Polarization 2

UCF

Polarization Ellipse (1)

Ex Ax cos(t kz x ) cos(t kz x )
Ey Ay cos(t kz y )

Ex
Ax

1 cos2 (t kz x )

Ay cos(t kz x )

Ay cos(t kz x ) cos( ) sin(t kz x ) sin( )

2

Ey Ex
E

cos( ) 1 x sin( )
Ay Ax
Ax
2
Ey
Ex
Ex
cos( )
1 sin( )
Ax
Ay
Ax
2
Ex
Ey Ex 2
cos( ) 1 sin ( )
Ay Ax
Ax
2

2
2
2

E
E
Ex

E
E
y
y
2
x
x
cos ( ) 2
cos( ) 1 sin ( )
Ax Ay
Ax
Ax
Ay
2

E
x
Ax

E
E E
y 2 x y cos( ) sin 2 ( )
Ax Ay
Ay

Polarization Ellipse (2)

UCF

Let x and y be the new set of axes along the principal axes of the
ellipse. Then the above equation of the ellipse in this new
coordinate system should have the standard format
Ex ' Ey '
1
a b
2

In the following, we will find a and b (lengths of the principal semiaxes) and the angle between x and x.
y
y

y'

tan( )

a
b

b
(aspect ratio)
a

x'

x'

y'

x

4 0 for"" REP

0 for"" LEP

Ex Ex ' cos( ) Ey ' sin( )

Ey Ey ' cos( ) Ex ' sin( )

Polarization Ellipse (3)

UCF

From

Ex Ey
Ex Ey

2
cos( ) sin 2 ( )
Ax Ay
Ax Ay
Ay2Ex2 Ax2Ey2 2Ex Ey Ax Ay cos( ) Ax2 Ay2 sin 2 ( )
2

Ay2 Ex ' cos( ) Ey ' sin( ) Ax2 Ey ' cos( ) Ex ' sin( )
2

2Ex ' cos( ) Ey ' sin( ) Ey ' cos( ) Ex ' sin( )Ax Ay cos
Ax2 Ay2 sin 2

Ay2 Ex2' cos 2 Ey2' sin 2 2Ex 'Ey ' sin cos
Ax2 Ey2' cos 2 Ex2' sin 2 2Ey 'Ex ' cos sin

2Ex 'Ey ' cos 2 ( ) Ex2' cos( ) sin( ) Ey2' cos( ) sin( ) Ex 'Ey ' sin 2 ( )Ax Ay cos( )
Ax2 Ay2 sin 2 ( )
Ex2' Ay2 cos 2 ( ) Ax2 sin 2 ( ) 2 Ax Ay cos cos sin
Ey2' Ax2 cos 2 ( ) Ay2 sin 2 ( ) 2 Ax Ay cos cos sin

Ex 'Ey ' sin 2 Ay2 sin 2 Ax2 2 Ax Ay cos2 cos Ax2 Ay2 sin 2
0

(in xy coordinate system!)

Polarization Ellipse (4)

UCF

The term Ex 'Ey ' must be 0 sin 2 Ax2 Ay2 2 Ax Ay cos2 cos
tan 2

2 Ax Ay

cos

[Note
:

is also a solution.]
2
Ax2 Ay2

If we define an auxiliary angle as (physical meaning can be

seen in Poincare sphere later on.) A
tan

Ay
2 tan
tan 2

2
1 tan
Ax

tan(2 ) tan 2 cos

We can define

2 Ax Ay
Ax

2
Ax2 Ay2
A
y
1
Ax

a 2 Ax2 cos 2 Ay2 sin 2 2 Ax Ay cos cos sin

b 2 Ax2 sin 2 Ay2 cos 2 2 Ax Ay cos cos sin

a 2 b 2 Ax2 Ay2
2
a b 2 Ax2 Ay2 cos2 2 Ax Ay cos sin 2

2 Ax Ay cos cos 2 2 sin 2 2

2 Ax Ay

cos cos2 2 Ax Ay cos sin 2

sin 2
tan 2

Polarization Ellipse (5)

UCF

2 A A cos
4a b A A x y

sin 2
2
2
Ax2 Ay2 2 Ax Ay cos 1 cot 2 2
2

2
x

2 2
y

2
2
2

Ax Ay
2
2
2 2
Ax Ay 2 Ax Ay cos 1

2 Ax Ay cos
2
2
2
Ax2 Ay2 2 Ax Ay cos Ax2 Ay2

4 Ax2 Ay2 1 cos 2 4 Ax2 Ay2 sin 2

or a 2b 2 Ax2 Ay2 sin 2

ab Ax Ay sin

LEP sin 0 ""

REP sin 0 ""

