HAND OUT ALAT UKUR LISTRIK

CHAPTER 1
THE MEASUREMENT OF ELECTICAL

Electrical measurement instrument is a tools that used To determine

electrical quantities of DC and AC such as voltage, current, resistance, power, work
factors, and frequency, we use electrical measuring instruments.
.There is two kind of measurement systems:
1. measurement with analog system, Analog systems associated with
information and analog data that showing from the appointment of an
electronic scale appointment of an electronic scale.

2. measurement Digital systems related to information and digital data. The

appointment of a discrete digital number is numeric and discontinuous
pulses associated with time and displayed.

Multimeter is an electrical measure instrument can be used to measure some

quantities, such as AC and DC voltage, DC and AC electrical current, the
resistance

Single measurement instrument is a tools that can be use to measured only

single quantities, for example to measured just current or just voltage only

There are several terms and definitions about electrical measurements :

a. Measure instrument, is a device to determine value or magnitude from quantity
or variable.
b. Accuracy, proximity gauges read the actual values of the variables measured.
c. Precision, the measurement results generated from the measurement process, or
the degree to distinguish one measurement to another.
d. Sensitivity, the ratio from output signal or response measurement tool input
changes or variables measured.
e. Resolution, the smallest change of value measurement that can be addressed by
the measure instrument.
f. Error, the rate deviation from the true value variables measured.

Magnitude and Electrical Symbols

In practical electrical quantities Now the SI system have made a list of
quantities, units and symbols in the field of electricity and magnetism the
international force.
Table 1.2. Magnitude and Electrical Symbols

Magnitude and

Name and

symbols

symbols

Equation

Electric
Current,
Electromotive
Force,

Amper
volt

A
V

--

Potential
Electrical,
E

volt

Resistance,
V

ohm

R = V/I

Electric
Charge,
R

Coulomb,

Q = It

Capasitance,
Q

Farad,

C = Q/V

Electric
Field,
C

V/m

E = V/l

Electric
flux density,
E

C/m 2

D = Q/I 2

D
Magnitude and

Name and

symbols

symbols

Equation

Permittivity,
Magnetic Field,

F/m
A/m

= D/E
Hdl
= nI

Magnetic
Flux,
H

weber

Wb

E =d/dt

Magnetic
flux density,

tesla

Inductance,

henry

B = /I 2
M = /I

Permeability,
L, M

H/m

= B/H

CHAPTER 2
SYSTEM AND PRINCIPLE OF ELECTRIC MEASUREMENT

Kind of measurement instrument

Electrical measurement instrument that usually used for measured including :

kind of, sign mark, principle, used, the outhorization, and power used can be
example by this table :
Tabel 2. Measurement instrument example
No

kind

Sign

Work principle

Used

Example

Range of work and energy

mark

1
1

2
Circular

Current

4
Electromagnetic

core

Voltage

5
DC

6
AVO

7
8
-6
2
-2
-3
1,5 x 10
~10 10 ~10

AC

AVOF

-4
-1
5 x 10
~10

AC

AVW

sytle between the

Daya

Frekuens
i
9
-

10
small

4
< 10

small

small

magnetic field and

current
2

Moveable

The combination of

coil

changer using semi

1~10

conductor for the

circular core to move
R
3

TermoMom

The combination of
changer using

en

10

-3

~5

5x10

Efektif

termomomenand

-1

< 10

1,5x102

DC

measured toolcircular
4

Iron core

Electromagnetic
that
core kind.

AC

round

work at iron core in

Efektif

the magnetic field

DC

electro

Electromagnetic that

AC

dinamo

work at the electricity Efektif

core n the magnetic

meter

AV

10

-2

3x10

AVMF

10

-2

10~10

<5x10

large

~ 50

1~10

< 10

arge

DC

field

induction

An electromagnetic
that cause of the

AC

AVW

Efektif

Wh

10

-1

~ 10

1~10

3
< 10 x
10 ~ 10

current field

arge

note:

: Frekuensimeter

: Voltmeter

Ammeter
1. Analogue rotation coil play measured Instrument
Electricity is an important part, permanent magnet, resistance meter, and the
coil turn. Mechanical parts include needle pointer, scale and screws regulator of

the needle.

