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TAI - 8:30

APPLICATION OF SINGULAR VALUE DECOMPOSiON TO THE DESiGN,


ANALYSIS, AND CONTROL OF INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Dr. Charlie Moore
Halliburton Professor of Chemical Engineering and
The Measurement and Control Engineering Center
College of Engineering
University of Tennessee
Knoxville, TN 37996

ABSTRACT

SINGULAR VALUE DECOMPOSITION

Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) is proving to


be a very useful tool in modern linear system theory.
It is also finding an important role in analysis and
design of control systems for those real industrial
processes which tend to not be so well behaved as
assumed by the theory. This paper will describe how
the concepts of SVD analysis can be used to help
determine realistic answers to the many practical
questions that must be addressed by the control
engineer if he or she is going to tackle real
multivariable control problems. Such questions as:
What is the effect of process design alternatives and
operating conditions on the control problem? The
paper will also show how SVD can be used to design
simple but effective multivariable control systems.

The basis of the procedure is Singular Value


Decomposition which is a numerical algorithm
developed to minimize computational errors involving
large matrix operations. The singular value
decomposition of a matrix K results in three
component matrices as follows:
K = UEVT
Where:
K is an n x m matrix
U is an n x n orthonormal matrix called the
"left singular vector"
V is an m x m orthonormal matrix called the
"tright singular vector"
E is an n x m diagonal matrix of scalers
called the "singular values" and are
organized such that 11>o2>a3---c m>O

INTRODUCTO
The analysis and design of multivariable control
systems has received considerable attention in the
theoretical as well as applied literature in recent
years. It is an interesting problem for the
theoreticians and, with the advent of integrated plant
wide computer based control systems, it is an
increasingly tempting problem for practitioners to
tackle. This paper will present an interesting
theoretical tool which has proven to be very helpful
for the real world design problem. The tool is based
on the numerical concept of Singular Value
Decomposition (SVD) and provides quantitative
information about sensor placement, physical
controllability, controller pairing and also can be used
directly as a decoupling control strategy. It can be
applied to an existing process unit or it can be applied
during the design phase to help screen out inadvertent
multivariable control problems before they become
fixed in concrete and steel.
The concepts and tools presented in this paper
are based not only on public domain research done by
this author and others but are also based on a number
of consulting experiences in which the author has had
the opportunity to apply (or see applied) these
techniques to a number of full scale industrial
systems. Unfortunately, these industrial experiences
cannot be directly documented for publication;
however, they have all been quite positive in
demonstrating that the techniques do in fact work in
the real world.

Both U and V are ideally conditioned matrices


where each column vector has unit length and is
orthogonal to all other column vectors in the matrix
set. In terms of matrix operations both U and V
represent a simple coordinate rotation.

SVD is designed to determine the rank and the


condition of a matrix and to map geometrically the
strengths and weaknesses of a set of equations. The
computation of the SVD of a matrix has been studied
by numerical analysts for some time and can be
performed with great accuracy. It is discussed in
many textbooks (7,13,20,25) and software is readily
available through a number of standard numerical
packages (29,30,31,32).
SVD - A Physical

Interpretation

The attractive aspect of SVD in terms of process


control is that when applied to a matrix which
describes the steady-state characteristics of a
multivariable process the singular vectors and the
singular values all have a very strong physical
interpretation. This physical interpretation can
provide a clear insight into potential control problems
and the physical nature of those problems. It can also
provide a physically meaningful structure in which to
design multivariable control strategies. The following
is a general interpretation of the elements in a
singular value analysis. The physical concepts will be
developed in more detail as specific applications are
discussed.

