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Protective relays are commonly referred to by standard device numbers. For example, a time overcurrent
relay is designated a 51 device, while an instantaneous overcurrent is a 50 device. Multifunction relays
have combinations of device numbers. A 27/59 device, for example, is a combination under/over voltage
relay. Letters can be added to clarify application (87T for transformer differential, 59G for ground
overvoltage).
1 Master Element
4 Master Contactor
5 Stopping Device
9 Reversing Device
11 Multi-function Device
12 Overspeed Device
13 Synchronous-speed Device
14 Underspeed Device
21 Distance Relay
27 Undervoltage Relay
28 Flame detector
30 Annunciator Relay
33 Position Switch
52 AC Circuit Breaker
59 Overvoltage Relay
63 Pressure Switch
65 Governor
70 Rheostat
72 DC Circuit Breaker
73 Load-Resistor Contactor
74 Alarm Relay
76 DC Overcurrent Relay
77 Telemetering Device
79 AC Reclosing Relay
80 Flow Switch
81 Frequency Relay
82 DC Reclosing Relay
84 Operating Mechanism
86 Lockout Relay
89 Line Switch
90 Regulating Device
* for a full definition of each function, please refer to the ANSI/IEEE C37.2 standard
C - Closing relay/contactor
Main device
A - Alarm/auxiliary power
AC - Alternating current
CS - Control switch
AN - Anode
L- Lowering relay
BK - Brake
O - Opening relay/contactor
BL - Block (valve)
BP - Bypass
PB - Push button
BT - Bus tie
R - Raising relay
C - Capacitor, condenser, c
X - Auxiliary relay
compressor
CA - Cathode
Y - Auxiliary relay
CH - Check (valve)
Z - Auxiliary relay
D - Discharge (valve)
DC - Direct current
E - Exciter
G - Generator/ground
Actuating quantities
A -Air/amperes/alternating
C - Current
H - Heater/housing
D - Direct/discharge
L - Line, logic
E - Electrolyte
M - Motor, metering
F - Frequency/flow/fault
GP - Gas pressure
N - Network, neutral
H - Explosive/harmonics
S - Synchronizing, seconda
T -Transformer, thyratron
J - Differential
TH - Transformer (high-volt
L - Level/liquid
TL - Transformer (low-voltag
P - Power/pressure
TM - Telemeter
PF - Power factor
Q - Oil
TT - Transformer (tertiary-v
S - Speed/suction/smoke
U - Unit
T - Temperature
V - Voltage/volts/vacuum
VB - Vibration
W - ater/watts
A - Accelerating, automatic
BK - Brake
HC - Holding coil
M - Operating motor
MF - Fly-ball motor
B - Blocking, backup
ML - Load-limit motor
BF - Breaker failure
C - Close, cold
OC - Opening contactor
S - Solenoid
E - Emergency, engaged
SI - Seal-in
F - Failure, forward
T - Target
GP - General purpose
TC Trip coil
H - Hot, high
V - Valve
HR - Hand reset
HS - High speed
M - Manual
O - Open, over
Contactor - De-energized p
OFF - Off
ON - On
P - Polarizing
S - Sending, swing
U - Up, under
IEC 60617
Description
21FL
FLOC
Fault locator
21G
Z<
Underimpedance
24
U/f>
Overexcitation
25
SYNC
Synchronisation check
27
U<
Undervoltage
32
37
I<
Non-directional undercurrent
40
X<
Underexcitation
46
I2>
Negative-phase sequence
47
U2>
48, 14, 66
Ist,n<
49F
Ith>
49M/49G/49T
50N/51N
I0>
Non-directional earth-fault
51
I>
Non-directional overcurrent
51C, I> - shunt capacitors
51V, I(U)> - voltage dependant
59
U>
Overvoltage
59N, U0> - residual overvoltage
67
I>
Directional overcurrent
67N, I0> - directional earth-fault
68
I2>
79
01
Auto-reclosure
81
Frequency relay
81N, f< - underfrquency
81O, f> - overfrequency
87
I>
Differential protection
87G, I> - generator
87M, I> - motor
87T, I> - transformer
87N, I0> - restricted earth fault
Notes:
1. for high set and instantaneous tripping, '>' can be replaced with '>>' or '>>'
2. '3' can be placed before designations to indicate three phase, i.e. 3I<
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Posted by ecsanyi on Wednesday, April 14, 2010 at 10:23 pm | Technical Articles | Categories | Submit Article
Posted by ecsanyi on Monday, September 14, 2009 at 11:29 pm | Technical Articles | Categories | Submit Article
The successful operation of an MV distribution system depends on the proper selection and setting of switchgear
relays.