Torque resulting from the electromagnetic interaction according to equation T = B

A I N
Where :
T = Torque (Nm)
B = magnetic fluk density (Wb/m2)
A = effective coil area (m2)
I = current to the coil turn (A)
N = number of turns

2. Measurement of Iron Play

Gauge steel swivel has a different anatomy with swivel spindle. A wire
entanglement with the cavity of the tube to generate an electromagnetic field
(Figure 2.13).
Inside the cavity mounted fin tube steel shaft and connected with needlescale meter. If the current through a wire entanglement, arising electromagnetic
and iron fin will move to follow the law of attraction magnetic field.
The amount deviation of the needle with the current
through winding square meter scale is not linear but nonlinear distance numbers. Gauge steel swivel simple shape
and quite reliable.

3.

Measurement electrodynamic
Electrode measure tool has two types of winding wire, that is winding wire

mounted current, and voltage as the coil winding wire connected to the rotary shaft
and the needle.

Interaction of the magnetic field winding current and

voltage winding produces needle angle deviation is
proportional to the power used by load
P = V I cos

Use of electrodynamic gauge as a measure of electrica lpower or wattmeter.

Fitting with the notation wattmeter terminals 1, 2, 3, and 5. Terminals 1-3 are
connected to the winding currents Wattmeter, connected in series with the load.
Terminals 2-5 connected to the winding voltage Wattmeter. Terminal 1-2 is coupled
to a supply voltage of the supply voltage (Figure 2.15).

Installation of meter terminals should not be confused, because the meter

does not function as a result. For the measurement of power, where a large load
current transformer CT can be used to reduce the current flowing to wind wattmeter
current.
Suppose the three phase motor power 55 kW with 400 V voltage will draw
currents meshes 100 A. The ability of KWH meter maximum flow through a 10 A,
then use a CT current transformer with a rating of 100/5A for the measurement of
motor power can be implemented.
Wattmeter portable wiring to the load (Figure 2.16). There are three selector
switch, for setting amperage, voltage regulation, and limits the selection of
measurement scales.
To place the safety selector amperage and voltage selector at the highest
measuring limit. Rotating disc measure tool does not use the needle. Construction
rotating disc meter has two iron core (Figure 2.17). U iron core windings mounted
two currents in each leg of the core, using a large wire section. EI-shaped iron core
with one winding voltage, mounted on an iron core middle leg, the number of turns
the voltage more with fine wire cross section.

Figure 2.16 Wiring a single phase wattmeter with load

4. Measurement Playback Disc

Measurement playback disc doesnt use needle to pointer the result. The
contruction of this instrument is they have two iron core. The point of iron core
U use two hairspring current in the all of inti leght, using the big wires. The
iron core shape is E-I with single hairspring voltage an been place at the
center of iron core leght, the viltage hairspring is more much from the wires .

Figure 2.17 The principle of rotating disc

meter

Figure 2.18 KWH-meter

CHAPTER 3
KIND OF ELECTRIC MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENT

1. DC Voltage Measurement
Voltage voltmeter gauge has a meters resistance R m (Figure 3.1). Prisoners
meters also show sensitivity meter, called I FSD (full scale deflection) current required
to drive the needle meter at full scale. To raise the limit must be mounted voltmeter
measuring the series resistance of the RV.
RV meter series resistance equation:

Gambar 8.22 Tahanan seri RV pada voltmeter

RV meter series resistance equation:

Rv = hold series meters

Rm = resistance in meters
U

= voltage

Um = voltage meter
Im = flow meters
n

= the multiplication factor

2. Measurement of DC currents
The measuring electric currents, ampermeter with disabilities to be able to
measure current, resistance in meters R m limit the ability of the limit measure.
Raising the limit of measurement carried out by installing a parallel resistance R p
with ampermeter (Figure 3.2). R p Inmates will energized by Ip, the current through
the meter Rm for Im.

