Professional Documents
Culture Documents
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Crude oil is a fossil fuel. The following experimental set-up is used to separate a sample of
crude oil into different fractions.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
A student tried to break down (crack) a sample of octane C8H18 with the set-up shown below.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
The following table shows the annual supply and demand for different fractions of petroleum
in a certain city in 2005:
Oil fraction
Refinery gas
Petrol
12
42
a)
b)
c)
d)
a)
Naphtha
Kerosene
30
30
Diesel oil
22
26
Heavy oil
64
14
Explain why the annual demand for petrol was greater than that for kerosene.
Cracking is used to convert excess oil fractions to oil fractions that are insufficient.
i) (1) What is the meaning of the term cracking?
(2) What are the conditions for cracking?
ii) Draw a labelled diagram to show the experimental set-up for cracking in the
laboratory.
One of the major components in petrol is octane C8H18.
i) What is the structural formula of octane?
ii) Is octane a saturated or an unsaturated hydrocarbon? Explain briefly.
iii) Write an equation for the complete combustion of octane.
iv) Suggest how you would show that octane contains hydrogen and carbon.
Octane reacts with chlorine gas readily under a suitable condition.
i) What is the condition for the reaction?
ii) Name the type of reaction that occurred.
iii) Is it possible to prepare 1-chlorooctane using this reaction? Explain briefly.
(18 marks)
b)
A known mass of W was heated in excess oxygen. The following results were obtained.
Mass of U-tube A before the experiment = 70.435 g
Mass of U-tube B before the experiment = 67.544 g
Mass of U-tube A after the experiment = 84.493 g
Mass of U-tube B after the experiment = 101.908 g
i) What were the functions of
(1) anhydrous calcium chloride and
(2) sodium hydroxide pellets?
ii) Determine the empirical formula of W.
iii) The relative molecular mass of W is 308.0. What is the molecular formula of W?
iv) State TWO assumptions for the above experiment.
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, C = 12.0, O = 16.0)
(16 marks)
e)
Town gas is a common domestic fuel. Town gas contains a mixture of gases.
a) Name the most abundant component of town gas.
b) Suggest a test for the gas named in (i).
c) What will be observed when town gas is passed over hot copper(II) oxide in the absence
of air? Explain briefly with the help of equations.
d) If there is a leakage of town gas in your home, explain why
i) you have to open all the windows and doors immediately;
ii) you should NOT switch off the electrical appliances.
e) Explain why an odorant is added to town gas.
f) Kerosene was used as a domestic fuel in a few decades ago but it is almost completely
replaced by LPG or town gas nowadays. State ONE disadvantage associated with the use
of kerosene.
(10 marks)
a)
Butane is one of the major components of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). LPG is
obtained from petroleum.
i) How can LPG be obtained from petroleum?
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
b)
c)
10
The tables below show the melting points and boiling points of the first four members of
alkanes and the first three members of alkenes.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Alkane
Melting point ()
Boiling point ()
Methane
-182
-162
Ethane
-183
-89
Propane
-190
-42
Butane
-138
-0.5
Alkene
Melting point ()
Boiling point ()
Ethene
-169
-104
Propene
-185
-47
But-1-ene
-185
-6
Both alkanes and alkenes are hydrocarbons. What is the meaning of the term
hydrocarbon?
Which of the above hydrocarbons exist(s) as a liquid / liquids at -100 ?
i) Write the general formula of alkanes.
ii) State and explain the trend of the boiling points of alkanes.
iii) State TWO other physical properties of alkanes which show the same trend as
boiling points.
Natural gas is a mixture of hydrocarbons.
i) What is the origin of natural gas?
ii) State the major component of natural gas.
iii) Write an equation for the complete combustion of the major component of natural
e)
f)
gas.
Explain whether ethene and propene have similar chemical properties.
i) Both ethane and ethene can react with halogens. However, the conditions for the
reactions are different. State the difference.
ii) Suggest ONE reaction in which both ethane and ethene behave similarly. Write a
chemical equation for the reaction involving ethane or ethene.
