Chapter 2

Section B

24.

(a)
(b)

Mass is the amount of matter in an object.

Lorry
Car
Mass
Mass of the lorry Mass of the car
is bigger
is smaller
Ability to speed
Takes longer
Easier//faster to
ahead
time to speed
speed ahead
ahead
Stopping (from
Harder//slower
Easier//faster to
rest)
to stop moving.
stop moving
Takes longer
Takes shorter
time to stop
time to stop
moving
moving
The greater the mass of a vehicle, the harder it is for the vehicle to start moving
from rest.
Physics concept: inertia

(c)

(i)
(ii)

The inertia of the driver maintains the forward motion when the car stops suddenly.
Wearing a seat belt:
Restrains the body of the driver from being thrown forward//inside or outside the
car.

(d)

It slows down the forward movement of the driver when the car stops suddenly.
Design or way
Explanation/reason
Acceleration Smaller mass
The smaller the mass the smaller
its inertia. Therefore the rocket
will accelerate faster
Shape

Nose cone// Bullet shape on To improve the aerodynamics of

top of the body
the rocket.

Structure

The bottle filled with mixture Serves as the propulsion of the

of water and air
water rocket// The air pressure
propels the rocket skyward
(upward)

Buoyant
force
(upthrust)

Equipped with parachute

The parachute increases the

surface area of an object so it
has more contact with the wind,
which decreases the speed of the
object (due to air resistant)

Stability of Filled with fins spaced equally Helps to stabilize the water
the motion
around the rocket body
rocket by lowering the centre of
pressure (gravity)

25.

(a)

(i)
(ii)

Product of mass and velocity // p = mv

- total momentum in diagram (a) is zero
- magnitude of the momentum of the boy and the boat are equa
- direction of the momentum of the boy and the boat are opposite
- total momentum of the boy and the boat before and after the boy jumped are equal
- total momentum before and after collision are equa

(b)

- Liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen fuel is burned in the combustion chamber
- The exhaust gas is ejected out of the rocket (downward) at high speed through the nozzle.
- Produced large momentum backward.
- According to the Principle of Conservation of momentum
- The rocket gained a large momentum upward.
- The rocket thus moves forward

(c)

Suggestions
Aerodynamic shape
Use low density materia
Use liquid oxygen
Increase the size of the combustion chamber
Use strong material
Has several stages that can be slip / strip off

Explanations
To reduce air resistance
It is higher
Boosting combustion
More space for the fuel to be burnt
It does not break easily
To decrease the mass

Chapter 3
Section B
13.(a) Mass per unit volume

(b)(i) 1. The depth of hole in Diagram(b) > Diagram(a)

2. The distance of spurt of water in Diagram (b) > Diagram (a)
3. The water pressure in Diagram(b) > Diagram (a)
(ii)

The deeper the hole the higher the pressure

The higher the pressure the further the spurt of water.
(c)

1.The speed of jet of gas is high

2. As the speed of gas high the pressure is low
3. The atmospheric pressure is higher than pressure
4.Complete combustion occurs

inside // there is difference in pressure

(d)

Modification/suggestion
Oil
High boiling point
Low density
High viscosity
Small master piston
Big salve piston
Aluminium/Steel

Explanation
Incompressible/No air bubble
Does not change to gas
Lighter
Less friction
Does not evaporate easily
Produce big force
Produce big force
Strong/Does not brake easily/
Non corrosive/Prevent leakage/
Withstand temperature/Does not rust easily

14.

(a)(i)Sum of two or more forces can be represented by one single force called resultant force.
(ii)

Bottle in liquid Q floats lower

Weight and the buoyant force are equal and the same in both cases

Density of liquid P is higher

As the density of liquid decreases, the lower the bottle floats.
When density of liquid decreases the volume of liquid displaced increases to produce the same buoyant
force.
(b)When force is applied to piston A
Pressure is produced and transmitted uniformly throughout the liquid towards point B
Pascals Principle
The product of pressure with surface area of piston B will produce output force to lift the load M
(c)

Suggestion
Reasons
Fix a long handle on piston A
Small force can produce bigger force / torque to press piston A
Equip the hydraulic jack with valves
Liquid can flow in one direction and does not back flow
Use released valves
Liquid flows back to the storage reservoir
Piston A is made smaller // piston B To produce large output force
bigger
Oil as liquid
Does not evaporate easily // does not flow out easily // prevent
from rust
15. (a)(i)Force per unit area
(ii)