Figure 3.2 resistanc parallel ampermeter

To raise the prisoners in the yards, in front of the prison yards Rm added
series resistance Rv. So that the prisoners in the new meter (Rm + Rv) (Figure 3.3).
Prisoners parallel Rp remains energized Ip, while the current through the (Rm + Rv)
of Lev.

Resistanc parallel ampermeter

Parallel resistance Rp equation:

Rp = parallel resistance
U

= voltage

= current measured

Im

= current through the meter

Ip

= current through the parallel resistance

Rm = resistance in meters

In practical for measuring the width of the limit made into three levels
(Figure 3.4). Measuring limit of the first scale, the switch in position 1 used a
parallel resistance Rp1. Limit the scale measuring 2 position switch 2 is used parallel
resistance Rp2. Limit of the third measure, the position of the switch 3 is used
parallel resistance Rp3.

Figure 3.4 Border measuring ampermeter

With different methods with the aim of extending the limit measure, used
three parallel resistance Rp1, Rp2, and Rp3 are three jointed series (Figure 3.5).
Switch position 1, the prisoner (R p1 + Rp2 + Rp3) in parallel with the circuit (Rv + Rm).
Switch position 2, prisoners (R p2 + Rp3) in parallel with the circuit (R p1 + Rv + Rm).

When the switch position 3, prisoners R p3 parallel with the circuit (Rp1 + Rp2 + Rv +
Rm).

Figure 3.5

The addition of the limit measure m

3 . Measurement of Prisoners
Measurement of prisoners can be done in two ways, namely directly
measure the resistance value and the method of indirect measurement of the bridge
(Figure 3.6). Measurement of resistance using a multimeter can directly, by placing
the selector mode selector on the measurement of resistance. Measured resistor
connected to both cable and meter reads resistance values on a scale of meters.
Indirect measurements, using a special meter prisoners with the working principles
such as the Wheatstone bridge.

.
Figure 3.6 Prisoners Types of Measurement

4. Wheatstone Bridge
Development of series and parallel resistor circuit generating principle of the
Wheatstone bridge (Figure 3.7). DC voltage source circuit dole four resistors. R 1
series with R2, and R3 series with R4. Kirchhoff's voltage law states the amount of
voltage drop equal to the voltage source.
.
U = U1 + U2

dan

U = U3 + U4

Figure 3.7

The series of bridges Wheatstone

A-B point mounted voltmeter measures the voltage difference, if the meter shows
zero, meaning that the voltage U1 = U3 called balanced condition. If U 1 U3 called
unbalanced conditions and the meter shows a certain number.
U1
UAB = 0 V,
U

U3
=U

R1

R3

R
2

R4

R1, Rx Prisoners who sought

R2, Rn Prisoners variable
R3, R4 Prisoner set, constant

Chapter 4
OSCILLOSCOPE
1.Osiloscope

Oscilloscope including an electronic measure instrument, used to view

waveforms, analyzing the wave, and other phenomena in electronic circuits (Figure
4.1). With the oscilloscope can see the voltage amplitude and wave boxes,
therefore the average price, peak, RMS (root mean square), and price summit or
peak of the voltage Vp-p we can measure. In addition, also the relationship between
frequency and phase between two waves can also be compared.

There are two types of oscilloscopes:

1. Analogue Oscilloscopes

2. Digital oscilloscopes

3. Analog Oscilloscope
Block diagram basic of the oscilloscope consists of a transmitter of electrons
(Electron Beam), pembelok vertical (Y-amplifier), pembelok horizontal (amplifierX), time base generator (Sweep Generator), power supply, and a hollow tube
(CRT) see Figure 4.2 ..