(15 marks)
Answer:
10
11
Installation of catalytic converters in car exhaust systems can reduce the emission of unburnt
hydrocarbon (such as C8H18) and two other air pollutants. The following diagram shows the
internal structure of a catalytic converter.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
12
The illustration below shows the exhaust from a motor car using unleaded petrol:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
i)
Complete and balance the following ionic half-equations for the processes occurring
at electrodes of a fuel cell.
H2(g) H+(aq)
O2(g) + H+(aq) H2O(l)
ii) Give the overall cell reaction.
iii) What is the direction of electron flow in the external circuit?
iv) State ONE advantage, and ONE disadvantage of using fuel cells to power cars
compared to petrol.
(15 marks)
13
Burning of fuels in factories and motor cars produces many air pollutants.
a) Sulphur dioxide is usually found in exhaust fumes from factories.
i) Explain, with the help of an equation, why sulphur dioxide is produced in factories.
ii) Explain how sulphur dioxide affects
(1) our health;
(2) the growth of plants.
iii) In Hong Kong, does the car exhaust contain a large amount of sulphur dioxide?
Explain briefly.
iv) Suggest a chemical test for sulphur dioxide.
b) Car exhaust usually contains pollutants, such as nitrogen monoxide, nitrogen dioxide,
unburnt hydrocarbons, etc.
i) Explain, with the help of equations, how nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
are formed in car engines.
ii) State ONE environmental problem associated with the emission of oxides of
nitrogen into the atmosphere.
iii) Name a pollutant which is formed from the reaction between oxides of nitrogen and
unburnt hydrocarbons. What is the effect of this pollutant on our health?
iv) State another pollutant that may be found in the car exhaust.
(16 marks)
14
The following bar chart shows the amount of some air pollutants in a certain city in 2005.
a)
b)
c)
15
i) Which air pollutant was produced in the greatest amount by motor vehicles?
ii) Explain why this pollutant can be found in exhaust of motor vehicles.
iii) State ONE harmful effect of this pollutant.
iv) Suggest a method to reduce the amount of this pollutant.
Emission from power stations contains a large amount of particulates.
i) State ONE health problem associated with particulates.
ii) State ONE way to remove particulates from the emission.
i) What can be deduced from the fact that less amount of sulphur dioxide was emitted
from power stations than from industries?
ii) Sulphur dioxide dissolves in rainwater to give acid rain.
(1) Write an equation for the formation of acid rain from sulphur dioxide.
(2) State TWO undesirable effects of acid rain.
iii) Suggest ONE measure to reduce the emission of sulphur dioxide.
(11 marks)
The following table shows the monthly mean pH values of rainwater collected from four
different districts (P, Q, R and S) in city X.
District
5.1
4.6
3.9
5.2
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
16
The normal pH value of rainwater is about 5.6. Explain, with the help of an equation,
why rainwater is slightly acidic.
When rainwater has a pH value lower than 5.0, it is considered as acid rain.
i) Name TWO pollutants that contribute to the formation of acid rain.
ii) Write equations for the formation of acid rain from the two pollutants named in (i).
Which district (P, Q, R or S) is most likely to be an industrial area? Explain your answer.
The problem of acid rain becomes more and more serious in city X in recent years.
i) Suggest TWO possible reasons for this phenomenon.
ii) Suggest TWO methods to reduce the problem of acid rain.
It is found that the pH value of rainwater is lower in thunderstorm. Explain the
phenomenon briefly.
(14 marks)
A student tried to investigate the pH value of rainwater collected in an area with an incinerator
and a lot of factories.
a) Could he use methyl orange to measure the pH value of rainwater? Explain briefly.
b) Name a device he can use to measure the pH value of rainwater accurately.
c) He found that the pH value of rainwater was about 4.5.
i) Name TWO pollutants from factories that were responsible for the acidity of
rainwater. Explain why the pollutants were emitted from factories.
ii) Write an equation to show the formation of acid rain from ONE of the pollutants
named in (i).
iii) The rainwater led to faster corrosion of buildings made of marble.