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air space inside the dryer. All four heaters have a


separate steam control valve. In terms of the sensors,
there are eight ports from which to measure the
moisture content of the solid and/or the temperature
of the air.
The gain matrix which relates the response of
moisture content at each of the ports to each heater is
as follows:

K The Steady-State Gain Matrix consists of the


physically scaled steady-state sensitivity of each
process sensor to changes in each of the manipulated
variable. Each element of K is determined
experimentally or by a detailed simulation and is
defined as follows: kij = 6[sensor i]/6[manipulator j].
It is very important that the elements of K be scaled
to be representative of what the control system will
actually see. A good basis for physical-sealing is in
terms of percent changes such that the units of kij be
approximately:

K =

% of sensor span
% of range of manipulator
U = UL*U2:.....U:n The Left Singular Vectors provide
the most appropriate coordinate system for viewing
the process sensors. This coordinate system is such
that the first singular vector (Ul) indicates the easiest
direction in which the system can be changed. The
second singular vector (U2) is the next easiest
direction. The third is the next easiest, and so on....

0.00471
0.01711
0.03944
0.05795
0.06509
0.06021
0.04834
0.03452

0.00522
0.01903
0.04315
0.06315
0.07091
0.06334
0. 04676
0.02976

0.00713
0. 02606
0.05072
0.07074
0. 06038
0. 04802
0. 03157
0.01858

0. 0 1066
0. 02352
0.02724
0. 02720
0.02254
0. 01599
0. 01006

0. 00528

A SVD analysis yields the following Singular Values:


a1

02
03

04

V = VbV2:.'.Yinm The Right Singular Vectors provide


the most appropriate coordinate system for viewing
the manipulated variables. This coordinate system is
such that the first singular vector (VI) indicates the
combination of control actions which has the most
effect on the system. The second singular vector (V2)
is the combination which has the next strongest
effect, and so on...

=
=

0.23133E-00

0.32938E-01

= 0.11256E-01
c 0.38279E-02

From these singular values a condition number


can be calculated for a full 4 x 4 multivariable control
strategy and can also be calculated for the simpler
cases.

Dimension
4x4
3x3
2x2

E = dia(a,cv,2s...,an The Singular Values provide the


ideal decoupled gain of the open loop process. The
ratio of the largest singular value to the smallest
0l/Gm is the Condition Number of the gain matrix
and is a measure of the difficulty of the decoupled
multivariable control problem. Large condition
numbers indicate that the degrees-of-freedom are
such that the number of control objectives need to be
reduced.
INDEX OF CONTROLLABILITY

Condition Number
60.43
20.55
7.02

Note, these condition numbers show, on a relative


basis, how much more difficult it will be to control
three and four moisture locations than it would be to
control only two.
It is important to maintain a physical
understanding of singular values and the resulting
condition numnbers. The singular values are a direct
measure of the decoupled pins of the process. If the
multivariable interactions were removed by an ideal
"steady-state" decoupler, the singular values would be
the open loop gains of the noninteracting system.
Note in this example the gain of the strongest
noninteracting loop is 0.23 and the pin of the weakest
loop is 0.0038. A weak steady-state gain is a very
serious practical problem even in the case of single
loop control. It requires very large controller gains
and results in excessively large controler actions.
The typical presence of constraints in the manipulated
variable and noise in the sensor variable make it
difficult even for the single-input single-output
problem to be solved with feedback control. In the
context of multivariable control, the additional
complications presented by hidden loops, controller
interactions, and unusual dynamics make the problem
of weak steady-state gains even more severe.

One important aspect of the physical signif-

cance of the Singular value analysis can be seen in the


Condition Number. The condition number is the ratio
of the largest to the smallest singular value and is
used in numerical computation to gauge the
"condition" of a set of equations.

Condition Number = cma/min


The larger the condition number, the more

difficult it is to compute a matrix inverse which is


free of computational errors. In terms of the process

control problem, a large condition number indicates


that it will be impractical, if not impossible, to satisfy
the entire set of control objectives (regardless of the
control strategy used). In the physical sense, the
condition number represents the ratio of the maximum
and minimum open-loop, decoupled gains of the
system. A large condition number indicates that the
relative sensitivity of the system in one multivariable
direction is very weak.