Pressure on piston Q=pressure on piston R

Cross sectional area of piston Q < force acted on piston R
The greater the area, the greater the force acted on piston R
Forced acted on piston Q < force acted on piston R
Pascals principle
(b)

Aerofoil shape
The air speed on the upper surface>the air speed on the lower surface
The pressure on the lower surface>pressure on the upper surface
Different in pressure produce lift force
(c)

Design
Thick wall
High density materia
Strong materia
Aerodynamic shape
Ballast tank
Sonar transmitter and receiver

Reasons
Water pressure increase with depth
Increase mass/ can submerge easily
Does not break easily
Reduce water resistance
To increase or reduce weight
To estimate distance and depth

18.
Size of the tyre is large / Prevent backhoe from sinking into soft ground
Fluids used in hydraulic system is liquid / Not easy compress compared to the gases // high power
Large mass / Avoid backhoe from moving
Large base area / Ensure that the backhoe will not collide
Centre of gravity is low / More stable
The most suitable backhoe is M.
Large tyre, fluids use in hydraulic system is liquid, large mass, large base area and the centre of gravity is low

19.
(a) (i)Force per unit area
(iii)
1st Spurts further
2nd Density of salt solution larger
3rd Pressure density
(b)
1st
2nd
3rd
4th

p = 25/(4.0 x 104 m2)

p = 6.25 x 104 N m2
F = 6.25 x 104 x 5.2 x 104
F = 32.5 N

(c)
Characteristics

Choice

Reason

Density of hydraulic fluid

Higher

Liquid more difficult to compress, can transmit

the liquid easily and immediately

Comparing cross-sectional area of master

piston and secondary piston

AM < AS

To produce a larger force on the secondary

piston, higher ratio for As/Am

Boiling point of the hydraulic fluid

Higher

Not easily vaporize

Pipe for transmitting the hydraulic fluid

Copper

Strong, not easy to rust

20. (a)

Force exerted per unit area

(b)

- The number of molecules per unit volume increases

- The number of collisions per unit time increases / rate of collisions increases
- The temperature of the air molecules increases , the kinetic energy of the air molecules increases
- The force exerted on the tyre increases
(c) (i) 55 000 Pa
(ii) F = 550000.0025
-137.5 N
137.5
10
-13.75 kg
(d)

Low / to produce higher difference in pressure

Big / to produce higher force acting on the cup
Rubber / can be compressed/ air tight / good contact
Triple / to create higher force// to lift a bigger piece of class
Y / Low pressure in cup after hinged lever is pressed down , big diameter of cup , rubber seal lining and triple
cups
21.
.

(a) (i) Buoyant force equal to weight of fluid displaced

(ii) Volume of air displaced equal to volume of a balloon
Density of air decreased as a altitude increase
Weight of displaced air become smaller
At certain height, weight of displaced air equal to weight of the balloon

(b)

Buoyant force equal to weight of fluid displaced

Volume of air displaced equal to volume of a balloon
Density of air decreased as a altitude increase
Weight of displaced air become smaller
At certain height, weight of displaced air equal to weight of the balloon
Large balloon
To produce bigger buoyant/ upthrust// Increase the volume of the air displaced
Low density of gas filled in the balloon
Lighter
Synthetic nylon
Light- weight, strong and air-proof materia
Low mass of radiosonde instrument
To produce a bigger upward resultant force
R is chosen
Large balloon/low density of gas/ synthetic nylon/
Low mass of radiosonde instrument
Mass=density volume
M=0.216 kg
V=1.2 m3
M=1.56 kg
Buoyant force equal to weight of displaced air=15.6 N
Hydraulic jack
Aspect
Size of piston
Material of the body
Type of liquid
Handle
Ability to reset
Density of liquid
Amount of liquid
Type of material of the
fluid transmission
pipe

Suggestion
Big
Low
Incompressible/not volatile/high
boiling point
Long
Apply released valve between small
and main reservoir
Low
Full
Strong/steel