Figure 4.2 Block diagram of oscilloscope system

Electron transmitter:
An oscilloscope is the most important part. Cathode in the CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)
will emit electrons to the CRT screen through the electrodes electron emission
intensity that is determined the number of electrons emitted by the cathode Figure
4.3.

Figure 4.3 The radiation of an electron to a

phosphorescent screen CRT

Materials that reflect light on the CRT screen can be obtained from sulfid,
oxides or silicates of cadmium, which is activated through additional materials from
silver, gold or copper. In general, the color green was chosen for the display light on
the CRT screen, because the human eye is generally sensitive to this color.
Vertical amplifier:
This amplifier can deliver voltage to 100 V. This amplifier must be able to
strengthen the DC or AC voltage with the same reinforcement. The measurement
signal can be set via the POS (position).
Input-Y (Vert. Input):
This section is connected to the voltage divider, for dividing the voltage to be
measured, with a ratio of 10 : 1 or 100 : 1. (Figure 4.4). This button should be
assisted by a signal box to compensate.

Horizontal amplifier:
This amplifier has two inputs, one of the sweep generator, producing a trace
(sweep) horizontally through the CRT and other inputs to strengthen the external
signal and displayed on the CRT only on the horizontal axis.
Horizontal axis scale on the CRT oscilloscope, used to measure the time
(period) of the signal being measured, for example, 2 ms/division.

Generator-Time:
Time generator generating sawtooth signal, whose frequency can be set, by
regulating the period through the TIME BASE. CRT will display the measured signal
(input signal) only if the period signal is exactly equal to the period of this or the
sawtooth signal is a multiple of the period.

Figure 4.5 Trigering raises sawtooth signal

Triggering and time bias:
Sawtooth signal will begin to emerge if there is a trigger signal (Figure 4.5).
At the time of the input signal passes the trigger level, then the sawtooth signal
began to appear
Power Supply:
Performance of the power supply is affecting the performance of other parts
of the oscilloscope. The power supply is not regulated properly will cause
measurement errors and do not look good on a CRT (focus, brightness/brightness,
sensitivity, and so on).

8.19 Two Channel Oscilloscope

Often people need to take measurements of two different AC signals in the
same time. For example, channel-1 to measure input signal and channel-2 to
measure the output signals simultaneously, then two-channel oscilloscope capable
of displaying two signals at the same time in one screen.

Figure 4.6 Block diagram of two-channel oscilloscope

Block diagram of two-channel oscilloscope Figure 4.6 has beam a generating
system (electron gun). Two input signals can be inserted through the channel-1 and
channel-2 (each amplifier-Y). Activation of the second amplifier-Y is selected
electronically, via different frequency for each channel. Both the input signal will go
through an electron-gun and then alternately displayed on the CRT.
If the input signal has a low frequency, the electronic switches would set it at
high frequencies. Conversely, if the input signal has a high frequency, then the
electronic switches would set it at a lower frequency.
Double sweep display (dual-trace) of single electron beam can be done in 2
ways, that is chop time sharing and time sharing alternate. Selection of channels
carried by the multivibrator electronic switches which will operate automatically.

8.20 Digital Oscilloscope

Block diagram of a digital oscilloscope (Figure 4.7) all of the analog signal
digitization. Digital oscilloscope, storage oscilloscope for example consist of:
ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter)
DAC (Digital-to-Analog Converter)
Electronic Storage

Figure 4.7 Diagram block of a digital oscilloscope

Figure 4.8 Sampling analog image signal by the ADC

On the oscilloscope of this type, all data will be displayed are stored in the
RAM. The analog signal
will be sampled (sampling), and then quantized by the ADC, which is given a
value (binary) in accordance with the magnitude of the amplitude tersampling
(Figure 4.8). This value can be displayed back directly on a CRT screen or PC
monitor via RS-232 connecting cable.
The difference between analog and digital oscilloscope at the ADC signal
processors. Steering the electron beam on the oscilloscope is equivalent to steering
the electron beam on analog oscilloscope. There is a digital oscilloscope equipped
with mathematical software for signal analysis or printer.