In terms of the overall controllability of a


process there are considerations other than just
condition number. The magnitude of the largest
singular value is also important. Very small singular
values could well indicate that in spite of a good
condition number the system is simply not sensitive
enough to control. Very large singular values are also

Consider for example a counter-current tunnel


dryer. The dryer has an external preheater on the
inlet air and three internal heaters distributed in the

A_A4

and the sidedraw rate can be manipulated to control


temperatures at selected trays in the column.

an indication of a practical control problem. In single


loop control large process gain requires very small
controller gains. This results in small controller
outputs which can become lost in the resolution of the
manipulator. The symptomatic behavior of such
poorly scaled systems are cyclic responses which never
settle down to a reasonable steady-state. Such loop
performance can be troublesome in a single loop
control but it is a disaster in a multivariable system.

The 3x3 SVD analysis for sensors at 41, 34, and


28 is as follows:

CONTROLLER PAIRING
Another simple analysls which can be understood
from this physical interpretation is controUler pairing.
The pairing which will yield the least open loop
multivariable interaction is one in which the sensor
associated with the largest vector component of
column Ul is paired with the manipulated variable
associated with the largest vector component of
column VI. The largest vector component of U2 is also
paired with the largest vector component of V2.

z =

1.4531
0

0
0. 8029

10.94

T28
T34

SENSOR LOCATION
For many multivariable processes there is a
decision to make about sensor location which can be
critical to the success or failure of a multivariable
control system. SVD provides a systematic procedure
for placing sensors in such a way as to both maximize
sensor sensitivity and to minimize sensor interaction.

which decomposes to:

-0.5877
0.8091

16.86

(S)

multivariable system.

-0.3889
1.0000

0.8091
0.5877

(R)
(Q)

It should be noted that in most cases this pairing


procedure gives results consistent with Bristol's
Relative Gain Array (2) and other more traditional
interaction analyses. From the author's experience the
only cases in which SVD yields controller pairing
different from an RGA analysis are for systems which
have a high condition number. High conditions indicate
that successful multivariable control is highly unlikely
regardless of controller pairing (or decoupling or any
other multivariable strategies.) It should be
emphasized that controller pairing should not be done
without some reference to the condition of the

For a base case of FP=10 gpm, F2=20 gpm, Th-1000f,


To=650f, the gain matrix is as follows:

V =

0.869 -0.084 -0.488


0.454 0.527 0. 718
-0.197 0.846 -0.495

Q +T41

AFI

-0.9612
0.2758

V =

R
S

AP2

U = 0.2758
0.9612

(T28)
(T34)
(T41)

pairing:

ATm m change in the mixed temperature from


base condition.
AFm = change in the total flow from the base
condition.
AFI = change in the hot water flow from the base
condition.
AF2 = change in the cold water flow from the
base condition.

0.7778
1. 0000

-0.595 -0.627 -0.502


-0.583 0.767 -0.669
-0.553 -0. 134 0.823

Matching the largest component of each of the left


hand vectors with the largest component of each of
the right hand vectors yields the following controller

where:

K =

1.31
19.77
0.62

U =

64.10

To illustrate this procedure consider the classic


simple example of a continuous mixing system in
which the flow rates of the hot and cold water (Fl and
F2) are manipulated to control the total flow and
mixed temperature (Tm and Fm). The linearized
steady state behavior of the system about some
operating conditions can be described by the following
equation:

,&Tm.=
AFm

-29.58 -26.87
-32.11 -12.27
-34.98 -10.83

K =

A distillation column is a good example of a


process with many possible sensor locations. In the
Ethanol-Water column shown in Figure 1 there are 50
trays on which the temperature (or composition) could
be measured. The basic question is which two
locations are best for the multivariable control of the
column. To demonstrate how SVD can be applied to
this problem consider the column operating with a DQ
scheme (distillate rate and steam rate are the
manipulated variables). At the normal operating
conditions the steady state gain matrix is shown in
Figure 2. Note that, with no specification on the
location of the control sensors, the steady-st.te gain
matrix is a 50x2 array of constants which dese tbes

