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Overview
Every host and router on the Network has an IP address,
which encodes its network ID and host ID.
IP Address - Network ID + Host ID
addresses.
In practice, most hosts are on one network and thus have
one IP address.
IP addressing
An IP (Internet Protocol) address is a unique identifier for
a node or host connection on an IP network.
An IP address is a 32 bit binary number
Byte1. Byte2. Byte3. Byte4
One Byte is 8 bits
form.
140 .179 .220 .200
10001100.10110011.11011100.11001000
Subnet Mask
Applying a subnet mask to an IP address allows you to identify
the network and node parts of the address.
The network bits are represented by the 1s in the mask, and
the node bits are represented by the 0s.
Default subnet masks:
Class A - 255.0.0.0 - 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000
Class B - 255.255.0.0 - 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
Class C - 255.255.255.0 - 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
Example
140.179.220.200 is a Class B address
So by default the Network part of the address (also known as
the Network Address) is defined by the first two octets
(140.179.x.x)
The node part is defined by the last 2 octets (x.x.220.200).
In order to specify the network address for a given IP address,
the node section is set to all "0"s.
In our example, 140.179.0.0 specifies the network address for
140.179.220.200.
When the node section is set to all "1"s, it specifies a
broadcast that is sent to all hosts on the network.
140.179.255.255 specifies the broadcast address.
Private IP Addresses
If we have a network which is not connected to the internet, any
IP address range can be used without obtaining any permission.
It is not a good idea because what will happen, if the network
connect to the internet in future.
There are three IP network addresses reserved for private
networks. The addresses are
10.0.0.0
Subnet Mask 255.0.0.0
172.16.0.0 172.31.0.0 , Subnet Mask 255.240.0.0
192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.0 Subnet Mask 255.255.0.0.
1network
16networks
256networks
192.168.0.0/16
Subnetting
Additional bits can be added to the default subnet mask
for a given Class to further subnet, or break down, a
network.
Now the ip address is divided into three parts.
Net ID
Subnet ID
Host ID
ID of all "0"s and all "1"s are reserved for specifying the
local network
Example
Our network address is 140.179.000.000. create 6 subnets using
the above mentioned network address.
To create 6 subnets we need to take 3 bits from host ID.
10001100.10110011.00000000.00000000
11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
11111111.11111111.11100000.00000000
10001100.10110011.00000000.00000000
10001100.10110011.00100000.00000000
10001100.10110011.01000000.00000000
10001100.10110011.01100000.00000000
10001100.10110011.10000000.00000000
10001100.10110011.10100000.00000000
10001100.10110011.11000000.00000000
10001100.10110011.11100000.00000000
140.179.000.000 Subnet 1
140.179.032.000 Subnet 2
140.179.064.000 Subnet 3
140.179.096.000 Subnet 4
140.179.128.000 Subnet 5
140.179.160.000 Subnet 6
140.179.192.000 Subnet 7
140.179.224.000 Subnet 8
Subnet 2
10001100.10110011.00100000.00000000
140.179.032.000
140.179.032.000
140.179.032.001
140.179.032.002
140.179.063.254
140.179.063.255
Each subnet has 8190 (213-2) nodes. Each subnet can have
140.179.032.000
140.179.063.255
as host addresses.
Because
10001100.10110011.00100000.00000000
140.179.032.000
140.179.063.255
address subnetted this way. Notice that this is less than the
65,534 nodes an unsubnetted class B address would have.
As an example we can take Subnet 7
10001100.10110011.11000000.00000000
140.179.192.000 Subnet 7
140.179.192.000
140.179.192.001
140.179.192.002
140.179.220.200
140.179.223.254
140.179.223.255
We cant use
10001100.10110011.11000000.00000000
10001100.10110011.11011111.11111111
140.179.192.000
140.179.223.255
as host addresses.
Because
10001100.10110011.11000000.00000000
140.179.192.000
140.179.223.255
Example:
networks together.
192.60.128.0 (11000000.00111100.10000000.00000000) Class C subnet
192.60.129.0 (11000000.00111100.10000001.00000000) Class C subnet
192.60.130.0 (11000000.00111100.10000010.00000000) Class C subnet
192.60.131.0 (11000000.00111100.10000011.00000000) Class C subnet
-------------------------------------------------------192.60.128.0 (11000000.00111100.10000000.00000000) Supernetted Subnet address
255.255.252.0 (11111111.11111111.11111100.00000000) Subnet Mask
192.60.131.255(11000000.00111100.10000011.11111111) Broadcast address