Protective relays are arguably the least understood component of medium voltage (MV) circuit protection. In fact,
somebelieve that MV circuit breakers operate by themselves, without direct initiation by protective relays. Others think
that the operation and coordination of protective relays is much too complicated to understand. Lets get into the
details and eliminate these misbeliefs.
Background information
The IEEE Standard Dictionary defines a circuit breaker as follows:
A device designed to open and close a circuit by nonautomatic means, and to open the circuit automatically on a
predetermined overload of current without injury to itself when properly applied within its rating.
By this definition, MV breakers are not true circuit breakers, since they do not open automatically on overcurrent.
They are electrically operated power-switching devices, not operating until directed by some external device to open
or close. This is true whether the unit is an air, oil, vacuum, or [SF.sub.6] circuit breaker. Sensors and relays are used
to detect the overcurrent or other abnormal or unacceptable condition and to signal the switching mechanism to
operate. The MV circuit breakers are the brute-force switches while the sensors and relays are the brains that direct
their functioning.
The sensors can be current transformers (CTs), potential transformers (PTs), temperature
or pressure instruments, float switches, tachometers, or any device or combination of
devices that will respond to the condition or event being monitored. In switchgear application, the most common
sensors are CTs to measure current and PTs to measure voltage. The relays measure sensor output and cause the
breaker to operate to protect the system when preset limits are exceeded, hence the name protective relays. The
availability of a variety of sensors, relays, and circuit breakers permits the design of complete protection systems as
simple or as complex as necessary, desirable, and economically feasible.
Electromechanical relays
Electromechanical relay
For many years, protective relays have been electromechanical devices, built like fine watches, with great precision
and often with jeweled bearings. They have earned a well-deserved reputation for accuracy, dependability, and
reliability. There are two basic types of operating mechanisms: the electromagnetic-attraction relay and the
electromagnetic-induction relay.
Magnetic attraction relays. Magnetic-attraction relays, have either a solenoid that pulls in a plunger, or one or more
electromagnets that attract a hinged armature. When the magnetic force is sufficient to overcome the restraining
spring, the movable element begins to travel, and continues until the contact(s) close or the magnetic force is
removed. The pickup point is the current or voltage at which the plunger or armature begins to move and, in a
switchgear relay, the pickup value can be set very precisely.
These relays are usually instantaneous in action, with no intentional time delay, closing as soon after pickup as the
mechanical motion permits. Time delay can be added to this type of relay by means of a bellows, dashpot, or a
clockwork escapement mechanism. However, timing accuracy is considerably less precise than that of induction-type
relays, and these relays are seldom used with time delay in switchgear applications.
Attraction-type relays can operate with either AC or DC on the coils; therefore, relays using this principle are affected
by the DC component of an asymmetrical fault and must be set to allow for this.
Induction relays. Induction relays, are available in many variations to provide accurate pickup and time-current
responses for a wide range of simple or complex system conditions. Induction relays are basically induction motors.
The moving element, or rotor, is usually a metal disk, although it sometimes may be a metal cylinder or cup. The
stator is one or more electromagnets with current or potential coils that induce currents in the disk, causing it to
rotate. The disk motion is restrained by a spring until the rotational forces are sufficient to turn the disk and bring its
moving contact against the stationary contact, thus closing the circuit the relay is controlling. The greater the fault
being sensed, the greater the current in the coils, and the faster the disk rotates.
A calibrated adjustment, called the time dial, sets the spacing between the moving and stationary contacts to vary the
operating time of the relay from fast (contacts only slightly open) to slow (contacts nearly a full disk revolution apart).
Reset action begins when the rotational force is removed, either by closing the relay contact that trips a breaker or by
otherwise removing the malfunction that the relay is sensing. The restraining spring resets the disk to its original
position. The time required to reset depends on the type of relay and the time-dial setting (contact spacing).
With multiple magnetic coils, several conditions of voltage and current can be sensed simultaneously. Their signals
can be additive or subtractive in actuating the disk. For example, a current-differential relay has two current coils with
opposing action. If the two currents are equal, regardless of magnitude, the disk does not move. If the difference
between the two currents exceeds the pickup setting, the disk rotates slowly for a small difference and faster for a
greater difference. The relay contacts close when the difference continues for the length of time determined by the
relay characteristics and settings. Using multiple coils, directional relays can sense direction of current or power flow,
as well as magnitude. Since the movement of the disk is created by induced magnetic fields from AC magnets,
induction relays are almost completely unresponsive to the DC component of an asymmetrical fault.
