AP Biology Mader

Chapter 8 Cell Respiration

Name: Janvi Hathiramani

1. What are the 3 parts of this ATP molecule?

The three parts are the ribose sugar , the adenine base , and the triphosphate
2. What organisms use ATP as their cellular energy source?
Bacteria, Humans, Animals, etc.
3. Write out the cell respiration equations below:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
How does this compare to the photosynthesis equation ?
The O2 and 6H2O are reduced ( as in it gained electrons) while C 6H12O6has been oxidized ( as in
it has lost electrons). This is rather a hydrolysis like reaction while photosynthesis is more like a
condensation/synthesis reaction. Photosynthesis, the opposite happens to O 2and C6H12O6.
4. Oxidation is a loss of electrons, while reduction is the gain of electrons.
5. How efficient is the conversion from glucose to ATP?
39%
6. How many ATP molecules are made from one molecule of glucose?36 to 38 ATPs are produced from one molecule of glucose
7. In general, what are NAD+ and FAD?NAD+ is a coenzyme of oxidation-reduction. FAD is also a coenzyme of the oxidation-reduction
process.

8. Define anaerobic and aerobic:

Anaerobic is the phases of cellular respiration of that does not have or require oxygen.
Aerobic is the phases of cellular respiration that do have and require oxygen.

9. Summarize the 4 phases (used to be considered 3) of C.R.:

a) Glycolysis- Occurs in the cytoplasm, produces pyruvate after the breakdown of
glucose. The pyruvate then enters the mitochondria of oxygen is available.
b) Prep reaction Takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria, pyruvate is broken down
from a 3 carbon to a 2 carbon acetyl group and a 1 carbon CO 2 molecule is released. Reaction
occurs twice per glucose molecule.
c) Citric Acid Cycle 2 carbon acetyl group matches up with a 4 carbon molecule,
forming two 6 carbon citrate molecules. As citrate bonds are broken and oxidation occurs, NADH
and FADH2 are formed, and two CO2 per citrate are released. The citric acid cycle is able to
produce one ATP per turn.
d) ETC- is a series of carriers on the cristae of the mitochondria. NADH and FADH2 give
up their high-energy electrons to the chain. Energy is released and captured as the electrons
move from a higher-energy to a lower-energy state during each redox reaction. Later, this energy
is used for the production of ATP by chemiosmosis. After oxygen receives electrons at the end of
the chain, it combines with hydrogen ions (H+) and becomes water (H 2O).

Fill in the following chart with the information from your reading:
Phases:

Where it takes
place:

What goes in:

What comes
out:

ATP made?

Outside the
mitochondria

Glucose

Pyruvate

Results in NADH
and provides
enough energy
for the gain of 2
ATP.

Matrix of the
mitochondria

2 carbon acetyl
group matches
up with a 4
carbon
molecule,
forming two 6
carbon citrate
molecules.

NADH and
FADH2 are
formed and two
CO2 per citrate
is released

Produces one
ATP per turn

Cristae of the
mitochondria

NADH and
FADH2

H20

N/A

Glycolysis:
Citric Acid Cycle:
(Aka Krebs
Cycle)

ETC and
chemiosmosis:

12. What is a cytochrome protein?

A protein that has a tightly bound heme group with a central atom of iron that hemoglobin does.
13. What does ATP Synthase do?
This is the process in which ATP is formed by transferring a phosphate from a metabolic
substrate to ADP.
14. What powers chemiosmosis?What powers chemiosmosis is the electron transport chain.
15. So, is C.R. and endergonic or exergonic reaction?
Exergonic. The delta G would then be a positive number.
16. What is catabolism?
Catabolism is the breakdown of complex substances to form simpler substances.
17. Is fat or protein a more efficient energy source?
Fats are the most efficient energy source as it releases 9 calories of heat for every gram burned.
Both protein and carbohydrates only release 4 grams. So fats are more than double the
efficiency of proteins and carbohydrates.
18. What is anabolism?
The synthesis of simple substances to form complex substances.
19. Summarize (AGAIN) some similarities between chloroplasts and mitochondria:
Both Mitochondria and Chloroplasts transform energy and generate ATP. They both have a double
membrane and are semi-autonomous organelles that can move , change , shape and divide .
They have internal ribosomes , DNA and enzymes.
20. Fill in this flow of energy:
Sun to chloroplasts to carbohydrates to mitochondria to ATP molecules.
Bozeman Biology on Cellular Respiration. Go to http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=Gh2P5CmCC0M
or Google it. Answer the following questions from the podcast.
1. How do bacteria do C.R. without mitochondrion?They use their outer membranes to perform Cellular Respiration. They do not need the
mitochondria to perform cellular respiration.
2. What does the pacing graph show?
The pacing graph shows how fast the runners for the world record are going. Bozeman
also talks about how the pace stabilizes at a lower pace, and tends to drop off at a higher
pace. The aerobic respiration tends to level off as people get tired, which is why it
stabilizes near the end.
3. Where do you get the extra speed?- You get the speed from doing anaerobic cellular
respiration, though you may get a buildup of lactic acid so you cannot keep the pace going.