Hydraulic brake
Aspect

Suitability

Specific heat capacity of

brake disc
Melting point of brake disc
Compression of brake fluid

High

Hardness of brake pads

Material of brake fluid
Characteristic of brake fluid

High degrees
Oil/incompressible
High boiling point/low
density/high
viscosity
Small
Big
Strong/steel

Size of master piston

Size of slave piston
Type of material of the fluid
transmission pipe

High
Difficult

Reason
Can support greater force
Lighter mass/weight/easy to carry
Pressure can be transferred effectively/does not evaporate
easily/prevent from rusting/will not trap air
Less effort needed to press the small piston
Liquid can flows into small reservoir
Lighter mass/weight
Pressure can be transmitted immediately/effectively
Strong/does not break easily/non corrosive/prevent
leakage/does not rust easily/ Rate of oxidation is
slow/can last longer

Reason
Friction between pads and discs will cause an increase in
temperature but the increase will be slow.
Does not melt easily if there is an increase in temperature.
Pressure will be transmitted uniformly in all directions/ flows
easily
Can withstand great force / does not break easily
No air bubble
Does not change to gas state/lighter mass/less friction/does
not evaporate easily
Higher pressure produced/small force used
Produce bigger force
Strong/does not break easily/non corrosive/prevent
leakage/does not rust easily/ Rate of oxidation is
slow/can last longer

Cargo ship
Aspect
Strength of material used
Material used
Plimsoll line
Size of the barge/capacity
Shape of barge/horizontal
cross section
Hull ability
Engine fuel
Distance of Plimsoll line from
the sea surface
Size of propeller (for boat)
Size of oil tanker
Ship base cross section area

Suggestion
Strong/aluminium/
fibre composite(for boat)
Low density
Two stage
Big
Aerodynamic/front side is
narrow and pointed
Hydrodynamic
Diesel
Higher/far
Bigger
More partition to store oil
Wide

Reason
Can withstand great force/high water pressure
Lighter mass/weight
Safe in fresh water and salt water
Can carry more goods/higher buoyant force/To increase the
capacity
Reduce water resistance
Ability to withstand shock waves/collisions
Cheapter/higher power/bigger capacity
Can carry more load/can displace more water/higher upthrust
To produce greater thrust forward
To reduce the effect of inertia
Ship can float/prevent from overturn/ship more stable

Submarine
Aspect
Thickness of the wall
Material of the wall
Material of the wall
Shape of the submarine
Able to submerge
Equipment
to
detect
underwater obstacles
and depth
Volume of ballast tank

Suggestion
Thick wall
High density material
Strong material
Aerodynamic shape
Ballast tank
Sonar transmitter and receiver

Reason
Water pressure increase with depth
Increase mass / can submerge easily
Does not break easily
Reduce water resistance
To increase or reduce weight
To estimate distance and depth

High/Big

Number of air tanks cylinder

carried
Maximum water pressure

More

To produce bigger buoyant force/easy to rise/can carry

greater weight inside
Can stay longer time under the water/can rise and submerge
many times/more air supply for respiration of crews
Safe when the submarine submerge very deep in the sea/The
body will not break due to high water pressure

Can

withstand
higher
maximum water pressure

Hot air balloon

Characteristic

Suitability

Volume of balloon (envelope)

Big

Material for the balloon

Material for the basket

Strong,
e.g.
synthetic
nylon/low density
Low density/Rattan

Temperature of air inside

High

Shape of balloon
Density of filled gas in the balloon
Mass of radiosonde instrument
The number of the burners

Aerodynamic
Low
Low
Many

Safety aspects
Best times to launch the balloon

Rope tied to the balloon

Early in the morning or late
evening

Reason
Produced bigger buoyant force/displaced more volume of
air
Strong/Does not break/tear easily/air proof material/lighter
mass/weight
Lighter/smaller mass/increase the impact time, reduce
impulsive force
Reduce air density/reduce the mass of air in the
balloon/increase upward resultant force/can carry
more load
To reduce water resistance
Lighter mass/weight
To produce a bigger upward resultant force
To produce bigger flame/heat up the gas in the balloon
faster
Avoid the balloon moves away/to hold the balloon
Air surrounding is cooler/higher density

Chapter 4
18.

