqniRm<nt~ .nd """,..,dly, ~) 1
...,,< data a""il.hIe
~) r<fer~) i" futllr< lc>ts and ..

,,,,,,,mcnl<

Training
When tra",filllTlCT is going ttl I>< l<>td.
it i, important tIut propk who perlilfll1
the <ling (either til< company .wf or
outside co~) aT< dnly trained and
.kilkJ in _ins Tt is important ttl ha""
oonfidene< in the lc>t
in ...-dIT to
mm a good tran.fum>cr di.gn",,", and
not mTiiook failo", rn<><h in pmgr<><
Whi],t lID< 23 d.)~ aT< lTIjoiITd~) Reel,.., <Tl(){lgh training ttl pcrfum> >ati.fac..
~)rily hot~ ""ting and f'ITlimin.ry diag_
"""is, it tak"" Iong<r ttl I><<<>m< "" pert
.nd _<pial pmbkms may oc<d the ""1"-"'tis< of"" "'lernal <Cl1Wlh."l

r=l'"

Conclusion
rr<dicti"" rminttnaoc< pmgramme> in
""""'" oor knowkdg< on the _
of the

Acknowledgments
I ",i.'" ttl th."\; til< OOitori.1 ho.Td for thrir
~n.,ttl my Iii<nJ K<Vin H.Tldfi,.-d
fOT hi, hdp "'ith t~< English adaptation of

the paper, and ttl my family for gi";ng Ill<

the ",lTa tim< n<kd ttl ","Til< tM. papcr.

REFERENCES
II] TFH. ~ <:57152-2013 (1,ision "f IIEE
til.I995) IHE (;uidrfu< Diogoootic Hdd Ta
~ng <lfFbolfilhi rm.<rTr.",bn><n.lkgu.
Ial!Jnmel Roocton.
11] T,dmicalllrudu<445201 LU:;RJ-: (Oli
<\< b TransIonncr ~ laintmanc< 1'1'(; ALl4
11] N...- ~ rtf mail'f<lUnC< rtf P""'"
tnrnfunnrn md main """""""" <Jlf.1in<
1<>1 ... mli". monitoring S)""""'- H. ("so &
[ I'alazudo< IhmIn:>a ~ FJ<ctrica
s.~u )1 Angw> & S. ()oirtin. R<d fJ<ctrica
de F~ A. \'iLrruIU. Ihrnlmla ("""-"raci.

Ikmmrnmda!io:m lor CondKion MonikJring

md C"ndilic., A<>=mrnt Facilili hT,..",
Ionnrn. WG A2B.
111]1H:6OI751011 M<t~odrtf~ ......

Iating li<pJioh. mo.

112]IFCIlli6720ll O;I.1iIOOd<ctrical~.
Saning rtf !l""'" md ~ <If ITt<
mdd;.dvOOgosn_Guidane<. TOO
113] TrEE (57.1M-J008. IHI (.,i<lr!of tOC
1i .... I",....., <If (""" ("-"nmIlu:l in Oillm

mrnt _

""",.n~

114] TEe (,()5C}9,1'I'l9.HtD L2007CSV Minr-

raJ "'1.im~d<ctricaI "f"pmrnt in "".

vic< _ (rtJid< to tOC inttll"ttatio" rtf d;.dvOO
md fror!l"""' ...lj>is. TOO
liS] T.Il BmdmIT 29l\.2OOti. Ilro:rO ;:x.,"'1"
_
in DCA Inltrpf<Wion. 01011..1211
116]
Bmdm",4H2OIo. OGA in !\onMi

Tm

ntraI Oils mel I""", Tap (:hanger> and Impm'

.ro1)(;A~Cr'ocria.

W(;Ol3l
117] Task lI",d...", 4'142lJll Furanic (:00,.
ptJIl'l'l>!of Diogr>osis. WG 01.01 TTIJ.

Author
A"dR" Tob.rnerG Garria "btain<! hi, okgr in tehmn
mn"ic.tion ,ngin<cring fmm Un;'<nid.d I'olito'cnica d<
Madrid Spain. H<~ .. I><m working at L:nitr<mia f.k<:lJie,
Sp.in _,inc< 1989, ""hcrt Il<~ ... ocwl"l",d olf_lino ,)"te= ETI'
fin te,ting power lTan,fuTTOCr~ and EDAIII fur t<sti"g ,tatOT
, '---' imw.tion of rotating machiTl<Jl. Today ht fi)(lJS<Jl"" comwt
ing .nd U"itroni"" trainingpmgrammo in powertra",f,mncrs
.nd mlating machine< And, h... aI", ,p<tialiud in ,mlin< partial dioch.rg in
Rotating MacMn<. Ho i,. OGRE m<ml><r & IEEE nior m<mhcr.