Combo with NCLEX: Cancer and 1 other

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1.

Are breast and ovarian cancer linked? Who is at greatest

19.

risk for getting these types of CA?: Yes linked and nuns at
high risk bc don't bear children.
2.

Can someone who is immunocompromised have

ABCD= Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variation, and

Diameter greater than 6mm (pencil eraser).
20.

lettuce?: No but an apple is good.

3.

How are benign neoplasms differentiated?: WellHow are malignant neoplasms differentiated?: Range
from well-differentiated to undifferentiated.

5.

21.

How are tumors identified in anatomic classification?:

Tissue of origin, the anatomic site, and the behavior of the tumor
(malignant or benign).

7.

How are tumors identified in histologic grading?: The

appareance of cells and the degree of differentiation are evaluated
pathologically. Four grades are used to evaluated based on the
degree to which the cells resemble the tissue of origin.

8.

How can Genetics cause cancer?: 5 - 10% display a familial

22.

How can hormonal agents cause cancer?: Disturbance in

bodies own hormonal balance, and administration of hormones
with oral contraceptives and esotrogen replacement therapy.

10.

How can Tumors be classified?: Benign or malignant.

11.

How do Cancer cells divide?: Indiscriminately and

haphazardly and sometimes produce more than two cells at the
time of mitosis.

12.

23.

13.

How many stages does the clinical staging classification

14.

PLT at what level for a CA patient allow them to be

system use?: 5 - from in situ to metastasis.

discharged?: 100,000
15.

24.

16.

17.

What are Benign Cells?: Continuous or inappropriate cell

growth that show specific morphology and have a small nuclear
cytoplasmic ratio. Normal cells that grow in the wrong place at
the wrong time. Perform differentiated functions. Adhere tightly
together. Are nonmigratory. Grow in an orderly manner.

What are RF for bladder CA?: Men, smoking, and increased

infections.

26.

What are RF for testicular CA?: Undescended testes and

men 15-35

27.

What are risk factors for breast CA?: Family Hx, >50, no
children, 1st baby after 35, period before 12 yo, menopause after
55, high animal fat diet, exogenous estrogen, hx ovary/colon/or
endometrial CA

28.

What are risk factors for cervical CA?: Multiple sex

partners, 1st intercourse young, herpes, HPV/warts, STD,
smoking, AA, and >35

29.

What are risk factors for colon CA?: Hx of polyps, high fat,
low fiber diet, men>50 yo, ulcerative colitis.

30.

What are risk factors for esophagus CA?: Women,

Smokers, and alcohol use.

31.

What are risk factors for larynx CA?: Smoking and alcohol

32.

What are risk factors for ovarian CA?: Infertile, without

children, hx of endometriosis.

33.

What are risk factors for pancreas CA?: Men, smokers,

and high fat diets

34.

What are risk factors for prostate CA?: High fat diet and
high testosterone level

What are appropriate nursing interventions for a burn

pt?: Assess body image (art therapy), splints to prevent
contractures, compression dressing to decrease scarring,
curling's ulcer d/t stressful situation (antacid, carafate, etc.) and
there is always scarring present.

18.

25.

What are adverse reactions to anticancer drugs?: Bone

marrow suppression, anorexia, N&V, GI disturbances, alopecia,
avoid pregnancy, decreased Hgb=anemia, decreased
WBC=infection.

What are Protoonocogenes?: Normal cellular genes that are

important regulators of normal cellular processes that keep them
in their mature, functioning state.

What activates anticipatory vomiting in a person with

chemo?: The vomiting center is activated by the cerebral cortex
and limbic system, responding to anxiety and sensual
stimulation previously associated with chemotherapy.

What are oncogenes?: A developmental gene expressed at an

inappropriate time, capable of transforming a normal cell into a
cancer cell.

How does the immune system combat cancer?:

Recognizing tumor cell antigens and damaging or killing the
cells with NK cells and T lymphocytes.

What are Oncofetal antigens?: Type of tumor antigen that

can be used as tumor markers that may be clinically useful to
monitor the effect of therapy and indicate tumor recurrence.

predispotion. Oncogenes.
9.

What are Malignant Cells?: Rapid or continuous cell division,

low specific appearance, have large nuclear cytoplasmic ratio,
lose differentiated functions, adhere tightly together, are able to
migrate, grow by invasion, and are not contact inhibited.

How are Tumors classified?: According the anatomic site,

histologic grading, and extent of disease (staging).

6.

What are characteristics of Normal Cells?: Limited cell

division, show specific morphology, have a small nuclear
cytoplasmic ratio, perform specific function, adhere tightly
together, are non migratory, grow in an orderly and well
regulated manner, and are contact inhibited.

differentiated.
4.

What are characteristics of malignant melanoma?:

35.