Measurements with Oscilloscope

Here is an illustration of the measurement using the oscilloscope include:

1. measure the DC voltage,

2. measure the AC voltage, period, and frequency,
3. measure the AC electrical current,
4. different phase measurement AC voltages with electrical currents, and
5. thyristor firing angle measurements.

1. Measuring DC Voltage
Prisoners R1 and R2 serve as a voltage divider. Ground oscilloscope connected to a
negative DC power supply. Probe channel-1 connected with the end connection R1
with R2. Unidirectional voltage measured at the DC mode.
For example:
VDC = 5V/div. 3div = 15 V

Form of a DC voltage is a straight thick lines on the CRT screen. Measured

voltage is measured from the zero line to the horizontal line DC.

Figure 4.9 Measure DC voltage with an oscilloscope

2.

Measuring AC voltage, period T, and frequency F

Transformer is used to isolate the electrical power measured by the oscilloscope. If

using electricity then the frequency is 50 Hz.
For example:

Vp = 2V/div 3 div = 6 V

T = 2ms/div 10 div = 20 ms
f = 1 / T = 1/20ms = 50 Hz
Sinusoidal AC voltage with high U and width of the period T. The amount of
voltage 6 V and period is 20 milliseconds and the frequency is 50 Hz.

Figure 4.10 Measure AC voltage with an oscilloscope

3.

Measure AC Power Flow

Basically, only oscilloscope measure the voltage. to measure the current

indirectly with R = 1W to measure the voltage drop.

For example:

Vp = 50 mV / div 3div
= 150 mV = 0,15 V

Form the signal current through the resistor R is a sinusoidal-like voltage. On the
load resistor voltage signal and current signal will sephasa.

Figure 4.11 Measure AC current with an oscilloscope

4. Measuring the phase difference with current Voltage AC Power.

Phase difference can be measured with a series of C1 and R1. The voltage
of the supply voltage U1 reveal an AC generator. U2 voltage divided by the value of
resistor R1 representation of an AC electric current. Shift U1 with U2 phase of Dx.
Example:

U1 voltage sinusoidal signal display (power supply voltage) and voltage U2 (if
divided by R1, representation of the AC current).
Phase shift between voltage and current of = 900.

Measuring the Ignition Angle TRIAC

Triac is an electronic component that can cut power sinusoidal signal on the
positive side and negative.
Voltage regulator used to Triac voltage isolation with power supply voltage
an oscilloscope.
Then the dimmer angle triger lights so we can be set from the brightest to
be dim.
For example:

Figure 4.13

Measuring TRIAC firing angle with the oscilloscope

Lissajous Method
Two signals can be measured different phase by utilizing the input vertical
phase (channel-Y) and horizontal (channel-X). By using two-channel oscilloscope
can display different phase known as Lissajous method.
a. Different phase 0 or 360
Two different signals, in this case the input signal and output signal if combined
would produce configuration of an entirely different form. The input signal is
inserted into channel Y (vertical) and inserted into the channel output signal X
(horizontal) is different of 0, combined to produce a signal alloys are straight
lines that form an angle of 45

Figure 4.14 Measuring TRIAC firing angle with the oscilloscope

b. Phase difference of 90 or 270

Vertical signals in the form of sinusoidal signals. Signals of different horizontal
phase of 90 or 270 included. Alloy results that appear on the CRT screen is a
line of spherical (Figure 4.15).

Figure 4.15 The input signal different from 90 to the output phase

Figure 4.16 Lissajous images to determine frequency

X-Y measurements can be used to measure the frequency of unknown. For
example the reference signal inserted into the other input signal to the horizontal
and vertical input.
fv = frequency of unknown
FR = frequency reference
Nv = number of loops of unknown frequency
NR = number of loop reference frequency

Figure 4.16 Example (c). For example the reference frequency = 3 kHz, then fV =
3.(2/3) kHz = 2 kHz