For this base case the U and V matrices indicate


that Pm should be controlled with Fl and Tm should be
controlled with F2. For slightly more complex
example consider a 42 stage Xylene-Benzene-Toluene
distillation column (17). The column represents a 3x3
system in which reflux ratio, steam to the reboiler,

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the temperature sensitivity on each tray to each of


the two manipulated variables. The decomposition of
the gain matrix (shown in Figure 3) results in a 50x2 U
matrix, a 2x2 V matrix and it has 2 singular values.

OVERAALL VS SPECIFIC SYD ANALYSIS


It should be noted that in the analysis of
which have a choice of sensor locations that
at least two separate SVD analysis of
significance. One is an Overall SVD Analyss based on
a complete system with all possible sensor locations
included. The other is of the Speeific SVD Analysis
which is based only on those sensors which will be
directly used in the control strategy. (There are other
possible reduced systems which might need to be
analyzed, for example in distillation control it is not
uncommon to base a control strategy on the
temperature difference between two trays rather than
a single temperature).
processes
there are

In terms of the problem of selecting sensor


location, consider again the properties of the left
singular vectors (the U matrix) and the physical
significance for the case where the process has more
sensors than manipulated variables. Ul and U2 define
vectors in sensor space which are orthogonal. The
projection of a particular temperature profile onto
each of these vectors defines two "weighted average"
steady state temperatures which are both sensitive
and noninteracting.
Ta
Tb

El

or

TI
T2
T3

The ethanol-water column provides a good


example of the difference between an overall analysis
and a specific analysis. In the table below the full
condition number and the 2x2 condition number are
listed for a number of different first level control
schemes.
First Level
Condition Numbers
2x2
50x2
Scheme
62.6
DR
60.8
112.6
112.3
QR
41.9
42.2
DQ
324.7
369.2
LQ
687.9
691.9
LB

Tn

Ta = U11*T1 + U12*T2 + U13*T3 + .........+ Uln*Tn

Tb = U21*T1 + U22*T2 + U23*T3 + .....+ U2n*Tn

If the column were instrumented such that all


these temperatures were measured the above
calculation could be made and actually used as two
sensitive but independent temperatures on which to
base the column control. This will be discussed as a
possibility later in the paper, but for now consider the
utility of the concept in selecting the two good sensors
locations. One obvious selection procedure would be
to select the sensors which correspond to the most
sensitive term in Ul and the most sensitive term in U2
(the temperatures with the highest weighting factors
in the calculation of the independent averages). This
would yield two sensitive temperatures which, if they
represent the full vector with any accuracy, will be
full of information and will have a low level of
interaction.

As a rule, the overall analysis and specific


analysis may not be close as indicated in this example.
The specific analysis can be considerably worse than
the overall or it can actually be better behaved. From
the point-of-view of a detailed control system design
the most meaningful is the specific analysis which
focuses on the sensors and valves which the control
system will use.

SELECTING PROPER MANIPULATED VARILABLES


The table above describing the condition of the
ethanol-water column for a number of possible first
level control strategies illustrates yet another analysis
aspect of the SVD tool. Distillation columns are
representative of many processes in which the
dimensions of the multivariable problem can (and
should) be reduced by a formal recognition that part of
the control system must be devoted to the maintaining
proper material and/or energy balances. Typically on
a distillation column there are four control handles:
Distillate flow rate, D; Reflux flow rate, L; Bottoms
flow rate, B; and the heat rate into the reboiler, Q.
However, material balance usually dictates two of
these handles must be used to control the level in the
accumulator tank and the level in the base of the
column. That leaves only two variables which can be
manipulated by any multivariable control scheme.
(Note that R in the above example represents the
reflux ratio, L/D. This, and other meaningful ratios,
can be used to replace the direct manipulation of the
first level flows). Such physical reasoning simplifies
the control problem considerably, but it does leave the
control engineer with a decision to be made about the
"best" of the possible first level schemes.

