The Discrete-TIme Fourier Transform

Chap 5

ion to its consequences for the properties of discrete-time Fourier series . .j

be useful in reducing the complexity of the calculations involved in det u.
!r series representations. This is illustrated in the following example.
er.

Duality

Sec. 5.7

395

5.7.2 Duality between the Discrete-Time Fourier Transform

and the Continuous-Time Fourier Series

pie 5.16

discrete-time

Isider the following periodic signal with a period of N

Fourier trans/onn and the continuous-time Fourier series. Specifically, let us

compare the continuous-time Fourier series equations (3.38) and (3.39) with the discrete
time Fourier transform equations (5.8) and (5.9). We repeat these equations here for con
venience:

9:

! sin(57TnI9)
~

x[n) =

sin(7TnI9) '

n # multiple of9

(5.72)

In addition to the duality for the discrete Fourier series, there is a duality between the

n = multiple of 9

9'

If
L

x[n] = -

[eq. (5.8)]

27T

' .

X(eJW)eJwndw,

211"

(5.73)

+00

:hapter 3, we found that a rectangular square wave has Fourier coefficients in a fonn
;h as in eq. (5.72). Duality, then, suggests that the coefficients for x[n) must be in the
n of a rectangular square wave. To see this more precisely, let g[n) be a rectangular
are wave with period N = 9 &uch that

Inl:S 2
Inl :S

I,
g[n) = { 0,
~ Fourier series coefficients

2<

9 sin(7TkI9) ,

{5

4.

k # multiple of 9
k ,= multiple of 9

9'

The Fourier series analysis equation (3.95) for g[n) can now be written as

bk

9.2:(l)e-J27TnkJ9
n= -2

'rchanging the names of the variables k and n and noting that x[n1 = bn , we find that

x[n) = 9.2:(l)e-J27Tnk!9.
k= -2

I 2
- ' " e+ J27Tnk'/9

9 L

0,

/k/:S 2
Ikl :S

2<

of course, are periodic with period N = 9

x(t)

[eq. (3.39)]

ak =

~
T

(5.75)

x(t)e- jkwoldt.

(5.76)

Note that eqs. (5.73) and (5.76) are very similar, as are eqs. (5.74) and (5.75), and
in fact, we can interpret eqs. (5.73) and (5.74) as a Fourier series representation of th!!
periodic frequency response X(e jUJ ). In particular, since X(e jUJ ) is a periodic function of w
with period 27T, it has a Fourier series representation as a weighted sum of harmonically
related periodic exponential functions of w. all of which have the common period of 27T.
That is, X(e jW ) can be represented in a Fourier series as a weighted sum of the signals
jwn
e
, n = 0, 1, 2, ...'. From eq. (5.74), we see It,at the nth Fourier coefficient in this
expansion-i.e., the coefficient multiplying ejwn-is x[ - n]. Furthermore, since the period
of X(e jW ) is 27T, eq. (5.73) can be interpreted as the Fo~er series analysis equation for the
Fourier series coefficient x[n ]-i.e., for the coefficient multiplying e- jwn in the expression
for X(e jW ) in eq. (5.74). The use of this duality relationship is best illustrated with an
example.

Example 5.1 7

x[n] = sine 7TnI2)

7Tn

..

Illy, moving the factor 1/9 inside the summation, ' we see that the right side of thiS
tion has the form of the synthesis equation (3.94) for x[n). We thus conclude that
Fourier coefficients of x[n) are given by

akejkwol,

+00

[eq. (3.38)]

k' =-2

a = {1/9,

(5.74)

The duality between the discrete-time Fourier transform synthesis equation and the
continuous-time Fourier series analysis equation may be exploited to determine the
discrete-time Fourier transform of the sequence

ing k' = - k in the sum on the right side, we obtain

x[n)

x[n]e- jwn,

n= -00

k= -00

b k for g[n) can be determined from Example 3.12 as

! sin(57TkI9)
b =

X(e jW ) =

[eq. (5.9)]

To use duality, we first must identify a continuous-time signal get) with period T = 27T
and Fourier coefficients ak = x[k]. From Example 3.5, we know that if g(t) is a periodic
square wave with period 27T (or, equivalently, with fundamental frequency Wo = 1) and
with
I,
get)

= { 0,

ItI :S

TI <

then the Fourier series coefficients of g(t) are

TI

ItI :S

7T

The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform

396

sin('TTkl2)

'TTk

= 'TT/2,

2'TT

we will have

rr

g(t)e-jk1dt

- rr

ak

= x[kJ. In this case the anal

~
2'TT

rr12

(1)e- jk1 dt.

