Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Protection Coordination
Volts Per Hertz (24), Undervoltage (27), Overvoltage (59),
and Under/
Under/Overfrequency
Overfrequency (81) Protection
NERC Protection Coordination Webinar Series
June 23, 2010
Phil Tatro
Agenda
2
Agenda
3
What is Important
p
to Coordination
Settings that Protect the Generator
Time Coordination with UFLS and UVLS
Consideration of Islanding Conditions
Sufficient Studies
Disclaimer
4
Objective
7
Scope
8
For the generating unit, undervoltage protection that trips the unit is
rarely applied to generators.
Operating a generator with terminal voltage lower than 95% of its rated
voltage may result in undesirable effects such as reduction in stability limit,
import of excessive reactive power from the grid to which it is connected,
and malfunctioning of voltage sensitive devices and equipment.
This effect
Thi
ff t h
however iis a ffunction
ti off titime. If applied,
li d the
th undervoltage
d
lt
protection is generally connected to alarm and not trip the unit, so that
the operator can take appropriate action to remedy the undervoltage
condition (if possible).
IEEE C37.102-2006 Guide for AC
Generator Protection, Section 4.5.7
10
When the voltage level of the auxiliary system reaches the undervoltage
set-point, this protection may initiate any one or a combination of the
following actions:
Al
Alarming.
i
This function also protects the integrity of the power supply to safety related
buses applied to support the reactor of nuclear power plants. In these
applications two undervoltage thresholds are utilized:
The first undervoltage (UV) level (function 27SB1) initiates auxiliary load
transfers to an alternative power supply.
The second UV level (function 27SB2) initiates a unit trip. (See section 3.3.4 for
further details)
11
12
Protection for generator overvoltage is provided with a frequencycompensated (or frequency-insensitive) overvoltage relay.
relay The relay should
have both an instantaneous unit and a time-delay unit with an inverse time
characteristic. The instantaneous unit is generally set to pick up at 130% to
150% voltage while the inverse time unit is set to pick up at about 110% of
normal voltage. Two definite time-delayy relays
y can also be applied.
IEEE C37.102-2006 Guide for AC
Generator Protection, Section 4.5.6
g above 105 p
percent normally
y should not occur for a g
generator
Sustained overvoltage
with a healthy voltage regulator, but may be caused by the following contingencies:
(1) defective automatic voltage regulator (AVR) operation, (2) manual operation w/o
AVR, and (3) sudden load loss.
13
14
Under this condition, the system frequency will decay and the generators
may be
b subjected
bj t d tto prolonged
l
d operation
ti att reduced
d
d ffrequency and
d th
there
exists the possibility of operation at reduced frequency for sufficient time to
damage steam or gas turbine generators.
In g
general,, underfrequency
q
y operation
p
of a turbine g
generator is more critical
than overfrequency operation since the operator does not have the option of
control action.
15
87U
87T
51T
87G
50BF
24
24
27
27
59
59
81
81
51TG
59GN/
27TH
21
32
40
46
50/27
51V
78
Fault Conditions
Loss of Critical Lines
Loss of Critical Units
Events such as August
g
14,, 2003 Blackout
System Islanding Conditions
16
17
18
19
Purpose
Faults
Loadability
Coordination Procedure
Setting Considerations
Examples
Proper Coordination
Improper Coordination
20
Purpose
Prevent damage to generators and connected transformers that
may occur when the excitation (V/Hz) applied exceeds the
equipment capability.
Generator: 105% on the generator base
Transformer: 105% on the transformer base at full load, 0.8 pf or
110% at no load at the secondary terminals.
Overexcitation
O
it ti may resultlt in:
i
Saturation of the magnetic core.
Stray flux induced in non-laminated components that are not
d i
designed
d tto carry flflux.
Excessive eddy currents in the generator laminations resulting in
excessive voltages between laminations, severe overheating, and
eventual breakdown in insulation.
Excessive field current in the generator.
Loadability
Th
There are no coordination
di ti issues
i
related
l t d to
t loadability
l d bilit
for this function.