Then, the equation for the ellipse becomes

Ex2'b 2 Ey2' a 2 a 2b 2
E E
x' y' 1
a b
2

tan

b
a

tan2

2 Ax Ay sin
2ab
2 tan

sin2 tan
2
2
2
1 tan a b 2 Ax Ay cos sin2

UCF

Polarization Ellipse (6)

y

y'

a
b

x'

Stokes Parameters (1)

UCF

Ex Ax e j E y Ay e

Define

j y

y x

Ex Ax cost kz x

Ey Ay cost kz x

2
2

S1 Ex E y Ax2 Ay2
Stoke' s Parameters
*
*
S 2 Ex E y E y Ex 2 Ax Ay cos

*
*
S3 j Ex E y E y Ex 2 Ax Ay sin

S0 Ex

Ey

Ax2 Ay2

S02 S12 S 22 S32

Need to prove that

S1 S0 cos2 cos2
S 2 S0 cos2 sin 2
S3 S 0 sin 2

Stokes Parameters (2)

UCF

2 tan( )
b
tan(2 ) sin( 2 ) tan( )
1 tan 2 ( )
a
2ab 2 Ax Ay sin( )
2 tan( )
sin( 2 )

Ax2 Ay2
1 tan 2 ( ) a 2 b 2
2 Ax Ay
cos
2 Ax Ay cos
1 tan 2 a 2 b 2 sin2

cos(2 )

1 tan 2 a 2 b 2
Ax2 Ay2
Ax2 Ay2 sin2

Proof: tan( )

S1
S0
S2
S0

a 2 b 2 Ax2 Ay2
2 Ax Ay
cos
a2 b2
sin 2

ab Ax Ay sin
tan 2 sin 2 tan

2 Ax Ay
cos
2
2
Ax Ay
2 Ax Ay cos
tan 2
2

cos2 cos2
2
2
2

sin
2

2
2
Ax Ay
Ax Ay
Ax Ay
or S1 S 0 cos2 cos2
cos2
2 Ax Ay cos

cos2 sin 2
or S 2 S 0 cos 2 sin 2
2
2
Ax Ay

S3 2 Ax Ay sin

sin 2
2
2
S0
Ax Ay

S 2 S1 tan 2

or S3 S 0 sin 2

S3 S1 tan2 sec2

Poincare Sphere (1)

UCF

S3

S1 S 0 cos2 cos2

S 2 S0 cos2 sin 2

S02 S12 S22 S32

S3 S0 sin 2

S0

2 latitude
: , are set
2 longitude

S2

S1

Clearly from S3 2 Ax Ay sin

Upper half sphere : S3 0, sin 0, LEP
Lower half sphere : S3 0, sin 0, REP

equator LP, south pole RCP

north pole LCP

UCF

Poincare Sphere (2)

We can also find the meaning of 2 and 2 in the Poincare sphere. , set

From tan 2 sin 2 tan

A
If we define as tan y
Ax

tan

tan 2 S3

sin 2 S 2

1 tan 2 Ax Ay
S1
cos2

cos2 cos2
2
2
1 tan 2 Ax Ay
S0
2

Poincare Sphere (3)

UCF

Q: How can we find the point on the Poincare sphere

when the polarization state is given?
A: Typically its easier to use (2,2) to find the point.
Find (,) at first, then change (,) to (,).
tan

Ay
A
tan 1 y
Ax
Ax

y x
tan 2 tan 2 cos
sin 2

2 Ax Ay
2 tan

1 tan 2 Ax 2 Ay 2

sin 2

2 Ax Ay
Ax Ay
2

sin sin 2 sin

Poincare Sphere (4)

UCF

y
x

y
x

y
y

x'

y'

a
b

UCF

Poincare Sphere (5)

Jones Vector

UCF

A x e j x
Generally J
j y
A
e
y

Normalization

E x0

Ey
0

J J 1

complex vector, un - normalized

Ax
If we let 0, J

x
j

A e
y

Axe j Axe j Aye

x

jy

A e
jy

Ax Ay Ax Ay 1
Ay
Ax cos
Since tan

after normalization
Ax
Ay sin
2

The normalized Jones vector for generalized elliptic polarization:

cos
: y x
J j

e sin

UCF

Various Representations of
Polarization States(1)

UCF

Various Representations of
Polarization States(2)

UCF

Jones Matrix and Muller Matrix

input

output

Jones Matrix
Ex
J

11
E y output J 21

J12 Ex

J 22 E y input

Jones Matrix

Mueller Matrix
S0
M 11

S1
M 21

S
M
2

31
S3 output M 41

M 12
M 22
M 32

M 13
M 23
M 33

M 42

M 43

M 14 S0

M 24 S1
M 34 S 2

M 44 S3 input