Most switchgear-type relays are enclosed in a semiflush-mounting drawout case. Relays usually are installed on the
door of the switchgear cubicle. Sensor and control wiring are brought to connections on the case. The relay is
inserted into the case and connected by means of small switches or abridging plug, depending on the manufacturer.
It can be disconnected and withdrawn from the case without disturbing the wiring. When the relay is disconnected,
the CT connections in the case are automatically shorted to short circuit the CT secondary winding and protect the
CT from overvoltages and damage.
Many relays are equipped with a connection for a test cable. This permits using a test set to check the relay
calibration. The front cover of the relay is transparent, can be removed for access to the mechanism, and has
provisions for wire and lead seals to prevent tampering by unauthorized personnel.
Solid-state relays
Recently, solid-state electronic relays have become more popular. These relays can perform all the functions that can
be performed by electromechanical relays and, because of the versatility of electronic circuitry and microprocessors,
can provide many functions not previously available. In general, solid-state relays are smaller and more compact than
their mechanical equivalents. For example, a 3-phase solid-state overcurrent relay can be used in place of three
single-phase mechanical overcurrent relays, yet is smaller than one of them.
The precision of electronic relays is greater than that of mechanical relays, allowing closer system coordination. In
addition, because there is no mechanical motion and the electronic circuitry is very stable, they retain their calibration
accuracy for a long time. Reset times can be extremely short if desired because there is no mechanical motion.
Electronic relays require less power to operate than their mechanical equivalents, producing a smaller load burden on
the CTs and PTs that supply them. Because solid-state relays have a minimum of moving parts, they can be made
very resistant to seismic forces and are therefore especially well suited for areas susceptible to earthquake activity.
In their early versions, some solid-state relays were sensitive to the severe electrical environment of industrial
applications. They were prone to failure, especially from high transient voltages caused by lightning or utility and onsite switching. However, todays relays have been designed to withstand these transients and other rugged
application conditions, and this type of failure has essentially been eliminated. Solid-state relays have gained a strong
and rapidly growing position in the marketplace as experience proves their accuracy, dependability, versatility, and
reliability.
The information that follows applies to electromechanical and solid-state relays, although one functions mechanically
and the other electronically. Significant differences will be pointed out.
Relay types
There are literally hundreds of different types of relays. The catalog of one manufacturer of electromechanical relays
lists 264 relays for switchgear and system protection and control functions. For complex systems with many voltage
levels and interconnections over great distances, such as utility transmission and distribution, relaying is an art to
which some engineers devote their entire careers. For more simple industrial and commercial distribution, relay
protection can be less elaborate, although proper selection and application are still very important.
The most commonly used relays and devices are listed HERE in the Table by their American National Standards
Institute (ANSI) device-function number and description. These standard numbers are used in one-line and
connection diagrams to designate the relays or other devices, saving space and text.
Where a relay combines two functions, the function numbers for both are shown. The most frequently used relay is
the overcurrent relay, combining both instantaneous and inverse-time tripping functions. This is designated device
50/51. As another example, device 27/59 would be a combined undervoltage and overvoltage relay. The complete
ANSI standard lists 99 device numbers, a few of which are reserved for future use.
Relays can be classified by their operating-time characteristics. Instantaneous relays are those with no intentional
time delay. Some can operate in one-half cycle or less; others may take as long as six cycles. Relays that operate in
three cycles or less are called high-speed relays.
Time-delay relays can be definite-time or inverse-time types. Definite-time relays have a preset time delay that is not
dependent on the magnitude of the actuating signal (current, voltage, or whatever else is being sensed) once the
pickup value is exceeded. The actual preset time delay is usually adjustable.
Inverse-time relays, such as overcurrent or differential relays, have operating times that do depend on the value of
actuating signal. The time delay is long for small signals and becomes progressively shorter as the value of the signal
increases. The operating time is inversely proportional to the magnitude of the event being monitored.
Overcurrent relays
In switchgear application, an overcurrent relay usually is used on each phase of each circuit breaker and often one
additional overcurrent relay is used for ground-fault protection. Conventional practice is to use one instantaneous
short-circuit element and one inverse-time overcurrent element (ANSI 50/51) for each phase.
In the standard electromechanical relay, both elements for one phase are combined in one relay case. The
instantaneous element is a clapper or solenoid type and the inverse-time element is an induction-disk type.
In some solid-state relays, three instantaneous and three inverse-time elements can be combined in a single relay
case smaller than that of one induction-disk relay.
Overcurrent relays respond only to current magnitude, not to direction of current flow or to voltage. Most relays are
designed to operate from the output of a standard ratio-type CT, with 5A secondary current at rated primary current. A
solid-state relay needs no additional power supply, obtaining the power for its electronic circuitry from the output of
the CT supplying the relay.
