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Perpetual motion
machines, time travel, and
open-rotor wind turbines
with an efficiency greater
than 59.3% cannot exist.
1 3
= 59.3% 0 = .
2
= , ,
, < .
augmented turbine
Ideal Cp (Betz Limit, 59.3%)
3 2
=
1 2 1 2
2 3
2
2
The
measures the
obstruction to flow caused by the turbine
rotor [12].
It is defined as the ratio of the drop in static
pressure across the turbine and dynamic
pressure in the throat:
1 , , 2 , , 1 2
=
=
1 2
1
2
( 1 , ,
1
2
2
The
is defined as the
ratio of the difference in static pressure
between the augmenter intake and exhaust
pressures and the free stream dynamic
pressure [10]:
0 , , 3 , , 0 3
=
=
1 2
1
2
( 0 , ,
0
2
2
1
2
and
20 20
+
2 2
1
3
+
(a)
(b)
27
1
=
16
0
1
3 1 , ,
=2
16 1
03 0
27 2
27
13 1
=
3
16
0 0
+
20
12
20
23
1.5
20
12
1+
27
=
=
1 +
16
20
23
1.5
27
12 12
=
2 2
16
0 3
20 20
1+ 2 2
1
3
12 12
1+ 2 2
0 3
1.5
0 1
=
,
0
27 0
20
27 1 02 32
=
1 2 =
1
16
16
3
03
27
=
4 1
16
Looks Familiar?
1
27
=
(4
3
16
Extraneous Solution
(Violates continuity)
1
1
3
1.8
Velocity Ratio, (U /U )
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0
1
0.9
0.5
0.8
0.7
1.5
0.6
0.5
2.5
0.4
0.3
3.5
0.2
0.1
4.5
5
1.5
0.5
0
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
A 0.4 kW
augmented
airborne wind
turbine.
Dimensionless Parameters
Wind
Speed
CPE
3.5 m/s
1.932
2.121
1.264
1.702
= 59.3%
1
3
2
80%
Power
CP
1.133
=11.05 W
.
=
=
= 1.104.
11.05
= 2.5%
12.5 W
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
10
12
14
16
Wind Augmenter:
Intake-to-throat area ratio:
Intake diameter: 1.7 m
0
1
= 2.0
System Schematic
Wind Speed
5.0 m/s
7.5 m/s
10 m/s
0.983
1.114
1.029
1.198
1.206
1.096
Dimensionless Parameters
0.321
0.277
0.235
CPE
0.410
0.386
0.392
75%
75%
75%
CP
0.605
0.506
0.416
Predicted CP
Actual CP
2.5 m/s
0 (Cut-in speed)
-------------
-------
5.5 m/s
62
0.605
0.620
8.0 m/s
179
0.506
0.528
10 m/s
325
0.416
0.404
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
2.5
7.5
10
CFD Predictions
700
CFD Predictions
Energy Shark
1.17m diameter Betz turbine
AIR-30 Turbine
600
500
400
300
200
100
10
12
14
800
700
600
500
400
Marlec 910
AIR 30
Energy Shark
Whisper 100
Ampair 600
300
200
100
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
5500
6000
MODEL
MONTHLY
ENERGY
PRODUCTION
(2.5 m/s AVG)
MONTHLY
ENERGY
PRODUCTION
(5.0 m/s AVG)
35.0 kWh
89.9 kWh
4.6 kWh
17.4 kWh
400 W
$849 (turbine)
$404 (15 m tower)
$1253
4.2 kWh
30.6 kWh
900 W
$2,875 (turbine)
$1,225 (17 m tower)
$4100
21.4 kWh
1077 kWh
600 W
$3280 (turbine)
$1138 (controller)
$1,225 (17 m tower)
$5643
37.1 kWh
1574 kWh
RATED
POWER
OUTPUT
Energy Shark
(50m Altitude)
400 W
Marlec 910
200 W
Primus
Windpower Air 30
Southwest
Whisper 100
Ampair 600
PURCHASE COST
$849 (turbine)
$2157 (2 airships)
$421 (augmenter)
$673 (helium)
$4100
$1,280 (turbine)
$155 (controller)
$472 (15 m tower)
$1907
IMAGE
As always, more
research is needed. It
will be focused on
evaluating the models
ability to predict the
performance of ducted
hydrokinetic turbines.
[l]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
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turbine," International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Education , vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 58-68, 2008.
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24, no. 5, pp. 1146-1140, 2008.
[17] A. Aranake, V. Lakshminarayan and K. Duraisamy, "Computational Analysis of Shrouded Wind Turbine Configurations,"
in 51st AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Grapevine, TX, 2013.
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31, no. 9, pp. 1343-1354, 2006.
[19] M. Mashud and M. Ali, "HIGH-PERFORMANCE WIND TURBINE: A NEW APPROACH," in Proceedings of the ASME 2011
5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability, Washington DC, 2011.
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Physics: Conference Series, vol. 75, no. 1, 2007.
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Slide No.
Image Source
2,3
Martin St-Amant
V.L. Okulov
Unkwnown
40
Primus Windpower
60