(a)

(i)
(ii)

(b)

(i)

Net flow of heat is zero // frying pan and water have same temperature // rate of heat flow
between two objects is the same
Specific heat capacity of M is higher than N.
Time taken for water to boil in M is longer than N.
Change in temperature is same.
When the specific heat capacity is higher, time to boil is longer
When the specific heat capacity higher, the rate of change in temperature is smaller.
Q1 is greater than Q2
M has higher specific heat capacity.

(c)
SUGGESTION
Material with low specific capacity

EXPLANATION
Temperature increases faster/ heat up easily/ good heat
conductor
Material with high specific heat Temperature increases slower/ does not heat up easily//
capacity
good heat insulator
Thick wall
Can withstand high pressure
With pressure released valve
Release extra high pressure
Put rubber strip below the lid
Produce air tight space in pressure cooker // prevent in
decreasing pressure in the cooker

19.

(a)
(b)

(c)

(d)

20

(a)

(b)

Degree of hotness
(i)

Latent heat of fusion

Heat is used to break the bonds between ice molecules //
weaken the forces of attraction between molecules
Kinetic energy of the ice molecules remains unchanged

(ii)

Heat is used to increase the kinetic energy of the water molecules

Temperature depends on kinetic energy
Substance with higher specific heat capacity requires more heat to change the temperature
of 1 oC
The higher the specific heat capacity , the smaller the temperature change
Specific heat capacity of wood is higher / vice versa
If the amount of heat is the same. The change in temperature for wood is smaller / vice
versa
Low / can heat up faster / temperature increase faster
High / can conduct heat faster
High / can withstand high temperature
Low/ heat up faster
High / it will not change to vapour easily

In daytime the sun warms the land to higher temperature than the sea.
The land has a lower specific heat capacity than sea-water.
The air above the land is heated and rises.
The cooler air above the sea moving to land.
Aspect
Explanation
High specific heat capacity of material liquid Becomes hot faster
High boiling point of liquid
Not easily change into vapour
Low rate of rusting materia
Long lasting // not easily rust
Strong materia
Not easily breaks
The size of the fan is big
To blow large amount of heat

21

(a)

(b)

Good heat conductor has a smaller specific heat capacity.

Hence the body of the cooking pot can be heated up very fast.
Poor heat conductor has a larger specific heat capacity.
Hence the handle may absorb a great amount of heat without a high increase in temperature//
will not become too hot.
Suggestions
Reason
Add more ice
Large mass of ice can absorb more heat from the
drinks.
Add water
Increase the rate of heat transferred through
conduction.
Container made of heat insulator
To reduce heat absorbed from the surrounding.
Container made of substance with high Not easily heated up.
specific heat capacity
Use white container
Do not absorb heat.
Cover the container
Reduce heat absorbed through radiation.
Section C / Bahagian C

22.

(a)
(b)

(c)

23.

(a)

The temperature in which a solid substance change to liquid at atmospheric pressure.

The mass of substance in diagram (a) < in diagram (b)
Time taken to reach the melting point in diagram (a) < in diagram (b)
Time taken by the substance to change into liquid completely in diagram (a) < in diagram (b)
The greater the mass, the longer the time taken by the substance to change into liquid completely.
The greater the mass, the greater the latent heat of fusion absorbed
Aspect
Explanation
High specific heat capacity of material liquid
Becomes hot faster
High boiling point of liquid
Not easily change into vapour
Low rate of rusting materia
Long lasting // not easily rust
Strong materia
Not easily breaks
The size of the fan is big
To blow large amount of heat

(i)

(ii)

(b)

(i)
(ii)

Temperature is the measurement of the average kinetic energy of the atom or

molecules in the substance //
Temperature is a measurement of degree of hotness of an object.
Water has a very high specific heat capacity
Water is used as a cooling liquid in car radiator systems
Absorbs a large quantity of heat. This can perform the cooling function effectively.
When temperature rises, the molecules move faster and the mean kinetic energy
increases.
Heat lost by copper = Heat gained by oil
Final temperature = f
(mc)copper = (mc) oi
0.4390(100- f) = 0.52000( f 20)
f = 30.8C

(c)
Characteristic
Reason
Has higher boiling point
So that liquid not easily boiling
Has higher specific heat capacity
So that is cant be easily become hot
Has lower density
hydraulic jack is not heavy
Has lower rate of vaporisation
Volume of liquid will not vaporise
Liquid L is chosen
Reasons : L has higher boiling point, higher specific heat capacity, lower density and
lower rate of vaporisation.