Experience has shown that this procedure


normally works well however, there are cases where
sensor sensitivity shocjld be sacrificed for the sake of
reduced sensor interaction. The trade off between
sensitivity and interaction is easier to see graphically
by plotting the coefficients of Ul and U2 verses tray
position. Figure 4 shows the Ul and U2 plots for the
ethanol-water example. Note that trays 8 and 17 are
the most sensitive locations; however, selecting trays
7 and 18 would perhaps give less interaction (the
magnitude of the other vector component would be

smaller).

A less confusing index on which can be applied to


2x2 systems to make these decisions is a plot of
ABS(Ul) - ABS(U2). This combined index shows in a
single plot both sensitivity and interaction. Figure 5
shows the combined index for this column. Note it is
much clearer that trays 7 and 17 are a good choice for
sensor locations.

646

The overall condition number is a good basis for


sorting through the first level alternatives. Note in
this example, that DQ and DR are by the best first
level schemes. This steady-state information is
invaluable in terms of reducing the scope of the
further dynamic and experimental studies.

IMPACT OF SYD ON BASIC PROCES

operation and some area which should clearly, from


the point-of-view of "robust" multivariable control, be
avoided.
SVD AS A STRUCTURE FOR MULTIVARIABLE CONTROL
So far this paper has discussed the use of SVD in
the analysis of processes which have more than one
valve and more than one sensor to determine control
problems and to suggest simple ways to reduce the
problem. It is also a very useful tool in the design of
the multivariable control strategies for those units.
At the simplest level of application the U and V
matrices can be applied as a steady-state decoupler.
Figure 7 shows a simple form of a SVD based control
system. This form uses the UT and the V matrices to
structure a "decoupled space" for the single loop
controllers to operate without steady-state
interaction. It should be noted that this form is
different than a conventional steady-state decoupler
which consist of only one matrix operation, K-1, which
is typically between the controllers and the valves. It
does have two separate computations instead of one
but it offers the advantage that U and V are both well
behaved. Computing the matrix inverse of K quite
frequently results in excessively large control actions
which are beyond the physical possibilities of the
valves.

DESIGN

The SVD analysis can of course be applied to an


existing process as well as to a process which is still
on the drawing boards. There are some major
advantages to applying the analysis very early before
the final design is complete. Not only does it provide
the control engineer with information which is needed
for that aspect of the design, but it also provides a
way to factor the question of controllability into the
evaluation of various des ign alternatives.
For example consider the overall analysis of a
real (but unnamed) column which was designed "for
economic reasons" with an internal condensor.

Control Scheme
BL
BR
DQ
QR
LQ

Cond. *
1860.
1413.
199.
14.7
2.24

SVD can also be used directly as a "profile"

controller in which there are more sensors than


manipulated variables. For example, in some highly
nonideal distillation columns (ie, azeotropic and
extractive columns) there may be some distinct
operational advantage to holding the entire column
profile close to some nominal value. The
nonlinearities may be such that holding a single tray
temperature to its setpoint may not be sufficient to
keep the entire column under control. Some such

It is obvious looking at these numbers why the


column design was difficult to control. With an
internal condensor the only first level scheme possible
was DQ. While this was not the worst scheme it is
clear that an external condensor would have made it
possible to implement an LQ scheme which would have
been very wel conditioned indeed.

The same column can be used to make another


very important point about the importance of an SVD
analysis before the column is built. This column was
designed and was operating with a liquid feed. The
SVD analysis indicated the following which would have
certainly been interesting results to have before the
design was finalized.

Scheme
LQ
DQ

columns even appear to have multiple steady-states


(5). The SVD profile controller is shown in Figure 8
and is identical in form to the square system shown in
Figure 7. The only difference is that the UT matrix is
no longer square. The form is very simple yet it can
be shown to yield at steady-state a least-square fit
between the actual temperature profile and the
desired temperature profile.