(1) Name the major component of marble.
(2) Explain, with the help of an ionic equation, why the buildings corroded much
faster than normal.
iv) When 1,1,1-trichloroethane was burnt in an incinerator, several pollutants were
produced.
(1) Apart from the pollutants suggested in (c)(i), name ONE pollutant which was
also emitted from the incinerator.
(2) State ONE harmful effect of this pollutant.
(13 marks)
17
The following bar chart shows the estimated time when fossil fuels are used up.
a)
b)
18
Fossil fuels are the worlds major sources of energy. In burning of fossil fuels, a large amount
of carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere.
a) Suggest a natural process by which carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is used up.
b) Explain why carbon dioxide is important to living things on the Earth.
c) Suggest TWO consequences resulted from the excess emission of carbon dioxide.
d) Fossil fuels are considered as non-renewable energy sources. Explain the meaning of the
term non-renewable energy sources?
e) Alternative energy sources such as nuclear energy become more and more important in
many countries.
i) Is nuclear power a renewable energy source?
ii) State ONE advantage and ONE disadvantage of using nuclear power as an
alternative to fossil fuels.
f) In some farms, animal wastes (manure) are collected and allowed to decompose in the
absence of air. A gas X is produced which can also be used as an alternative to fossil
fuels.
i) Name gas X.
ii) Write an equation for the complete combustion of gas X.
iii) State ONE disadvantage of using animal wastes as fuel.
iv) State ONE environmental problem associated with the emission of gas X into the
atmosphere.
v) Suggest ONE reason why animal wastes are not yet widely used as an energy
source.
(13 marks)
19
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
20
i)
ii)
i)
ii)
Name Process 1.
At which part of a petroleum refinery does Process 1 take place?
Name Process 2.
Draw a labelled diagram to show the experimental set-up for carrying out Process 2
in the laboratory.
i) What is compound B?
ii) A component of the heavy fraction of petroleum has a molecular formula C12H26. In
one of the reactions in Process 2, only a hydrocarbon and compound B are formed
from this component. Write a chemical equation for the reaction involved.
Catalytic hydration is employed to convert compound B into ethanol.
i) Write a chemical equation for the reaction involved.
ii) The ethanol produced is contaminated with a trace amount of water. Suggest a way
to obtain pure ethanol.
iii) Can the ethanol produced in this way be used to make wine? Explain briefly.
In some agricultural countries, ethanol can also be produced by another process.
Moreover, gasohol (a mixture of petrol and ethanol) is often used as a fuel for motor
cars in such countries.
i) What is the process for producing ethanol in these countries?
ii) Burning gasohol causes less pollution than burning petrol. Explain why.
iii) Suggest ONE advantage and ONE disadvantage of using gasohol as fuel for motor
cars in such countries.
(16 marks)
a)
b)
c)
Name the process for the production of ethanol shown in the diagram.
What was mixture X?
Write a chemical equation for the reaction involved in the conical flask.
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
21
State any observable change(s) in the limewater after a few days. Explain briefly with the
help of an equation.
The student found that the concentration of ethanol produced remained at 9% by volume
after a week.
i) Explain this phenomenon.
ii) How can he obtain a higher concentration of ethanol from the mixture in the conical
flask?
After the process in (e)(ii), the student added the concentrated ethanol solution to
acidified potassium dichromate solution.
i) Name an acid used to acidify the potassium dichromate solution.
ii) What would be observed when the concentrated ethanol solution was mixed with
acidified potassium dichromate solution?
iii) Write an equation for the reaction involved.
Suggest ONE reason for each of the following statements:
i) Drinking a small quantity of wine may be good for health.
ii) Excessive drinking of alcoholic beverages may cause health problems.
Apart from making alcoholic beverages, state ONE use of ethanol in daily life.