-rrl2

'TTn

1
2'TT

rrl2

(l)e-jlUUdw

- rrl2

(5.77)

Replacing n by -n on both sides of eq. (5.77) and no.ting that the sinc function is even
we obtain

sin ('TTnl2)

'TTn

2'TT

--'------'- = -

rrl2

'd

(1 )e Jnw w.

-rrl2

The right-hand side of this equation has the form of the Fourier transform synthesis
equation for x[n], where
X(e jW ) =

{Io

Iwl:$

'TT12 <

k] =

L
bkx[n k=O

kl.

The class of systems described by -such difference equations is qu

useful one. In this section, we take advantage of several of the prop
time Fourier transform to determine the frequency response H(e j6
described by such an equation. The approach we follow closely pal
in Section 4.7 for continuous-time LTI systems described by lineru
differential equations.
There are two related ways in which to determine H(e jW ). The
we illustrated in Section 3.11 fot several simple difference equation
fact that complex exponentials are eigenfunctions of LTI systems. SI
jwn
e
is the input to an LTI system, then the output must be of the form
tuting these expressions into eq. (5.78) and performing some algebra,
jW
H(e ). In this section, we follow a second approach making use of the
ity, and time-shifting properties of the discrete-time Fourier transform
and H(e F") denote the Fourier transforms of the input x[n], output)
sponse h[n], respectively. The convolution property, eq. (5.48), ofthe (
ft' .'
~,
transform then implies that

'TT12

Iwl :$

L
aky[n k=O

'

Renaming k as nand t as w, we hav!':

sin ('TTnl2)

Systems Characterized by Linear Constant-Coefficient Difference EI

N

YS.s

Sec. 5.B

sin(kT.)
k1r

ak

Consequently, if we take T.
equation for get) is

Chap. 5

jW
H(e jW ) = Y(e ).
___
X(e JW )

'TT'

In Table 5.3, we present a compact summary of the Fourier series and Fourier trans
form expressions tor both continuous-time and discrete-time signals, and we also indicate
the duality relationships that apply in each case.

Applying the Fourier transform to both sides of eq. <5.78) and m

time-shifting properties, we obtain the expression ,
N

Lake - jkwY(ejw) = Lbke-jWX(ejW),

TABLE 5.3

SUMMARY OF FOURIER SERIES AND TRANSFORM EXPRESSIONS

k =O

Continuous time

Time domain
x(l) =

L;-:_7J akeJlcwot
Fourier
Series

continuous time
periodic in time
x(l) =

I
I
I
I
I

or equivalently,

Discrete time

Frequency domain
I
I
I
I
I
I

Frequency domain

Time domain
x[nj =
L' _(N) G,elk(Z"iN)n

G, =

To Irox(l)e - I"'O'

I
I
I

H(e jW ) =

ax =
L, _(N) x[nj e-I,(Z"'N)'

discrete frequency
~ discrete time
aperiodic in frequency ~".I.'
periodic in time
~~

X(jw)

i; L+oooo X(jw) eIW'dw II

i; X(e IW)e lw,
Fourier
I
Transform continuous time
~ continuous frequency
aperiodic in time
,
aperiodic in frequency

Iz"

x[n] =
L+oo~ x(l)e -IW'dl

~ discrete frequency

periodic in frequency
I
I
I
I

X(e j ",) =
L;: - 00 x[nje- I""

I
I

discrete time
aperiodic in time

I
I

continuous frequency
periodic in frequency

5.8 SYSTEMS CHARACTERIZED BY LINEAR CONSTANT-COEFFICIENT

DIFFERENCE EOUATIONS

----

k=O

A general linear constant-coefficient difference equation for an LTI system with input .t[II]
and output y[n] is of the form

jW
Y(e )
X(e jW )

",M b e- jkw
L,k =O k
",N
J'w'
L,k=Oak e
\

Comparing eq. (5.80) with eq. (4.76), we see that, as in the case of conI
is a ratio of polynomials, but in discrete time the polynomials are iJ
The coefficients of the numerator polynomial are the same coefficieJ
right side of eq. (5.78), and the coefficients of the denominator poly!
as appear on the left side of that equation. Therefore, the frequency
system specified by eq. (5.78) can be written down by inspection.
The difference equation (5.78) is generally referred to as an 1
equation, as it involves delays in the output y[n] of up to N time step
nator of H(e jW ) in eq. (5 .80) is an Nth-order polynomial in e - jw