22
23
28
Transformer
Generator
130
125
Percentage V/Hz
Series5
120
115
Definite Time
Pickup
110
Inverse Time
Pickup
105
100
0.01
0.1
10
100
Bus Frequency
29
GeneratorProtection
Function
24 Volts/Hz
TTransmissionSystemProtection
i i S t
P t ti
Functions
UFLSProgram
UFLSdesignisgenerallytheresponsibility
ofthePlanningCoordinator
SystemConcerns
GeneratorV/Hzprotectioncharacteristicsshallbedetermined
Generator
V/Hz protection characteristics shall be determined
andberecognizedinthedevelopmentofanyUFLSprogramfor
allrequiredvoltageconditions.TheGeneratorOwner(andthe
TransmissionOwnerwhentheGSUtransformerisownedbythe
TransmissionOwner)exchangeinformationofV/Hzsetpoints and
UFLSsetpoints withthePlanningCoordinator
CoordinatewiththeV/HzwithstandcapabilityandV/Hzlimiterin
Coordinate
with the V/Hz withstand capability and V/Hz limiter in
theexcitationcontrolsystemofthegenerator
CoordinatewithV/Hzconditionsduringislanding(highvoltage
withlowfrequencysystemconditionsthatmayrequiresystem
mitigationactions)
RegionalUFLSprogramdesignmustbecoordinatedwiththese
settings.
Islandingissues(highvoltageandlowfrequency)mayrequire
planningstudiesandrequirereactiveelementmitigation
strategies
Settingsshouldbeusedforplanningandsystemstudieseither
throughexplicitmodelingofthefunction,orthroughmonitoring
through
explicit modeling of the function, or through monitoring
voltageandfrequencyperformanceattherelaylocationinthe
stabilityprogramandapplyingengineeringjudgment
30
Table3Excerpt Function24DatatobeExchangedBetweenEntities
GeneratorOwner
Theoverexcitationprotection
characteristics,includingtimedelaysand
relaylocation,forthegeneratorandthe
GSUtransformer(ifownedbythe
Generator Owner)
GeneratorOwner)
TransmissionOwner
Theoverexcitationprotectioncharacteristicsforthe
GSUtransformer(ifownedbytheTransmission
Owner)
PlanningCoordinator
Feedbackonproblemsfoundbetween
overexcitation settingsandUFLSprograms
31
G
System
GSU
27
27
Alarm
Backup
Power
Supply
Power
P
Plant
Station
Service
Trasfer
Switch
Auxiliary
GSU
System
G
System
y
G
GSU
27
2. Purpose
p
of Function 27 on the Generator Auxiliary
y
System
These relays are used to protect auxiliary system equipment
f
from
severe undervoltage
d
lt
conditions
diti
that
th t would
ld have
h
serious
i
consequences, such as auxiliary motors stalling or voltage
collapse for the generating unit(s).
These relays initiate alarming, automatic transfer to an
alternative power supply, starting of emergency generator(s), or,
if necessary, generator tripping.
Loadability
The preferred method is to alarm only.
If the undervoltage function is used to trip the unit
unit, the
undervoltage function should not trip the generator for a
recoverable system event.
D
Defined
fi d as a sustained
t i d ttransmission
i i system
t
voltage
lt
att th
the hi
high-side
h id
of the generator step-up transformer of 0.85 per unit.
35
36
Alarm
IEEE C37.102
C37 102 IEEE Guide for AC Generator Protection does not
recommend use of the 27 function for tripping, but only to alarm to alert
operators to take necessary actions.
Undervoltage element (function 27) calculation:
V27 = 90% of Vnominal = 0.9 x 120 V = 108 V with a 10 second time delay to
prevent nuisance alarms (per IEEE standard C37.102).
Example Function 27
38
Proper
p Coordination
If the undervoltage function is set to trip the generator:
The threshold setting is below 90 percent at the generator terminals,
and
An adequate time delay is applied to allow system recovery above
this level.
Improper Coordination
If the undervoltage function is set to trip the generator:
A threshold setting at or above 90 percent at the generator
terminals, and/or
Inadequate time delay to allow system recovery .
TransmissionSystemProtectionFunctions
27 GeneratorUnit
UndervoltageProtection
**ShouldNotBeSetto
Trip,AlarmOnly**
Iffunction27trippingis
ff
usedforanunmanned
facility thesettingsmust
coordinatewiththe
stressedsystemconditionof
0.85perunitvoltageand
time delays set to allow for
timedelayssettoallowfor
clearingofsystemfaultsby
transmissionsystem
protection,including
breakerfailuretimes.