Condition Number
Vapor Feed
Liquid Feed
2.24
199. 0

It is also possible to use the concept of SVD to

2.54
2.96

design multivariable control system which attempt to


dynamically decouple the process interactions over a
range of frequencies other than steady-state.

In the DQ case (which is the control scheme used) the


condition of the feed effects in a major way the
controllability of the column. With a liquid feed, only
one product can be controlled. With a vapor feed both
products could be controlled.

Theoretically, this is a very interesting problem;

however, it would not apply to most industrial


processes. The problem with most real processes is
that the condition of the system deteriorates very
rapidly with frequency and there are also such
realistic complications as nonlinearities, hard limits on
the manipulated variable and nontrivial levels on noise
in the sensors. All these factors tend to cancel the
potential effectiveness of decoupling other than at
steady-state.

IMPACT OF SVD ON PROCESS OPERATION


SVD analysis can also be used to factor in the
question of controllability in the establishment of the
target operating conditions for some multivariable
process unit. Consider, for example, part of a study
made on an ethanol-water column shown in Figures 611. The effect of feed temperature, sidedraw location,

sideraw rate, reflux ratio, and distillate rate are


shown on the overall condition number. Note that in
every case there are definitely some preferred ares of

647

(9) Keeton, J. M., "A General-Purpose Multivariable


Controller Using a Singular Value Decomposition
Structure," Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of
Tennessee (1982).

SUMMARY
This paper presents the numerical concept of
Singular Value Decomposition as an analysis and design
tool which can be applied quite effectively to
multivariable processes. The procedure presented in
this paper have been applied to a number of real
industrial process units and have proven to be quite
effective in determining such practical considerations
as the most appropriate sensor locations, the most
effective first level strategies, and the strongest
controller pairing. It can also be used as a basis for
designing multivariable control strategies which are
simple to implement and effective in terms of control
performance.

(10) Klema, V. C. and Laub, A. J., "Singular Value

Decomposition: Its Computation and Some


Applications," IEEE Trans. Auto. Contr., AC-25,
164 (1980).

(11) Lau, H., J. Alvarez and K. F. Jensen, "Synthesis


of Control Structures by Singular Value Analysis:
Dynamic Measures of Sensitivity and Interaction,"
AIChE J., 31, 3, 427 (1985).

(12) Lau, H. and K. F. Jensen, "Evaluation of


Changeover Control Policies by Singular Value
Analysis - Effects of Soiling," AIChE J., 31, 135
(1985).

One of the most attractive aspects of the


analysis procedure is that it can be applied to an
existing process or it can be used at the design.phase
before inadvertent control problems become fixed in
concrete and steel. The analysis presents a systematic
way to factor the effect of design and operational
alternatives into the overall design decision process.

(13) Lawson, C. L. and Hanson, R. J., Solving-Least


Squares Problems, Prentice-Hall, Englewood
Cliffs, New Jersey (1974).

SVD does not predict (nor solve) all the control


problems which can be encountered in the vast world
of industrial multivariable control. It is, however,
relatively easy to understand and use and does appear
to be quite successful in identifying basic control
difficulties and suggesting simlple ways of reducing or
avoiding the difficulties.

(14) Moore, B. C., "The SingularValue Analysis of


Linear Systems, Parts I and II," Systems Control
Report No. 7801-7802, University of Toronto,
Toronto Canada (1981).

(15) Moore, B. C., "Principle Component Analysis in


Linear systems: Controllability, Observability,
and Model Reduction," IEEE Trans. Auto.
17 (1981).

Contro,v AC-26,

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Singular Value Decomposition," Ph.D.
Dissertation, University of Tennessee (1981).
(24) Smith, C. R., C. F. Moore, and D. D. Bruns, "A
Structural Framework for Aultivariable Control
Applications," JACC, paper TA-7, Charlottesville,
Virginia (June 1981).