Chapter 5
Section B
15. (a) (ii)
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th

Curvature in diagram (a) is greater than in diagram (b).

XF/FC is the focal length / focal length equal distance between X and F.
The focal length for mirror P / diagram (a) is smaller
The angle of reflection in diagram (a) is greater than in diagram (b).
When curvature of the mirror increases, the focal length decreases / the curvature of a mirror is
inversely proportional to the focal length.

(b) (i) Convex mirror

(ii)
1st
light rays from car Q is reflected by mirror to the driver in car P.
2nd
The driver will see an upright image of car Q inside the mirror.
3rd
The mirror has a wider field of vision.
(c) (i) Use concave mirror
converge / focus the sun light
(ii)
Put the water container at the focal point of the concave mirror.
All the light rays can be reflected and focus at the focal point // get maximum heat
(iii)
Paint the outside part of the cooker with black colour
To absorb heat
(iv)
The colour painted on the outside and inside of the solar cooker.
Wrap / use aluminium foil / silver colour inside
So sun light can be reflected back into the cooker
16. (a) (i) 1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th

Distance from the optical centre to a focal point.

Lens K is thicker than lens J
Light ray is refracted more in lens K than lens J.
Focal length of lens K is shorter than lens J.
Therefore the thicker the lens, the greater the refraction of light and with that the shorter the focal
length of a lens will be

(b) As a magnifying glass

Enlarge/magnified / Inverted/upside down / Virtual
(c) (i) 1st
2nd
3rd
4th

Choose lens S as objective lens

Choose lens Q as eyepiece
Lens S is placed in front of lens Q
The two lenses are adjusted so that they are in normal adjustment where distance between the two
lenses is equal to (fo+fe)

(ii) 1st Use low power convex lens as the objective lens
2nd Linear magnification = fo/fe
Low power lens has a longer focal length, fo , Magnification
3rd Use high power convex lens as the eye lens
4th High power lens has a shorter focal length, fe , Magnification
5th Use bigger diameter of objective lens
6th More light permitted to enter the telescope and a clearer image is seen
17. (b) 1st
2nd
3rd
4th

The rays of the hot sun are parallel / from infinity

The rays will converge to a focal point after passing through the lens.
Light / energy will be focused.
Light turns to heat and produce flame.

(d) (i) R as eyepiece lens and S as the objective lens

R has longer focal length or fe > fo
(ii) The object is between fo and 2fo / fo < u < 2fo
To produced real, inverted and magnified image
(iii) The eyepiece lens is adjusted so that u2 < fe
To produce virtual, inverted and bigger image / to acts as magnifying glass
(iv) Add concave mirror
To converge light on the objective lens and get a brighter image
(v) Store in a cool and dry place
To avoid fungus in the lenses
Section C / Bahagian C
18. (a) Angle of incidence when the angle of refraction is 90
1
(b) (i) n =
sin

(ii) 2nd 41.8 // refractive index for glass is smaller

3rd 24.6 // critical angle for diamond is smaller
4th the smaller the critical angle, the easier total internal reflection can occur
(c) 1. high refractive index
2. total internal reflection easier to occur // smaller critical angle
3. thick
4. Keep cool / cut off more light
5. low
6. cut off more heat // reduce transmission of heat
7. smal
8. critical angle can be easily exceeded // total internal reflection easier to occur
9. Q
10. High refractive index, thick, low thermal conductivity and small angle
19. (a) (i) Cannot be shown / capture / form on screen
(ii) 1st Ray from the fish refreacted / bending / change direction at B
2nd Refraction
3rd Light ray from the dragon fly reflected at A
4th Reflection
(b) (i) = 90 30
= 60

1.33

sin
sin 40

= 58.75
(ii) Virtual / same size / same distance / laterally inverted
(c)
Concave mirror

Converging the reflected ray

Bulb at principle focus

Reflected ray as parallel beam

Battries connected in series

Large current / Large voltage

Copper connecting wire

Low resistance / Large current

Concave mirror, bulb at principle focus, batteries in series

and copper wire