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4. For x = (x1 , . . . , xn ) Rn let |x| = x21 + . . . + x2n . |x| is the length
of x. Let B n = {x Rn | |x| < 1 }. B n is the open unit ball in Rn in
the Euclidean metric. Define h : B n Rn and k : Rn B n by
h(x) =
x
,
1 |x|
k(x) =
x
1 + |x|
Show that h and k are continuous and inverses of each other. This
shows that B n is homeomorphic to Rn .
5. (Spheres) Let S n = {x Rn+1 | |x| = 1 }. The n-sphere S n is the set
of all unit vectors in Rn+1 . Let Dn = {x Rn | |x| 1 }. Dn is the
closed unit ball in Rn . Note that the boundary of Dn is S n1 . This
exercise will show that S n is obtained by identifying the boundary of
Dn to one point.
Let N = (0, . . . , 0, 1) S n be the north pole. Define f : S n N Rn
by
x1
xn
,...,
)
f (x) = (
1 xn+1
1 xn+1
This map is called the stereographic projection. Define g : Rn
S n N by
2x1
2xn
|x|2 1
g(x) = ( 2
,..., 2
, 2
)
|x| + 1
|x| + 1 |x| + 1
We can use any any point of S n instead of the north pole. The picture
below illustrates the stereographic projection for S 2 .
N
x
f(y)
f(x)
y
(a) Show that f and g are continuous and inverses of each other. This
shows that S n N and Rn are homeomorphic.
(b) Define F : Dn S n by
F (x) =