(25) Stewart, G. W., Introduction to Matrix

Computations, Academic Press, New York, New


York (1973).

10
19
12
23
14

(29)

--__, SYCOPACK, Electrical


Engineering Department, University of Tennessee.

(30)

I EISPACK, Applied Mathematics


Division, Argonne National Labs.

(31)

Dept of Computer
,MATLAB,
,
Science, University of New Mexico.

_, IMSL, International Mathematical


& Statistical Libraries, Inc. NBC Bldg., 7500
Bellaire Blvd., Houston, TX.

ORIG0NAL
IGI

106

, ASPEN, Mass. Institute of Tech.,


Cambridge, Mass.

(32) _

(26) Takamatsu, T., "The Nature and Role of Process


Systems Engineering," Proc. Int. Symp. Proc. Sys.
3fl83 Kyoto (1982).
(27) Yu, C. and W. L. Luyben"'Use of Multiple
Temperatures for the Control of Multicomponent
En g Chem. Process
Distillation Columns,"
Des. Dev., 23 590 (1984)
D.1967349E-03
0.1907349E-03
0.180734K-03
0.1907349E-03
0. 10 734940-03
0.19073400-03
0.333796E0-03
0.5814697E-03
0.39146970-03

(28)

rL IX

-3.1248757E-02
-0.1240760E-02
-0.1248760E-02
-0.12)65200-02
S -0. 1296520-02
6 -0.12265200-02
7 -0.2329613E-02
0 -0.26400240-02
9 -0.2688592E0-02
20 -0.300o70CE-02
11 -0.3937351E-02
12 -0.393735lE-02
13 -0.5106110E-02
14 -0.5650257E-02
15 -0.6578173E-02
16 -0.707469K0-02
17 -C.9123489OE-02
1

0.OOOOOOE+00
0.00000000+04
0.0000800E+00
D.4766373E-04
D.4768372E-04

2
3
4

0.4766372E-04
0.14300510-03
0.1436511E-03
0.1907349E-03
0.1907349E-03

0 .1907349E-03

0.23641060-03
0.33378800-03
0.1144400E-02 0.30146970-03
0.1335144E-02 0.3614697E-03
0.1621246E-02 0.4291534E-03
19 0.1907349E-02 0.57220460-03
20 0.2336502E-02 0.57220460-43
26 0.276565-02 0. 782390-03
21
22 0.3337864E-02 O.883069E-03
is
Z3 0.40054330-02 0.1001350-02
24 0.49S910E0-02 0.1239"7770-2
25 0.61035100-02 0.1436511E-02
26 0.7501711E-02 0.171614E-02
27 0.90367430-02 0.0269063E-02
28 0. 121116-;01 0.2670200-02
0.157353M-01 0.33376E-02
0.2117107-01 0.43e69020-02
30 0. 2945370-01 0 .61511900-02
32 0.45156460-41 0.905990-02
33 0.04732-01 0.13585 -01
34 0.023497K01 0.1573560-01

192 PRCOF

15

17

5.2 I-EtOH

33
3S
37
432
38

0.2222061E-01 0.39100650-02
0.230418E0-01 0.3305544E-02

40
41
42
43
44

0.252774E-01 0.57220460-03
0.23904910-01 0.1907349E-03

56

45
47
46
49
SD

0.2517700E-01

0.11359180-01

-0.107130E-01 0.291000K-01
-0.2271311E-01 0.25826600-01
0.3333694E-01

0.4127434E-01
0.4261547E-01
26 -0.5135784E-01 0.47757760-01
27 -0.6453977E-01 0.4942274E-01
28
29
30
31
32

-0.0197121E-01
-0.1063664E+00
-0.14300700E-DO
-0.2022173E+00
-0.3047197E400

34
35

-0.141"74E+00
-0.1059485E+00
-0.16765460+00

33

36
37

-0.4619186E+00
-0.5549154E+00

0.7011590-01
0.796S83E-01
0.945070-01
0.1346626E+00
0.18454200+00
0.2671007E+00
0.2650490+00
0.43775150-01
-0.2252375E-01
-0.8915587E-01