4. Why does the muscle lab data drop off?- The muscle lab data begins to drop off because of the
buildup of lactic acid, and the anaerobic cellular respiration will cause the muscles to not have
enough oxygen to perform ATP.
5. Do plants do C.R. also?- Plants also perform Cellular respiration. So, do they have
mitochondria?- Yes they have a mitochondria that performs processes and helps complete
cellular respiration.
6. What does the glucose turn into?- Glucose breaks down into carbon dioxide and water.
7. How do mitochondria reproduce?- Mitochondria theyll reproduce through binary fusion, and
have their own DNA. They almost live inside us like as symbiote.
8. During glycolysis, one glucose is broken down into two pyruvate. (3C).
9. Acetyl CoA is a 3C molecule (pyruvate) which has been converted.
10. Where does the carbon dioxide come from?- The carbon dioxide is given off from when the
acetyl goes through the kreb cycle.
11. The 2 energy transferring molecules are NADH and FADH.
12. ATP Synthase is the last electron acceptor to make water. THIS is why you are breathing!
13. What happens if oxygen is not there?- If oxygen is not there, an anaerobic reaction occurs
which is fermentation.
14. Summarize Lactic Acid Fermentation:
Because there is not enough oxygen in the cell, fermentation, an anaerobic reaction occurs.
Glucose is then incompletely metabolized when becoming pyruvate and because of this,
becomes lactate or CO2 and alcohol. How the body combats this is by producing 2 ATP over and
over again. But however, the lactate will continue to produce. The lactate is toxic to cells, which
is why it is not favoured. It changes the pH which may damage proteins and such.
15. How do you get rid of lactate?- Just by breathing, this will cause O2 to enter the cell and
counterbalance the anaerobic cellular respiration.
16. Summarize Alcoholic Fermentation: Alcoholic fermentation is when glucose is incorrectly
metabolized when metabolized into pyruvate and therefore becomes alcohol.

11. Label the parts of the mitochondria below:

12. What is a cytochrome protein?A protein that has a tightly bound heme group with a central atom of iron that hemoglobin does.

13. What does ATP Synthase do?

This is the process in which ATP is formed by transferring a phosphate from a metabolic
substrate to ADP.
Outer membrane

14. What powers chemiosmosis?

What powers chemiosmosis is the electron transport chain.

15. So, is C.R. and endergonic or exergonic reaction?
Exergonic. The delta G would then be a positive number.
16. What is catabolism?
Catabolism is the breakdown of complex substances to form simpler substances.
17. Is fat or protein a more efficient energy source?Fats are the most efficient energy source as it releases 9 calories of heat for every gram burned.
Both protein and carbohydrates only release 4 grams. So fats are more than double the
efficiency of proteins and carbohydrates.
18. What is anabolism?
The synthesis of simple substances to form complex substances.

19. Summarize (AGAIN) some similarities between chloroplasts and mitochondria:

Both Mitochondria and Chloroplasts transform energy and generate ATP. They both have a double
membrane and are semi-autonomous organelles that can move , change , shape and divide .
They have internal ribosomes , DNA and enzymes.
20. Fill in this flow of energy:
Sun -> chloroplasts -> carbohydrates -> mitochondria -> ATP molecules.
Bozeman Biology on Cellular Respiration. Go to http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=Gh2P5CmCC0M or Google it. Answer the following questions from the podcast.
1. How do bacteria do C.R. without mitochondrion?
They use their outer membranes to perform Cellular Respiration. They do not need the
mitochondria to perform cellular respiration.
2. What does the pacing graph show?
The pacing graph shows how fast the runners for the world record are going. Bozeman also talks
about how the pace stabilizes at a lower pace, and tends to drop off at a higher pace. The
aerobic respiration tends to level off as people get tired, which is why it stabilizes near the end.
2. Where do you get the extra speed?
You get the speed from doing anaerobic cellular respiration, though you may get a buildup
of lactic acid so you cannot keep the pace going.
3. Why does the muscle lab data drop off?
The muscle lab data begins to drop off because of the buildup of lactic acid, and the
anaerobic cellular respiration will cause the muscles to not have enough oxygen to
perform ATP.
4. Do plants do C.R. also?
Plants also perform Cellular respiration. So, do they have mitochondria?- Yes they have a
mitochondria that performs processes and helps complete cellular respiration.
5. What does the glucose turn into?
Glucose breaks down into carbon dioxide and water.
6. How do mitochondria reproduce?
Mitochondria theyll reproduce through binary fusion, and have their own DNA. They
almost live inside us like as symbiote. During glycolysis, one glucose is broken down into
two pyruvate. (3C). Acetyl CoA is a 3C molecule (pyruvate) which has been converted.
10. Where does the carbon dioxide come from?
The carbon dioxide is given off from when the acetyl goes through the Krebs cycle. The 2 energytransferring molecules are NADH and FADH. ATP Synthase is the last electron acceptor to make
water. This is why you are breathing!

13. What happens if oxygen is not there?

If oxygen is not there, an anaerobic reaction occurs which is fermentation.
14. Summarize Lactic Acid Fermentation:
Because there is not enough oxygen in the cell, fermentation, an anaerobic reaction occurs.
Glucose is then incompletely metabolized when becoming pyruvate and because of this,
becomes lactate or CO2 and alcohol. How the body combats this is by producing 2 ATP over and
over again. But however, the lactate will continue to produce. The lactate is toxic to cells, which
is why it is not favoured. It changes the pH which may damage proteins and such.

15. How do you get rid of lactate?

Just by breathing, this will cause O2 to enter the cell and counterbalance the anaerobic cellular
respiration.
16. Summarize Alcoholic Fermentation:
Alcoholic fermentation is when glucose is incorrectly metabolized when metabolized into
pyruvate and therefore becomes alcohol.