On the instantaneous element, only the pickup point can be set, which is the value of current at which the
instantaneous element will act, with no intentional time delay, to close the trip circuit of the circuit breaker. The actual
time required will decrease slightly as the magnitude of the current increases, from about 0.02 sec maximum to about
0.006 sec minimum, as seen from the instantaneous curve. This time will vary with relays of different ratings or
manufacturers and also will vary between electromechanical and solid-state relays.
Time delays can be selected over a wide range for almost any conceivable requirement. Time-delay selection starts
with the choice of relay. There are three time classifications: standard, medium, and long time delay. Within each
classification, there are three classes of inverse-time curve slopes: inverse (least steep), very inverse (steeper), and
extremely inverse (steepest). The time classification and curve slopes are characteristic of the relay selected,
although for some solid-state relays these may be adjustable to some degree. For each set of curves determined by
the relay selection, the actual response is adjustable by means of the time dial.
On the inverse-time element, there are two settings. First the pickup point is set. This is the value of current at which
the timing process begins as the disk begins to rotate on an electromechanical relay or the electronic circuit begins to
time out on a solid-state relay.
Next the time-dial setting is selected. This adjusts the time-delay curve between minimum and maximum curves for
the particular relay. A given relay will have only one set of curves, either inverse, very inverse, or extremely inverse,
adjustable through the full time-dial range. Note that the current is given in multiples of pickup setting.
Each element, instantaneous or time delay, has a flag that indicates when that element has operated. This flag must
be reset manually after relay operation.
usually chosen for overcurrent protection. CTs are available having a wide range of primary ratings, with standard 5A
secondaries or with other secondary ratings, tapped secondaries, or multiple secondaries.
A usable combination of CT ratio and pickup coil can be found for almost any desired primary pickup current and
relay setting.
The instantaneous trip (device 50) setting is also adjustable. The setting is in pickup amperes, completely
independent of the pickup setting of the inverse-time element or, on some solid-state relays, in multiples of the
inverse-time pickup point. For example, one electromechanical relay is adjustable from 2 to 48A pickup; a solid-state
relay is adjustable from 2 to 12 times the setting of the inverse-time pickup tap. On most electromechanical relays,
the adjusting means is a tap plug similar to that for the inverse-time element. With the tap plug, it is possible to select
a gross current range. An uncalibrated screw adjustment provides final pickup setting. This requires using a test set
to inject calibration current into the coil if the setting is to be precise. On solid-state relays, the adjustment may be a
calibrated switch that can be set with a screwdriver.
Relay operation
An electromechanical relay will pick up and start to close its contacts when the current reaches the pickup value. At
the inverse-time pickup current, the operating forces are very low and timing accuracy is poor. The relay timing is
accurate at about 1.5 times pickup or more, and this is where the time-current curves start. This fact must be
considered when selecting and setting the relay.
When the relay contacts close, they can bounce, opening slightly and creating an arc that will burn and erode the
contact surfaces. To prevent this, overcurrent relays have an integral auxiliary relay with a seal-in contact in parallel
with the timing relay contacts that closes immediately when the relay contacts touch. This prevents arcing if the relay
contacts bounce. This auxiliary relay also activates the mechanical flag that indicates that the relay has operated.
When the circuit breaker being controlled by the relay opens, the relay coil is deenergized by an auxiliary contact on
the breaker. This protects the relay contacts, which are rated to make currents up to 30A but should not break the
inductive current of the breaker tripping circuit, to prevent arcing wear. The disk is then returned to its initial position
by the spring. The relay is reset. Reset time is the time required to return the contacts fully to their original position.
Contacts part about 0.1 sec (six cycles) after the coil is deenergized. The total reset time varies with the relay type
and the time-dial setting. For a maximum time-dial setting (contacts fully open), typical reset times might be 6 sec for
an inverse-time relay and up to 60 sec for a very inverse or extremely inverse relay. At lower time-dial settings,
contact opening distance is less, therefore reset time is lower.
A solid-state relay is not dependent on mechanical forces or moving contacts for its operation but performs its
functions electronically. Therefore, the timing can be very accurate even for currents as low as the pickup value.
There is no mechanical contact bounce or arcing, and reset times can be extremely short.
CT and PT selection
MV current transformer
In selecting instrument transformers for relaying and metering, a number of factors must be considered; transformer
ratio, burden, accuracy class, and ability to withstand available fault currents.
CT ratio. CT guidelines mentioned earlier are to have rated secondary output at 110 to 125% of expected load and no
more than 100A secondary current at maximum primary fault current. Where more than one CT ratio may be
required, CTs with tapped secondary windings or multi-winding secondaries are available.