What are risk factors for stomach CA?: Smoked foods,

men>40 yo, low intrinsic factor

36.

What are S&S of bladder CA?: Painless hematuria

37.

What are S&S of breast CA?: Non tender mass, dimpling,

inverted nipple, and discharge from nipple.

38.

What are S&S of cervical CA?: Discharge, spotting between

period, and spotting after intercourse.

39.

What are S&S of colon CA?: Abd pain, change in bowel

59.

habits, increased abdomen, decreased weight, and blood in

stool.
40.

What are S&S of esophagus CA?: Difficulty eating

41.

What are S&S of external radiation?: Severe N&V,

whom cancer is suspected?: Health history, idenification of

risk factors, physical examiniation, and specific diagnostic
studies.
60.

What are S&S of larynx CA?: Hoarseness, localized pain,

lump, dysphagia, and decreased weight.

43.

What are S&S of ovarian CA?: Increased girth, constipation,

44.

What are S&S of pancreas CA?: N/A

45.

What are S&S of prostate CA?: Increased frequency,

61.

46.

What are S&S of stomach CA?: Anorexia, N&V, belching,

heartburn, blood in stool.

47.

What are S&S of testicular CA?: Increased size of testes,

pain, firm mass, hydrocele, and dull ache.

48.

62.

63.

64.

What are the different types of Staging?: Clinical, Surgical,

65.

66.

67.

53.

What are the seven warning signs of cancer?: Change in

54.

What is Angiogenesis?: The process of developing new blood

69.

What is Cancer?: Encompasses a broad range of diseases of

vessels.
multiple causes that can arise in any cell of the body capable of
evading regulatory controls over proliferation and differentiation.
70.

What is Hyperplasia?: Increase in number of cells of a tissue.

71.

What is Hypertrophy?: Growth that causes tissue to increase

What are the three parameters for the TNM

classification system?: Tumor size and Invasiveness (T),
presence of absence of regional spread to the lymph nodes (N),
and metastasis to distant organ sites (M).

55.

68.

What are the stages of cancer?: Initiation, promotion and

progression.

Most often associated with rapid growth.

in size by enlarging the individual cells.
72.

What are the two major dysfunctions present in the

process of Cancer?: Defective cellular proliferation (growth),
and defective cellular differentiation.

56.

What are tumor-associated antigens a result of?:

57.

What are you worried about with patients who

Malignant transformation.

What causes cancer?: Viruses or bacteria, physical agents,

sunlight or radiation, chronic irritaiton, tobacco use, chemical
agents, tobacco smoke, chemical substances found int he
workplace, genetics, hormonal agents, obesity and dietary
factors.

What is immunologic escape?: The process by which cancer

cells evade the immune system.

73.

What is important to know about adverse reactions of

external radiation to head and neck?: Alopecia, mucositis
(stomatitis), dry mouth (xerostomia) can all occur.

74.

What is important to know about adverse reactions of

external radiation to pelvis?: Diarrhea, Cystitis, vaginal
stenosis, and dyspareunia (vagina is dry like prune so
intercourse is painful (H20 based moisturizers).

experienced burns?: BURNS=Breathing, Urine output,

Resuscitation of fluid, Nutrition, and shock.
58.

What is a major concern with multiple myelomas?:

Hypercalcemia. Need to give calcitonin to decrease and reduce
bone destruction. Increased fluids also help decrease calcium
with diuresis. Patients should also ambulate and take pain
medication for comfort along with chemo. Broken bones are
common.

What are the most frequent sites of metastasis?: Lungs,

bowel or bladder habits, a sore that does not heal, unusual

bleeding or discharge from any body oriface, thickening or a
lump in the breast or elsewhere, indigestion or difficulty
swallowing, obvious change in a wart or mole, nagging cough or
hoarseness.

What is a good nursing diagnosis for a burn pt?:

Impaired skin integrity

bone, brain, liver and adrenal glands.

52.

What happens when the immune system fails with

cancer?: Failure to recognize the malignant cell, when tumor
antigens hide, when the body becomes depleted or immune
system drops, when abnormal concentrations of host suppresor
T lymphocytes.

and Pathologic.
51.

What drug will enhance immune system for use in

cancer patients?: Nupagen

cells?: Tumor-assoicated antigens.

50.

What drug is used to prevent infection in burn pts?:

Silvadene

What are substances thought to reduce risk of cancer

What are the altered cell surface antigens for cancer

What does Staging do?: Determines the cancers exact

location and degree of metastasis present at diagnosis.

related to dietary?: HIgh fiber food, cruciferous vegetables,

carotenoids, possibly vitamins E, C, Zinc and Selenium.
49.