Example 5.18
Consider the causal LTI system that is characterized by the differ
y[nJ - ay[n - 1] = x[n],

The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform

ak =

Chap 5

Sec. 5.8

Systems Characterized by Linear Constant-Coefficient Difference Equations

sin(kT 1 )
---'k:-7T

2: aky[n -

equently, if we take Tl = 7T/2, we will have ak = x[kJ. In this case the anal .
IOn
. fior g(t ) IS
.
YSIS
sin (7Tkl2)
-.- = - 1 J1T g ()t e -jk'd t -_ - 1 J1Tf2 (1)e -jk'd t.
27T -1T
27T -1Tf2
ning k as n and t as w, we haVf~
sin(7Tnl2) = ~ J1Tf2 (l)e-j'""dw.
7Tn
27T -1Tf2

(5.77)

cing n by -n on both sides of eq. (5.77) and no.ting that the sinc fucction is even
tain

sin (7Tnl2)
1 J 1Tf2
.
--'--- = (l)e1""'dw.
7Tn
27T -1T12
ght-hand side of this equation has the fonn of the Fourier transfonn synthesis
on for x[nJ, where

. = {I
Iwl:s 7T12
0 7T/2 < Iwl :s 7T

L
or equivalently,

Discrete time

Frequency domain

Time domain

at -

x[nj =
Lk _(N) ake}k(hIN)n

X(jw) =
X(e}W)e}wn

~ II"

continuous frequency
aperiodic in frequency

ak e - jkw Y(e jW ) =
bke- jkw X(e jW ),
k=O
k=O

time

Frequency domain

~<7/-'

"

L+~oc xU)e - IWldt

L;=_~ x[nje - I",n

discrete time
aperiodic in time

continuous frequency
periodic in frequency

x[nj =

Y( jW)
, M b e - jkw
H(ejW) = _e_._ = L...k=O k
.
X(e)W)
, N ak e - jkw
L...k=O

=
~ Lk _(N) x[nje - It(I,,'N)n

ak

discrete time
periodic in time

"'~

(S.79)

Applying the Fourier transform to both sides of eq. (5.78) and using the linearity and
time-shifting properties, we obtain the expression,

ER SERIES AND TRANSFORM EXPRESSIONS

~"

(S.78)

r' . " .

discrete frequency
apenodic in frequency

kl.

k=O

.
Y(e jW )
HJ::-W) = X(e jW )'

.3, we present a compact summary of the Fourier series and Fourier trans
s for both continuous-time and discrete-time signals, and we also indicate
!onships that apply in each case.

ITo x(t)e- Itwo'

2: bkx[n -

The class of systems described by such difference equations is quite an importatt and
useful one. In this section, we take advantage of several of the properties of the discrete
time Fourier transform to determine the frequency response H(e jW ) for an LTI system
described by such an equation. The approach we follow closely parallels the discussion
in Section 4.7 for continuous-time LTI systems described by linear constant-coefficient
differential equations.
There are two related ways in which to determine H(e jW ). The first of these, which
we illustrated in Section 3.11 for several simple difference equations, explicitly uses the
fact that complex exponentials are eigenfunctions of LTI systems. Specifically, if x[n] =
e jwn is the input to an LTI system, then the output must be of the form H(ejW)ejwn. Substi
tuting these expressions into eq. (S.78) and performing some algebra allows us to solve for
H(e jW ). In this section, we follow a second approach making use of the convolution, linear
ity, and time-shifting properties of the discrete-time Fourier transform. Let X (e jW ), Y (e jW ),
and H(e jW ) denote the Fourier transforms of the input x[n], output y[n], and impulse re
sponse h[n], respectively. The convolution property, eq. (S.48), of the discrete-time Fourier
~
transform then implies that

k] =

k=O

JW

X(e

397

discre
. te frequency

periodic in frequency

X(e lw )

~ED BY LINEAR CONSTANT-COEFFICIENT

S
"

nstant-coeffi clent
dIfference.
equatIOn for an LTI
system WIthInput x[nJ
of the form