(16 marks)
An alcoholic drink can be produced by the fermentation of apple. After fermentation, the
resulting solution contains 10% of ethanol.
a) i) Describe how the alcoholic drink can be produced by fermentation of apple in the
laboratory.
ii) Draw a labelled diagram to show how fermentation can be carried out in the
laboratory.
b) Apart from ethanol, state ONE product which is also produced in fermentation.
c) i) Suggest a process which can increase the concentration of ethanol in the solution
obtained.
ii) Draw a labelled diagram of the laboratory set-up for the process suggested in (i).
d) Acidified potassium dichromate solution can be used to test for the presence of ethanol in
the breath of a drunk driver. Explain the principle behind.
e) Explain why alcoholic drink becomes sour after it is exposed to air for several days.
f) State ONE advantage and ONE social problem associated with alcoholic drinking.
(14 marks)
22
In some countries, a mixture of petrol and ethanol is used as fuel for cars. Ethanol is
manufactured in two ways.
a) Explain why burning a mixture of petrol and ethanol causes less air pollution than
burning petrol.
b) Ethanol can be manufactured from sugars, such as glucose. The manufacturing process
can be carried out in the set-up shown below.
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
c)
d)
23
a)
A student used the following set-up to prepare an alkanoic acid Y from a compound X of
molecular formula C3H8O.
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)
experiment?
vii)
b)
24
Name apparatus A.
Why was a water bath, instead of a naked flame, used for heating.
Explain why some pumice stones were added to the reaction mixture before heating.
Name the alkanoic acid Y produced in the reaction.
Write a chemical equation for the reaction involved.
What was the function of acidified potassium dichromate solution in the
Draw an experimental set-up for obtaining the alkanoic acid produced from the
reaction mixture.
An ester Z was prepared by heating ethanol and alkanoic acid Y under reflux in the
presence of concentrated sulphuric acid.
i) Name ester Z.
ii) What was the function of concentrated sulphuric acid in the preparation?
iii) Suggest ONE reason why it was necessary to heat the mixture under reflux.
(12 marks)
a)
b)
c)
25
X is an alkene.
i) Give the systematic name of X.
ii) Suggest a process from which X is obtained industrially.
iii) Name Process 1. Write an equation for the reaction involved.
iv) X reacts with bromine dissolved in an organic solvent readily. State the expected
observation and write a chemical equation for the reaction involved.
i) Suggest a reagent that can be used to convert ethanol into ethanoic acid.
ii) What is the type of reaction involved in Process 2? Explain your answer briefly.
When ethanol is heated with ethanoic acid under reflux in the presence of a catalyst Y,
ester W is formed.
i) Name Y.
ii) State TWO characteristics of a catalyst.
iii) Give the structural formula of W.
iv) Name the type of the reaction involved.
v) Draw a labelled diagram of the experimental set-up for the reaction.
(16 marks)
f)
g)
i)
State TWO observable changes when the contents of the test tube were added to the
sodium carbonate solution.
ii) Suggest a way to obtain methyl propanoate from the resulting solution.
Which one of the following hazard warning labels should be displayed on a bottle of
methyl propanoate?
h)
26
Draw the structure of another ester which has the same molecular formula as methyl
propanoate, and give its systematic name.
(12 marks)
A student tried to prepare an ester by mixing 3.68 g of ethanol and 3.00 g of ethanoic acid with
the following set-up.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
The student found that no ester was formed after the reaction mixture was heated under
reflux for an hour. Suggest how he could make the experiment feasible.
After the student made the modification, he could produce an ester successfully.
i) Write an equation for the production of ester in the above experiment.
ii) Give the systematic name of the ester obtained in this experiment.
iii) Name the apparatus labelled X. State its function.
iv) What was the function of the anti-pumping granules?
The student found that only 1.80 g of ester were obtained.
i) What mass of ester would be obtained if the conversion was 100%?
ii) What was the percentage yield of the reaction?
iii) Suggest why the conversion was not 100%.
Suggest a hazard warning label that should be displayed on a bottle of the ester.
Ester is a common solvent for molecular substances but not ionic compounds.
27
Ethyl ethanoate (boiling point 77) can be prepared in the following way:
Stage 1 Ethanoic acid and ethanol are heated under reflux for about 40 minutes in the
presence of a little concentrated sulphuric acid.
