FUNDAMENTAL-FREQUENCY VOLTAGES 3

3. Negative-sequence impedances are assumed equal to positive-

sequence impedances.

4. The magnitude of the positive-sequence impedance is assumed

to be constant for the period in which the overvolta"ge is to be de-

termined. As the effective impedance of a rotating machine changes

with time, it is necessary to consider the impedance under conditions

that may result in the greatest overvoltage. On an isolated-neutral

system, for example, the greatest overvoltage may be obtained based

on impedances corresponding to the synchronous condition rather than

the subtransient or transient condition. Because these impedances

vary widely after the fault occurs, it is desirable that results be pre-

sented in the form of curves so that the range of voltage can be de-

termined.

5. The effects of saturation and corona are not included. Both

would tend to reduce the magnitude of overvoltage. The error in ne-

glecting these factors, in general, increases with increase in the magni-

tude of overvoltage. In the region of resonance, saturation may be

an important factor in limiting the excessive fundamental-frequency

overvoltages.

6. Overvoltages caused by unusual system conditions are neglected.

For example, non-linear circuit instability may be produced as a re-

sult of the opening of fuses, or single-pole switches, thereby causing

the magnetizing currents of potential or power transformers to flow

through line capacitance with resulting overvoltages. Such phe-

nomena will be discussed in Chapter 9.

Based on these assumptions and considerations, it is possible to

calculate fundamental-frequency voltages on the unfaulted phases for

a single-line-to-ground fault and for a double-line-to-ground fault.

A three-phase fault and a line-to-line fault are of no interest, since

no overvoltages are produced in view of the foregoing assumptions.

The overvoltages calculated are those existing on the unfaulted phases

at the point of fault in a three-phase system with phase rotation a,b,c.

The single-line-to-ground fault is assumed to occur on phase a, so

that voltages on phases b and c are of interest. If resistance in the

system is negligible, then voltages on phases b and c are equal in mag-

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nitude, but differ in phase. If resistance is present, the general effect

is to increase the voltage on phase c and decrease it on phase b.

The generalized curves for the single-line-to-ground fault are shown

in Figs. 1.1 and 1.2. Zi = Ri + jXi and Z0 = R0 + jX0 are the posi-

tive- and zero-sequence fundamental-frequency impedances, respec-

tively, viewed from the fault point. The equations from which these