(S.80)

Comparing eq. (S.80) with eq. (4.76), we see that, as in the case of continuous time, H(e jW )
is a ratio of polynomials, but in discrete time the polynomials are in the variable e- jw.
The coefficients of the numerator polynomial are the same coefficients as appear on the
right side of eq. (S.78), and the coefficients of the denominator polynomial are the same
as appear on the left side of that equation. Therefore, the frequency response of the LTI
system specified by eq. (S.78) can be written down by inspection.
The difference equation (S.78) is generally referred to as an Nth-order difference
equation, as it involves delays in the output y[n] of up to N time steps. Also, the denomi
nator of H(e jW ) in eq. (S.80) is an Nth-order polynomial in e- jw

Example 5.18
Consider the causal LTI system that is characterized by the difference equation
y[nJ - ay[n - 1] = x[n],

(5.81)

The Discrete-TIme Fourier Transform

398

with

lal

Chap. S

Sec. 5.9

Then. using eq. (S.80) and Example 5.1 or S.18. we 0

< 1. From eq. (S.80). the frequency response of this system is

H(e

jW

) = 1 _ ar jw

Summary

Y(eiw) = H(eJW)X(e iw ) = [

(5.82)

Comparing this with Example S.1. we recognize it as the Fourier transform of the
quence a" u[ n]. Thus. the impulse response of the system is
se..

(1 - ~rJW)(1 .

2
(1 - ! r iW)(1 - !
2

h[n] = a"u[n].

Example 5. 19

Y(e iw ) =

Consider a causal LTI system that is characterized by the difference equation

3

4y[n -

y[n] -

1]

+ 8" y [n - 2] =

2x[n].

(5 .84)

Bll =

2
3 JW
r
4

1-

ge

2
(1 - ~r jW)(1 - ~r jW)

Y(e

H(e

4
) =

1-

I -jw
ze

1 _ !e-jw

G)"

urn] - 2

BI2 = -2.

-4.

4
) = -

I - :Ie

2
-J'w - (1 - !ri
4

(5.87)

{ (41)" -4

2(n

(1\"

+ 1) 4)

(~r urn].

(5.88)

The procedure followed in Example 5.19 is identical in style to that used in contin
uous time. Specifically, after expanding H (e jW ) by the method of partial fractions, we ~an
find the inverse transform of each term by inspection. The same approach can be appb~
to the frequency response of any LTI system described by a linear constant-coefficient~
ference equation in order to determine the system impulse response. Also, as illustrat~ ~
the next example, if the Fourier transform X(e jW ) of the input to such a system is a ra~o 0
pplynomials in e- jw. then Y(e jW ) is as well. In this case, we can use the same techmque
to find the response y[n] to the input x[n].

Example 5.20
Consider the LTI system of Example 5.19, and let the input to this system be
x[n] =

iw

y[n] =

The inverse transform of each term can be recognized by inspection. with the result thai
h[n] = 4

(1 - ! r iw

The first and third terms are of the same type as th,
while the second term is of the same form as one SI
these examples or from Table S.2. we can invert each
the inverse transform .

(5.86)

H(e jW ) can be expanded by the method of partial fractions. as in Example AJ in the

appendix. The result of this expansion is
jW

+~

so that

(S.85)

_ j2w

As a tirst step in obtaining the impulse response. we factor the de~ominator of eq. (S.85):
H(e Jw ) ==

BII

1 - !e
- iw
4

where the constants B 11 B 12 and B21 can be detennir

in the appendix. This particular expansion is worked
the values obtained are

From eq. (S.80). the frequency response is

H(e jW ) =

As described in the appendix. the form of the partial-

(5.83)

(~r urn].

5.9 SUMMARY

In this chapter, we have paralleled Chapter 4 as we deve

discrete-time signals and examined many of its important r
ter, we have seen a great many similarities between con
Fourier analysis, and we have also seen some important d
lationship between Fourier series and Fourier transforms
ogous to that in continuous time. In particular, our derivat
transform for aperiodic signals from the discrete-time F
very much the same as the corresponding continuous-time
of the properties of continuous-time transforms have exac
the other hand, in contrast to the continuous-time case, the
of an aperiodic signal is always periodic with period 21T
differences such as these, we have desclibed the duality.
representations of continuous-time and discrete-time sign
The most important similiarities between continuous
ysis are in their uses in analyzing and representing signal
the convolution property provides us witll the basis for th
LTI systems. We have already seen some of the utility oftJ

The Discrete-TIme Fourier Transform

with

lal <

Chap. 5

Sec. 5.9

Then, using eq. (5.80) and Example 5.1 or 5.18, we obtain

1. From eq. (5.80), the frequency response of this system is

1

H(e JW ) =

1-ae- Jw

jW

(5.82)

Comparing this with Example 5.1, we recognize it as the Fourier transform of the
quence a"u[n]. Thus, the impulse response of the system is
h[n] = a"u[n].