Stage 2 The reaction mixture is then distilled. Everything that boils below 85 is collected.
Stage 3 The distillate is shaken with 30% sodium carbonate solution.
Stage 4 The organic product is treated with anhydrous calcium chloride.
Stage 5 The organic product is redistilled. The liquid that boils between 76 and 80
is
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
collected.
Suggest ONE reason why the reaction mixture is heated under reflux in Stage 1.
What is the function of the concentrated sulphuric acid in Stage 1?
Why is the distillate shaken with 30% sodium carbonate solution in Stage 3?
Why is the organic product treated with anhydrous calcium chloride in Stage 4?
Ethyl ethanoate is commonly used as a solvent. Explain why ethyl ethanoate can
dissolve
iodine but not sodium iodide.
f) Draw the structure of another ester which has the same molecular formula as ethyl
ethanoate, and give its systematic name.
(9 marks)
28
Result
The colour of the solution changes from orange to
green.
Compound A is formed which turns blue litmus paper
red.
a)
Consider Experiment 1.
i) What is A? Write the structural forumla of A.
ii) Write an equation for the reaction involved.
iii) Explain, in terms of oxidation number, whether potassium dichromate is reduced or
oxidized.
iv) What will be observed when A is added to sodium carbonate solution? Write a
chemical equation for the reaction involved.
b) i) Is the combustion of ethanol an exothermic or an endothermic reaction?
ii) Write an equation for the complete combustion of ethanol.
iii) Suggest a chemical test for each of the products formed in the complete combustion
of ethanol.
iv) Explain why, under the same conditions, ethanol usually burns with a blue flame
while petrol does not.
c) i) Part of the procedure of Experiment 3 is missed. Complete the missing part.
ii) Name compound B.
iii) What type of compound is C? Give the systematic name of C.
(17 marks)
29 W, X, Y and Z were four unlabelled bottles, each containing one of the following chemicals:
butanoic acid, pent-1-ene, ethyl ethanoate and butan-1-ol.
A student tried to identify them with the following chemical tests.
Test
Result
a)
b)
c)
Identify W, X and Y.
Name the type of reaction in Test 1. Write an equation for the reaction involved.
Write a chemical equation for the reaction in Test 2.
d)
e)
f)
30
Consider Test 3.
i) Explain, with the help of an ionic half-equation, why the acidified potassium
dichromate solution changed from orange to green.
ii) Explain whether acidified potassium permanganate solution can be used instead of
acidified potassium dichromate solution to distinguish W from other chemicals.
Apart from Test 2, suggest another chemical test for Z. Write an equation for the reaction
involved.
Explain, in general, why W, X, Y and Z have different chemical properties.
(13 marks)
Esters are compounds which provide the flavour of many fruits and the perfumes of many
flowers.
The ester A CH3(CH2)2COOCH3 contributes to the aroma of apples. A mixture of this ester
and dilute sodium hydroxide solution was allowed to react by heating under reflux.
a) Give the systematic name of A.
b) Name the process occurred when ester A was heated with dilute sodium hydroxide
solution under reflux.
c) i) Write a chemical equation for the process.
ii) Give the systematic name of the products.
d) Draw a labelled diagram for the set-up you would use for refluxing ester A with dilute
sodium hydroxide solution in the laboratory.
e) What is the function of the dilute sodium hydroxide solution in the process?
f) After reflux, the resulting mixture was transferred to the round-bottomed flask Y and
heated as shown below:
g)
h)
31
a)
b)
c)
d)
32
33
Discuss global warming. Your essay should include the causes of and the problems associated
with global warming. Suggest TWO possible ways to reduce global warming.
(You are required to give a paragraph-length answer. In this question, 6 marks will be awarded
for chemical knowledge and 3 marks for effective communication.)
(9 marks)
34
Discuss the pros and cons of using ethanol as a fuel for motor cars.
(You are required to give a paragraph-length answer. In this question, 6 marks will be awarded
for chemical knowledge and 3 marks for effective communication.)
(9 marks)