1.

CONDENSATION (DEHYDRATION)

Loss of H2O

- OH (hydroxyl group)
- H (hydrogen)

Covalent bonds are formed

Energy is expended
Polymerase enzyme

2. HYDROLYSIS

Addition of H2O
Covalent bonds are broken
Energy is released
Hydrolase enzyme

How many molecules of water are needed to

completely hydrolyze a polymer that is 10
monomers long?

Sugars and polymers

of sugars

Classes
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides and

oligosaccharides
Polysaccharides

Importance
Fuel
Building materials

Importance

Major cell nutrients

Incorporated into more complex
carbohydrates

Classification

Location of carbonyl group (C=O)

Aldose
Ketose

Size of C-skeleton (3-7 Cs)

Arrangement around Cs
Linear form
Ring form (in aqueous solutions)

- H on top of plane of ring

-OH on top of plane of ring

IMPORTANCE
Maltose (glucose + glucose)
Lactose (glucose + galactose)
Sucrose (glucose + fructose)
FORMATION AND STRUCTURE
Glycosidic linkage covalent
bond between 2
monosaccharides
Condensation or dehydration
synthesis reactions
Draw the structure of
a)
sucrose formed from a 1-2
glycosidic linkage of glucose and
fructose
b)
galactose formed from the 1-4
glycosidic linkage of glucose and
galactose.

1-4 GLYCOSIDIC LINKAGE

STRUCTURE AND FORMATION

Hundreds to thousands of
monosaccharides joined by
glycosidic linkages

IMPORTANCE
Structural polysaccharides
Cellulose and chitin

Storage polysaccharides
Starch and glycogen

Homopolysaccharides
Starch ( 1,4 linkages)
Amylose
Amylopectin
Cellulose ( 1,4 linkages)
Heteropolysaccharides

large molecules assembled

from smaller molecules by
dehydration reactions
hydrophobic and nonpolar
glycerol + fatty acid fat
fatty acids have long Cskeletons (16-18 atoms)
with a carboxyl end
ester linkages are formed
when 3 fatty acids join to
glycerol

Functions
Energy storage
Cushioning of vital organs
Insulation

glycerol + 2 fatty
acids and
phosphate group
amphipathic

hydrophobic tails
hydrophilic heads

assemble into
bilayers
major components
of cell membranes

C-skeleton with four

fused rings
Vary in the functional
group attached to the
rings
Cholesterol
Cell membranes

Used for synthesis of

sex hormones
Testosterone
Estrogen

Amino acids arranged in a

linear chain and folded
into a globular form
Amino acids
Structure
Carboxyl (-COOH) end
Amino (-NH2) end
R (variable) group attached
to the -Carbon
Classification
Nonpolar
Polar
Charged (acidic/basic)

http://legacy.owensboro.kctcs.edu/gcaplan/anat/notes/amino_acid_structure_2.jpg

http://www.personal.psu.edu/staff/m/b/mbt102/bisci4online/chemistry/charges.gif

Sequence of
amino acids in a
polypeptide chain
Change in one
amino acid may
change properties
of entire chain

Glu Val

substitution causes
sickle cell anemia

Coiling/folding due to H-bond formation

between carboxyl and amino groups of nonadjacent amino acids.
R groups are NOT involved.

3d structure resulting from

folding of the 2 structures
stabilized by bonds
formed between amino
acid R groups
forms many shapes (e.g.
globular compact proteins,
fibrous elongated proteins)
disruption denaturation

Present in some proteins

whose tertiary structures
(subunits) join to form a
protein complex

Structure affected by

pH
salt concentration
presence of solvents
temperature

Chaperone proteins in
cell help in refolding
proteins

DNA (deoxyribonucleic
acid)

Provides directions for own

replication
Directs RNA synthesis
Controls protein synthesis

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

mRNA directs protein

synthesis in the ribosome

tRNA transfers a specific
amino acid to a
polypeptide chain
rRNA combines with a
protein to make up a
ribosome

Nucleotide

Nucleoside
Nitrogenous
base

Pentose
sugar

Phosphate

5 end

3 end