Summary

Y(e

) =

se.

As described in the appendix, the form of the partial-fraction expansion in this case is
B"

1 - ! e- jw
4

Consider a causal LTI system that is characterized by the difference equation

4y[n -

y[n] -

I] +

8y[n -

2] = 2x[n].

(5.84)

Bll

2
1 - 'ie-jw + !e- j2uJ
4

.
JW

2
(1 - !e- jW)(l - !e- jW)
2

Y(e

H(e

) =

, - jw

1 - 'i e

(5.86)

G)"

urn] - 2

B 12 =

-2,

B21

= 8,

1-

~e - JW

(5.91)

{- 4 (4I)" -

2(n

(1 \" (I )"}

+ 1) 4) + 8 2

urn].

(5.92)

(~

urn].

(5.88)

he procedure followed in Example 5.19 is identical in style to that used in contin

ne. Specifically, after expanding H (e jW ) by the method of partial fractions, we can
! inverse transform of each term by inspection. The same approach can be appli~
'equency response of any LTI system described by a linear constant-coefficient eli!
equation in order to determine the system impulse response. Also, as illustrated In
t example, if the Fourier transform X (e jW ) of the input to such a system is a ratio of
nials in e- j w, then Y{e jW ) is as well. In this case, we can use the same technique
the response y[n) to the input x[n).

xample 5.20
Consider the LTI system of Example 5.19, and let the input to this system be
x[n] =

-4,

y[n] =

(5.87)

The inverse transform of each term can be recognized by inspection, with the result that
h[n] = 4

(5 .90)

1- !e- JW

The first and third terms are of the same type as those encountered in Example 5.19,
while the second tern! is of the same form as one seen in Example 5.13. Either from
these examples or from Table 5.2, we can invert each of the terms in eq. (5.91) to obtain
the inverse transform .

2
1 _ ! e- jw

) = - 1- !e- jw - (1- ie - jwj2

appendix. The result of this expansion is

+~

H(e jW ) can be expanded by the method of partial fractions, as in Example A.3 in the

jW

B12

(1 - !e- jw )2

so that

(5.85)

As a tirst step in obtaining the impulse response, we factor the denominator of eq. (5.85):
H(e Jw ) :,

where the constants B 11, B 12, and B21 can be detennined using the techniques described
in the appendix. This particular expansion is worked out in detail in Example AA, and
the values obtained are

From eq. (5.80), the frequency response is

H(e JW ) =

(5.89)

( I - !2 e- Jw)(1 - !4 e- tw )2 .

(5.83)

Y(e JW ) =

le -J;;;]

lCample 5. 1 9
3

[(1 - ~e-jw~l- ~e-Jw)][I-

JW
) = H(eJW)X(e

(~)" urn].

5.9 SUMMARY
In this chapter, we have paralleled Chapter 4 as we developed the Fourier transform for
discrete-time signals and examined many of its important properties. Throughout the chap
ter, we have seen a great many similarities between continuous-time and discrete-time
Fourier analysis, and we have also seen some important differences. For example, the re
lationship between Fourier series and Fourier transfonns in discrete time is exactly anal
ogous to that in continuous time. In particular, our derivation of the discrete-time Fourier
transfonn for aperiodic signals from the discrete-time Fourier series representations is
very much the same as the corresponding continuous-time derivation. Furthermore, many
of the properties of continuous-time transforms have exact discrete-time counterparts. On
the other hand, in contrast to the continuous-time case, the discrete-time Fourier transfonn
of an aperiodic signal is always periodic with period 2n. In addition to similarities and
differences such as these, we have desclibed the duality relationships among the Fourier
representations of continuous-time and discrete-time signals.
The most important similiarities between continuous- and discrete-time Fourier anal
ysis are in their uses in analyzing and representing signals and LTI systems. Specifically,
the convolution property provides us with the basis for the frequency-domain analysis of
LTI systems. We have already seen some of the utility of this approach in our discussion of