21
27ifapplicable
87B
87T
50BF
Longesttimedelayfortransmissionsystem
protection to clear a fault
protectiontoclearafault
SystemConcerns
Mustnottripprematurelyforarecoverableextremesystem
eventwithlowvoltageorsystemfaultconditions
t ith l
lt
t
f lt
diti
UVLSsetpoints andcoordinationifapplicable
Settingsshouldbeusedforplanningandsystemstudies
eitherthroughexplicitmodelingofthefunction,orthrough
monitoringvoltageperformanceattherelaylocationinthe
stabilityprogramandapplyingengineeringjudgment
Mustcoordinatewithtransmissionlinereclosing
39
Table3Excerpt Function27(Gen.Prot.)DatatobeExchangedBetweenEntities
G
GeneratorOwner
t O
Relaysettings:Undervoltagesetpointifapplicable,
includingtimedelays,atthegeneratorterminals
T
TransmissionOwner
i i O
Timedelayoftransmissionsystemprotection
Pl
PlanningCoordinator
i C di t
Feedbackonproblemsfoundin
coordinatingwithstressedvoltage
conditionstudiesandifapplicable,UVLS
studies
40
GeneratorProtection
Function
27 PlantAuxiliary
27
Plant Auxiliary
Undervoltage
IfTrippingisused the
correctsetpointand
adequatetimedelaysoit
doesnottripforsystem
faultsandrecoverable
extremesystemevents
TransmissionSystemProtection
Functions
21
27ifapplicable
87B
87T
50BF
Longesttimedelayfortransmissionsystem
protection to clear a fault
protectiontoclearafault
SystemConcerns
Coordinatetheauxiliarybusprotectionandcontrolwhen
connecteddirectlytotheHighVoltagesystem
GeneratorOwnertovalidatetheproperoperationof
Generator
Owner to validate the proper operation of
auxiliarysystemat8085percentvoltage.Theundervoltage
tripsettingispreferredat80percent
GeneratorOwnersvalidatetheproperoperationofauxiliary
systemat0.80.85perunitvoltage
Settingsshouldbeusedforplanningandsystemstudies
eitherthroughexplicitmodelingofthefunction,orthrough
monitoringvoltageperformanceattherelaylocationinthe
stabilityprogramandapplyingengineeringjudgment
41
Table3Excerpt Function27(PlantAux.)DatatobeExchangedBetweenEntities
GeneratorOwner
Relaysettings:Undervoltagesetpointif
applicable,includingtimedelays,atthe
powerplantauxiliarybus
TransmissionOwner
Timedelayoftransmissionsystemprotection
PlanningCoordinator
Feedbackonproblemsfoundin
coordinatingwithstressedvoltage
conditionstudies,andifapplicable,UVLS
studies
42
Table2Excerpt Function27(PlantHVSystemSide)ProtectionCoordinationConsiderations
GeneratorProtection
Function
TransmissionSystemProtectionFunctions
27 PlantHighVoltage
systemsideundervoltage
21
27ifapplicable
87B
87T
50BF
Longesttimedelayfortransmissionsystem
protectiontoclearafault
SystemConcerns
Mustnottripprematurelyforarecoverableextremesystem
eventwithlowvoltageorsystemfaultconditions
UVLSsetpoints andcoordinationifapplicable
Settingsshouldbeusedforplanningandsystemstudies
eitherthroughexplicitmodelingofthefunction,orthrough
monitoringvoltageperformanceattherelaylocationinthe
stabilityprogramandapplyingengineeringjudgment
43
Table3Excerpt Function27(PlantHVSystemSide)DatatobeExchangedBetweenEntities
GeneratorOwner
Relaysettings:Undervoltagesetpointif
applicable,includingtimedelays,athigh
pp
g
y
g
sidebus
TransmissionOwner
y
y
p
Timedelayoftransmissionsystemprotection
PlanningCoordinator
Feedbackonproblemsfoundincoordinating
withstressedvoltageconditionstudiesandif
g
applicable,UVLSstudies
44
Purpose
Prevent an insulation breakdown from a sustained overvoltage
condition.
59
GSU
Insulation of
Stator
Windings
Surge
Arrester
Surge
Capacitor
Loadability
Coordination for extreme system events resulting in overvoltage
should be considered when a trip threshold is utilized at 1.1 per
unit nominal voltage.
E
Even when
h significant
i ifi
t ttrip
i d
delay
l iis applied
li d ((e.g. 10 seconds
d or
longer).
46
Wh
When the
th generator
t voltage
lt
regulator
l t is
i operating
ti normally
ll and
d
keeps the generator terminal voltage within 105 percent of
nominal, there are no system coordination issues.
Pl
Planners and
d operational
ti
l planners
l
need
d tto understand
d t db
both
th th
the
performance of the voltage regulator and the overvoltage relay
settings when studying extended-time, overvoltage system
conditions.
47
Setting Considerations
Two types of relays of (or elements) are commonly
used on a g
generator p
protection.