What does Secondary Prevention consist of?: Being

knowledgeable with ongoing developments for clients at risk,
planning education, prevention and screening programs.

vague abd discomfort, urinary frequency.

decreased stream, hematuria, retention, and nocturia.

What does Primary Prevention consist of?: Teaching the

client to avoid known carcinogens, adopt dietary and lifestyle
changes known to decrease risk, and participate in cancer
prevention programs.

Hematuria, Alopecia, Anemia, Diarrhea, and Evaluate skin for

redness/dryness.
42.

What does a diagnostic plan include for the person

75.

What is important to know about adverse reactions of

external radiation to the skin?: Skin may appear tanned,
pink, or edematous, because radiation damages skin cells as
passes through skin to target, dryness, itchiness, and flaking can
develop.

76.

What is important to know about radium implants?:

92.

Radioactive beads are placed and are very dangerous. Blood and
bodily fluids are not radioactive. Beads glow but pee/poop not
glowing. No radiation patients in room together because need to
limit exposure to radiation. Less than 30 mins in room/shift for
nurse. NO Solid foods, NEVER out of bed, pt should turn q2 hrs,
expect dead tissue to come out of body, stay 6" away, use lead
apron when in room, and chunks of tumor falling out=normal.
77.

78.

about hygiene?: Wash skin gently with warm soap and water
and pat dry, don't wash off markings, don't use creams, lotions,
etc., can use water soluble moisturizers, instruct him to protect
the skin from sun, wear clothes that are loose and breathablecotton best, and can use sitz baths to soothe perineal area. Rinse
mouth out frequently with saline and avoid spicy or highly acidic
foods or drinks. Eat a low residue diet, drink plenty of fluids, and
use water based vaginal moisturizers.

What is Initiation?: A mutation in the cells genetic structure

resulting from an inherited mutation, an error that occurs during
DNA replication or from an inherited mutation, an error that
occurs during DNA replication, or following exposure to a
chemical, radiation or viral agent.

93.

surrounding host tissue. Mechanical pressure forces projections

into the surrounding tissue moving everything out, and enzymes
destroy the surrounding tissue allowing for more invasion.
What is Metastasis?: Multistep process in which tumor cells

80.

What is Neoplasia?: Uncontrolled cell growth that follows no

travel to distant sites via lymphatic and hematogenous routes.

94.

What is Progression?: The final stage, characterized by

increased growth rate of the tumor, increased invasiveness, and
spread of the cancer to a distant site (metastasis). Tumor
establishes a blood supply and forms colonies or subpopulations.

82.

83.

What is seasonal affective disorder?: Depression during

winter with decrease in melatonin.

84.

What is the first step in confirming cancer?: Grading.

85.

What is the goal of prevention and detection of cancer

with public education?: Motivate people to recognize and
modify behavior patterns that may negatively impact health, and
to encourage awareness and partcipation in health promotiong
behaviors.

86.

What is the only definitive mean of diagnosing cancer?:

Biopsy procedures.

87.

What is the rule of 9s?: Each arm is 9%, each leg is 18%, head
is 9%, front of torso is 18% and back is 18%.

88.

What is the rule of palms?: 1 palm=1% of the body (use to

measure smaller areas).

89.

What is the staging classification system based on?: A

description of the extent of the disease rather than on cell
apperance.

90.

What kind of diet should a CA patient be on?: High

protein and vitamin C (custard with strawberries). Small frequent
feedings and no fluids with meal. Eat food at room temp and take
Zofran.

91.

95.

What should be done if a patients radioactive beads fall

out?: Use lead container c tongs or radiation specialist to pick
up.

What teaching needs to be done for a patient undergoing

external radiation?: They are not radioactive and not
dangerous. The can not go swimming, can not be around
crowds, and can't be out in sun. They are immunocompromised
so can diet from infection (hole in spot from radiation be
careful), and teach hair will grow back if lose.

What is Promotion?: The second stage in development of

cancer, is characterized by the reversible proliferation of the
altered cells. Growth is enhanced, latency.

What substances are throught to increase the risk of

cancer related to dietary?: Fats, alcohol, salt cured or
smoked meats, nitrates.

physiologic demand.
81.

What should you teach to someone undergoing chemo

about chemo-induced N&V?: Aniemetic must be taken for 72
hours even in the absence of symptoms to be effective, avoid
caffeine and rich/spicy/or fatty foods 24 hours before and 72
hours after chemo, try six small meals instead of three normal,
don't try to eat or prepare food when nauseated, to avoid
unpleasant tastes brush teeth before and after meals, if have
anticipatory N&V try avoid the stimuli if can't be avoided then
explore systematic desensitization a technique used to relax and
neutralize the stimuli.

What is Invasion?: Growth of the primary tumor into

79.

What should you teach the patient undergoing radiation

96.

What type of nutrition does someone suffering from

burns need?: High protein high calories.