-.09694957E+00 -0.1512489E+ll
2 -0.1512489E+00 0.0984957E+11
1

23 -0.2722708E-01
24 -0.3370971E-01
2! -0.4139335E-01

0.281333SE-02

SINGULA R VALUES

0.1509E0+00
0.11519E-01

CONDITIO

NWISER

13.10091

38 -0.172X52E+00 -0. 1542450E+00


39
40

-0.174577K+00 -0.2077255+00

43

-D.14502500E+00 -0.303404X+01
-0.30387300+00
-0.28D1271E+00
902431E-01 -0.2651901E+00
-0.83214700-01 -0.233095+00
-0.6791750E-01 -0.2032077E+00
-0 .5427"67-01 -0.167476X300
-0.2094231E-01 -0.4712465E-01

-0.17222650+00 -0.24491 E+00


41 -0.1665030+00 -0.2375+00
42 -0.1572226E+00 -0.2985535E+00

0.22172930-01 -0.1430511E-03
0.200271SE-01 -0.4768372E-03
0.175590O-01 -0.57220460-03

44 -0.130641E0+00
45 -0. 114624K+00
46 -0.
47

-O.76S3990-3
-0.76293*50-03
-0.76293950-03
-O.0675706E-03

48
49

-0."61023E-03

FIGURE 2
ETHANOL-WATER
GAIN MATRIX

FIGURE 1
ETHANOL-WATER COLUMN

21

22

0.36062990-01 0.2193451E-02
0.2641C700-01 0.1621246E-02
0.261306:8-01 0 .114440K-02

0.152111LE-01
0.;1206930-01
0.1049042E-01
0.0392340-02
0.524243X-02

-0.254589E-02
-0.2504351E-02
-0.25043400-02
0.15e7473E0-2
0. 156747X-02
0.150747K-02
0.78926410-02

0.7266756E-02
0.1073249E-01
0.8854236E-02
0.89I4236E-02
0.634995E-02
0.919537E-012
0.161209C9E-01
0.1770847E-01
0.1520412E-01
18 -0.1104436E-01 0.1553943E-01
19 -0.13060S1E-01 0.2405635E-01
20 -0.1507052E-01 0.1842359E-01

0.1907349E-03

0.4291534-03 0.19073490-03
0.5722046E-03
O.57220460-03
0. 76293950-03
0.&M85090-03
0.9536743E-03

rTkIX

50

FIGURE 3
ETHANOL- WATER
SVD ANALYSIS

LO
A

11-

-I

1 O 1 S 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
TRAY NUMBER
FIGURE 4 U VECTOR PLOTS
649

1 0 1 5 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
TRAY NUMBER
FVUKr 5 SENSOR LOCATION PLOT

50.0
46.0
42.0

38.0
2:

-:

34.0

30.0

Lt.

26.0
22.0
18.0
14. 0

10.0

_o

oz
0

VT

7--

19
20
17
18
I6
SIDEDRAW POSITION (TRAY NUMBER)

21

200.0

190.0
'

160.0
w

_
o

120.0

100.0
8o.0

eJ

60.0

20.0 0.0

0.5

1.0

1.6 2.1 2.6 3.2 3.7 4.2 4.8 5.3


SIDEORAW RATE (LBMOL/HR1
80.0

72.0
FIGURE 6

CONDITION OF ETMANOLWATER COLUMN VS


OPERATING CONDITIONS

64.0
0:
Q
z

56.0
48.0

40.0

J-

32.0

za

24.0
16.0

'

B.o
0.0

R1

Xl

R2

X2

FIGURE 7 SVD DECOUPLER

FIGURE 8
SYD PROFILE CONROLLER

650

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