An instantaneous function (59I), applied at 130 150 percent
of nominal voltage.
A time delayed function (59T), applied at about 110 percent
of nominal voltage.
Example Function 59
49
Proper
p Coordination
The following is an example of setting the 59T and 59I element
time delays.
Step 1 Vnominal = (20,000V) (120/20,000) = 120V
Step 2 59T = 105% of 110% of Vnominal = 1.05 x 1.10 x 120V
=139V
139V (=1.155
( 1.155 pu), with a time delay of 10 seconds or longer.
Step 3 59I =105% of 130% of Vnominal = 1.05 x 1.30 x 120V
=184V (=1.365 pu)
Improper Coordination
A threshold setting lower than 110 percent voltage at the
generator terminals and/or an inadeq
inadequate
ate time dela
delay.
Example Function 59
50
Table2Excerpt Function59ProtectionCoordinationConsiderations
GeneratorProtection
Function
TransmissionSystemProtectionFunctions
SystemConcerns
59 Overvoltage
59(whenapplicable)
Settingsshouldbeusedforplanningandsystemstudieseither
throughexplicitmodelingofthefunction,orthrough
monitoring voltage performance at the relay location in the
monitoringvoltageperformanceattherelaylocationinthe
stabilityprogramandapplyingengineeringjudgment
51
Table3Excerpt Function59DatatobeExchangedBetweenEntities
GeneratorOwner
TransmissionOwner
Relaysettings:settingandcharacteristics,
includingtimedelaysettingorinversetime
characteristic,atthegeneratorterminals
Pickupandtimedelayinformationofeach59function
appliedforsystemprotection
PlanningCoordinator
None
52
53
Loadability
Th
There are no coordination
di ti issues
i
related
l t d to
t loadability
l d bilit
for this function.
54
55
56
57
Example Function 81
59
Proper
p Coordination
The following Figure 3.14.3 illustrates an example of how
generator protection settings are coordinated with the turbine
p
y and the underfrequency
q
yp
protection setting
g limits for
capability
generating units.
In this example the protection setting must be set above the
green curve which defines the turbine capability
g
p
yp
provided by
y the
manufacturer and on or below the red curve that defines the
applicable generator underfrequency protection setting limits.
In this example the protection is set with an instantaneous trip
threshold at 57.7 Hz and a time delayed threshold setting at 58.5
Hz with a definite time delay of 60 seconds. Both settings
coordinate in this example.
Example Function 81
60
60
59.5
58.5
Fre
equency (Hz)
59
58
57 5
57.5
0.1
10
100
1000
57
10000
Time (sec)
Generator Capability
GeneratorProtection
Function
81U Underfrequency
81O Overfrequency
TransmissionSystemProtectionFunctions
81U
81O
Note:UFLSdesignisgenerallythe
responsibilityofthePlanningCoordinator
SystemConcerns
Autorestartofdistributedgenerationsuchaswindgeneration
duringoverfrequency conditions
Settingsshouldbeusedforplanningandsystemstudieseither
throughexplicitmodelingofthefunction,orthrough
monitoringfrequencyperformanceattherelaylocationinthe
stabilityprogramandapplyingengineeringjudgment
61
Table3Excerpt Functions81U/81ODatatobeExchangedBetweenEntities
GeneratorOwner
TransmissionOwner
None
PlanningCoordinator
Feedbackonproblemsfoundbetween
underfrequency settingsandUFLSprograms
62
Settings
g That Protect the Generator
Time Coordination with UFLS and UVLS
Islanding Conditions
Sufficient Studies
The g
generator p
protection set-points
p
are described in the
IEEE Guide for AC Generator Protection (C37.102) for
Functions 24, 27, 59, and 81.
The times to trip or alarm are adjusted based on the
specific generator and application limits as well as
coordination with system functions and schemes
schemes.
Examples of these were given in the presentation, but
again,
g , specific
p
settings
g need to be determined by
y the
entities.
Coordination of g
generator p
protection with UFLS and
UVLS programs is essential to surviving extreme
operating conditions from which the system is capable of
recovering.
recovering
As noted, coordination is not a typical relay-to-relay
coordination.
coordination
System studies are required to verify coordination
between the g
generator p
protection,, the UFLS and UVLS
program settings, and the system response to severe
events.
Sufficient Studies
67
The Planning
g Coordinator must study
y a number of
operating conditions sufficient to bound the worst case.
Assess sensitivity of generator and system response to:
System load level
Generator loading (both active and reactive power)
Commitment and dispatch of other generators
System operating states (N-0, N-1, . . .)
68