CT burden. CT burden is the maximum secondary load permitted, expressed in voltamperes (VA) or ohms
impedance, to ensure accuracy. ANSI standards list burdens of 2.5 to 45VA at 90% power factor (PF) for metering
CTs, and 25 to 200VA at 50% PF for relaying CTs.
CT accuracy class. ANSI accuracy class standards are [+ or -] 0.3, 0.6, or 1.2%. Ratio errors occur because of
[I.sup.2]R heating losses. Phase-angle errors occur because of magnetizing core losses.
CTs are marked with a dot or other polarity identification on primary and secondary windings so that at the instant
current is entering the marked primary terminal it is leaving the marked secondary terminal. Polarity is not required for
overcurrent sensing but is important for differential relaying and many other relaying functions.
PT ratio. PT ratio selection is relatively simple. The PT should have a ratio so that, at the rated primary voltage, the
secondary output is 120V. At voltages more than 10% above the rated primary voltage, the PT will be subject to core
saturation, producing voltage errors and excess heating.
PT burden. PTs are available for burdens from 12.5VA at 10% PF to as high as 400VA at 85% PF.
PT accuracy. Accuracy classes are ANSI standard [+ or -] 0.3, 0.6, or 1.2%. PT primary circuits, and where feasible
PT secondary circuits as well, should be fused.
CTs and PTs should have adequate capacity for the burden to be served and sufficient accuracy for the functions they
are to perform. However, more burden or accuracy than necessary will merely increase the cost of the metering
transformers. Solid-state relays usually impose lower burdens than electromechanical relays.
Izvor: www.ecmweb.com
Posted by ecsanyi on Sunday, September 13, 2009 at 4:13 pm | Technical Articles | Categories | Submit Article
In the design of electrical power systems, the ANSI Standard Device Numbers denote what features a protective
device supports (such as a relay or circuit breaker). These types of devices protect electrical systems and
components from damage when an unwanted event occurs, such as an electrical fault.
ANSI numbers are used to identify the functions of meduim voltage microprocessor devices.
ANSI facilitates the development of American National Standards (ANS) by accrediting the procedures of standards
developing organizations (SDOs). These groups work cooperatively to develop voluntary national consensus
standards. Accreditation by ANSI signifies that the procedures used by the standards body in connection with the
development of American National Standards meet the Institutes essential requirements for openness, balance,
consensus and due process.
Recloser
ANSI 27 Phase-to-phase
undervoltage
ANSI 59 Phase-to-phase
overvoltage
protection
against
overloads
and
phase-to-phase
short-circuits.
ANSI index
ANSI index
ANSI index
Recloser
ANSI 79
Automation device used to limit down time after tripping due to transient or semipermanent faults on overhead lines.
The recloser orders automatic reclosing of the breaking device after the time delay required to restore the insulation
has elapsed. Recloser operation is easy to adapt for different operating modes by parameter setting.
ANSI index
with
selective
tripping
according
to
fault
current
ANSI index
direction.
ANSI index
reactive overpower protection for motors which consume more reactive power with field loss
reverse reactive overpower protection for generators which consume reactive power with field loss.
ANSI index
excessive motor starting time due to overloads (e.g. conveyor) or insufficient supply voltage.
The reacceleration of a motor that is not shut down, indicated by a logic input, may be considered as starting.
locked rotor due to motor load (e.g. crusher):
directly upon starting, before the detection of excessive starting time, with detection of locked rotor
by a zero speed detector connected to a logic input, or by the underspeed function.
ANSI index
too frequent starts: motor energizing is inhibited when the maximum allowable number of starts is reached,
after counting of:
consecutive motor hot or cold starts (reacceleration of a motor that is not shut down, indicated by a
ANSI index
ANSI index
ANSI 27 Undervoltage
Protection of motors against voltage sags or detection of abnormally low network voltage to trigger automatic load
shedding
or
source
transfer.
Works
with
phase-to-phase
voltage.
ANSI index
ANSI 59 Overvoltage
Detection of abnormally high network voltage or checking for sufficient voltage to enable source transfer. Works with
phase-to-phase
or
phase-to-neutral
voltage,
each
voltage
being
monitored
separately.
ANSI index
insulation
faults
by
measuring
residual
voltage
in
isolated
neutral
systems.
the main source and presence of remanent voltage by a restraint in the event of a continuous decrease of the
frequency,
which
is
activated
by
parameter
setting.
ANSI index
Load
shedding
The rate of change of frequency protection function is used for load shedding in combination with the
underfrequency protection to: