Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Vol:2 2008-05-22
462007,
India.
(E-mail:
vijayakumar_nitb@yahoo.co.in).
Dr. R. K. Nema, Assistant Professor is with the Department of Electrical
Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal,
Madhya Pradesh, Pin Code 462007, India. (E-mail: rk_nema@yahoo.com).
674
(1)
2
I
+K 3
CT Ratio*Ip
(3)
i j
(4)
C. Coordination Criteria
For Coordination of a protective scheme a predefined
Coordination Time Interval (CTI) must collapses before the
backup scheme comes into action. This CTI depends upon
type of relays, speed of the circuit breaker and other
parameters.
(5)
Tbackup -T primary d CTI
D. Relay characteristics
The Relay Characteristics function is denoted in general by
(1) and may be modified for zone-wise description as
Tijk = fij (TDSij ,Ipij ,I ijk )
(6)
where, TDSij is the time dial setting of relay Rij, Ipij is the
pickup current of relay Rij, and Iijk represents the current seen
by relay Rij for a fault located in zone k.
III. PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION
PSO-based approach is considered as the one of the most
powerful methods for solving the non-smooth or smooth
global optimization problems [20]. PSO is the population
based search algorithm and is initialized with a population of
random solutions, called particles. Unlike in the other
evolutionary computation techniques, each particle in PSO is
also associated with a velocity. Particles fly through the
search space with velocities which are dynamically adjusted
according to their historical behaviors. Therefore, the particles
have a tendency to fly towards the better and better search
area over the course of search process.
675
(8)
+c2*roun2()[gbestij(t) -xij(t) ]
xit+1
vit+1
vit
gbestt
vigbest
xit
pbestit
(10)
( -
)
= min max *(iter-1)+max
(itermax -1)
(12)
else
=min
676
Start
G2
R3
R13
R12
R5
R7 R4
R11
i=1
R1
Check the particles are within the constraints allow it
or otherwise neglect it
R8 R14
R9
R2
R6
R10
G4
TABLE I
P/B PAIRS FOR THE 6-BUS SYSTEM
Backup
Relay
1
1
2
2
3
4
5
6
7
7
8
9
10
11
11
12
12
13
14
14
i=i+1
No
G3
i> iter.count
Yes
Display the result
Fault
Current(kA)
4.5890
4.5890
0.8680
0.8680
1.3650
0.5528
0.9770
0.8610
1.4830
1.4830
0.7670
0.6390
0.9455
1.0740
1.0740
3.4220
3.4220
0.6010
1.7640
1.7640
Primary
Relay
9
14
8
14
2
3
13
12
8
9
6
10
11
5
7
4
7
1
4
5
Fault
Current(kA)
6.0720
5.4570
2.3510
5.4570
4.8030
30.5470
17.8210
17.7050
2.3510
6.0720
18.3380
4.0770
30.9390
2.8380
4.4960
5.1860
4.4960
18.1720
5.1860
2.8380
Stop
TABLE II
CT RATIO FOR THE 6-BUS SYSTEM
A. System Data
The system under study is a 6 bus system as shown in Fig.
3. The 3-phase faults are applied at the near-end of each phase
relay (close in faults). The primary/backup (P/B) relay pairs
and fault currents are given in the Table I. The CT ratios for
the pickup current setting are given in the Table II. The phase
relays used in the network are the Westinghouse Co-9 that can
CT Ratio
1200/5
800/5
800/5
800/5
800/5
1200/5
800/5
Relay No
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
VT Ratio
800/5
800/5
600/5
800/5
800/5
1200/5
800/5
677
MPSO (NLP)
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.51059
0.5
0.5
17.0880 Sec.
MPSO (LP)
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
17.09249Sec.
678
proves that the relay setting of NLP solution does not go for
infeasible solution for particular problem.
V. CONCLUSION
An optimal problem formulation was presented in this
paper for the finding the Ip settings of the relays and then the
TDS and Ip settings of Directional Over Current Relays is
found by the Non-Linear Programming and Linear
Programming problem. The NLP problem approach result is
of Ip setting rounded to the nearest discrete values of the
available Ip setting values. With the result of Ip as taken fixed
values is considered for Linear Programming to solve TDS
setting of the coordination problem. Even these approaches
eliminated the complex formulation of Mixed Integer Non
Linear Programming Problem and Mixed Integer
Programming Problem. The proposed MPSO technique is
shows that it cable of Linear as well as Non-Linear
Programming problem. The Results shows the optimal values
of the Directional Over Current relay Coordination problem.
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D. Vijayakumar was born in Kanchipuram, Tamil
Nadu, India on July 10, 1981. He received his
Bachelor Degree in Electrical and Electronics
Engineering in 2002 and Master Degree in Power
Systems in 2005. He also worked as a Lecturer in
Pallavan College of Engineering. Now he currently
is pursuing the PhD Degree at Maulana Azad
National Institute of Technology (MANIT) in
Electrical Engineering Department, Bhopal, India.
His current interest includes the computer
application in power system, Automation of power system protection,
Evolutionary Computation and FACTS devices
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