The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform

400

Chap. 5

filtering in Chapters 3-5 and in nul' examination of systems described by linear cOnst
coefficient differential or differenl'e equations . and we will gain a further appreciation~t'
its utility in Chapter 6, in which we examine tiltering and time-versus-frequency issue Or
more detail. In addition, the multiplication properties in cuntinuous and discrete time sIn
essential to our development of sampling in Chapter 7 and communications in Chapte~e

Chap. 5 Problems

5:7. For each of the following Fourier transforms, use Fouri

5.1) to deterntine whether the corresponding time-do
nary, or neither and (ii) even, odd, or neither. Do this,
of any of the given transforms.
.

~'O

(a) X,(e lW ) = e-lw.L.k=,(sinkw)

(b) X2(e jW ) = } sin(w)cos(Sw)
(c) X 3(e jW ) = A(w) + ejB(w) where

o~

I,

The first section of problems belongs to the basic category and the answers are provided
in the back of the book. The remaining three sections contain problems belonging to the
basic, advanced, and extension categories, respectively.

A(w) = { 0,
:!!.
8

5.1. Use the Fourier transform analysis equation (5 .9) to calculate the Fourier transforms
of:
(a) (~)II 'uln - I]
(b) (~);II 1
Sketch and label one period of the magnitude of each Fourier transform.

5.2. Use the Fourier transform analysis equation (5.9) to calculate the Fourier transforms
of:
(a) lJ[n - I] + o[n + I]
(b) o[n + 2] - o[n - 2]
Sketch and label one period of the magnitude of each Fourier rransfoffil .
7T ~ W < 7T in the case of each of the fol
lowing peliodic signals:
(a) sin(1n +~)
(b) 2 + cos(~n +
5.4. Use the Fourier transform synthesis equation (5.8) to determine the inverse Fourier
transforms of:
(a) X, (e jW ) = "'>Z= _x{27TO(W - 27Tk) + 7TO(W - ~ - 27Tk) + 7TO(W + ~ - 27Tk

5.3. Determine the Fourier transform for -

- e- lW

IX(elW)1 =

{1.0,

0 ~ Iwl < ~
~ ~ Iwl ~ 7T

and -r.X(e jW ) =

_2_

sm

(b) X2[11] ="1 "!~ ,1 1

(C)tl[lI] = (11 _-1)2 x [lI]

5.9. The following four facts are given about a particular si

form X(e jW ):

1. x[n] = 0 for n > O.

2. x[O] > O.
3. ~m{X(ejW)} = sinw -sin2w.
4. 2~ t'1T IX(e jw )i2 dw = 3.

Fr0

Deterntine x[n].

5.10. Use Tables 5.1 and 5.2 in conjunction with the fact th2
ex>

X(e

jo

) =

x[n]

II::;:-:X;

to deterntine the numerical value of

'" (l)n
Ln
2 .
n=O

5.11. Consider a signal g[n] with Fourier transform G(e jW ).

3w
g[n] = x(2)[n],

Use your answer to determine the values of n for which x[nl = 0

Given
that x[n] has Fourier transform X(e jW ). express the Fourier transforms of
5.6.
following signals in terms of X(e lW ). You may use the Fourier transform proper1
listed in Table 5 . 1.
(a) XI [11] = x[1 - II] + x[-1 - 11]
11

and B

(Sin
~w) + 57TlJ(W),
-.

i)

(b) X~(ejW) = { 2},. 0 < w ~ 7T

-2}, - 7T < w ~ 0
.
er
Use
the
Fourier
transform
synthesis
equation
(5.8)
to
determine
the
inverse
FoUO
5.5.
transform of X(e lW ) == IX(ejW)lejH(eIW), where

~ 7T

5.8. Use Tables 5.1 and 5.2 to help determine x[n] when if
X(e lW ) = .

BASIC PROBLEMS WITH ANSWERS

Iwl ~

< Iwl

where the signal x[n] has a Fourier transform X(e jW ).

such that 0 < a < 27T and G(elW) = G(ej(w-cr.
5.12. Let

,
V[lI]
-

where * denotes convolution and

_sinin)( 7T1I

lWei :s

7T

* (Sinwcn
___
7Tn