WAJA 2009

ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS
FORM FIVE

( Students Copy )

Name: ___________________________
Class : ___________________________
Learning Objective:

WAJA 2009 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS (FORM 5)

Chapter 2: Linear Law

2.Understand and use the concept of lines of best fit

Learning Outcome:
2.1.1 Draw lines of best fit by inspection of given data

1) Which one between the pair is the best fit line? Tick
down the reason for your choice in the rectangular box.

the appropriate cup. Then write

Example:
Draw a line of best fit by inspecting the given data on the graph
Criteria the line of best fit:

1.points lie as close as possible to the line

2.line pass through as many points as possible
3.number of points above and below should be the same
distance from the line

x
x

xxx
x
x

(i)

WAJA 2009 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS (FORM 5)

Chapter 2: Linear Law

( ii )

( iii )

2) Draw a line of best fit by inspecting the given data on the graph for each of the following
graph
y
(a)

(b)

y
x

x
x

x
x

x
x
x

x
x

x
x
x

WAJA 2009 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS (FORM 5)

Chapter 2: Linear Law

(d)

c)

y2

x
x
x
x

0 x

y 2 y1 y1 y 2
or
x 2 x1
x1 x 2
m=gradient
c=y-intercept

Learning Outcome:
2.1.2

Write equation for lines of best fit

is a value of y where the graph cuts the y-axis

y=mx+c is the linear equation of a straight line

c

1. Match the correct answer

a) find y-intercept given y=2x+8

b) find the gradient given y=-5x-8

-3

c) find y-intercept from the graph below

2
d) find the gradient from the graph below

Q(8,14)
P(4,2)

e) find the value of y-intercept from

the graph below

(5,0)
(0,-3)

-5

WAJA 2009 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS (FORM 5)

Chapter 2: Linear Law

2. Write the equation of the line of best fit for each of the following graphs
Example:
i)

ii)
P

y
x
x

x (1,6)
x

(4, 6)

2
0

(( 8,1)
x

Find m:

62
40

1 6
8 1
5

7
P mt c
Find c:
5
6 (1) c
7
47
c
7
Substitute into y mx c

Find m:

1
Find c:

y-intercept, c = 2

Substitute into y mx c
The equation of the line is y x 2

a)

5
7

The equation of the line : P t

b)

F
(8,10)

x (1,5)
)

x
x
x

(6,1)

x (2,2)

x
0

[Ans : ]

[Ans : ]

47
7

WAJA 2009 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS (FORM 5)

Chapter 2: Linear Law

3. Determine the horizontal and vertical axes of the following graph

Example:
Plot graph y2 against x
y2
vertical axes
horizontal axes

a) Plot graph y against x2

c) Plot graph xy against

b) Plot graph P against V

1
x

d) Plot graph

against

1
b

WAJA 2009 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS (FORM 5)

Chapter 2: Linear Law

4. Based on the table given, plot the points and draw a line of best fit. Hence write the
equation for the line of best fit.
Example:
i)

The values of variables G and H in an experiment are given in the table below
G
H

0.3
0.35

0.6
0.50

0.8
0.59

0.9
0.65

1.0
0.7

a) Plot G against H and draw a line of best fit

b) Write an equation for the line of best fit
Solution:
Plot the graph:
G
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6

0.5
0.4

0.3

(0,0.22)

(1.0,0.7))

0.2
0.1
0.1

0.2 0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7 0.22
1 0
0.48

Find m from the graph: m

Find c from the graph:

c = 0.21

Substitute into y mx c

G 0.48H 0.21

0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

WAJA 2009 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS (FORM 5)

Chapter 2: Linear Law

a) The table below represents the experimental values of two variables L and W.
W
L

0.1
10.8

0.2
11.3

0.3
12.1

0.4
12.4

0.5
12.7

i) Plot L against W and draw the line of best fit

ii) Write an equation for the line of best fit
[Ans : m = 5.3, c = 10.2, L = 5.3W +10.2]
b) The table below represents the experimental values of two variables p and q.
p
q

1.0
2.2

2.8
3.4

5.6
5.7

8.4
7.4

11.5
9.7

i) Plot q against p and draw the line of best fit

ii) Write an equation for the line of best fit
[Ans : m = 0.7, c = 1.4, q = 0.7p + 1.4]
Learning Outcomes:
2.1.3 Determine values of variables
2.1.3 ( a )Determine values of variables from lines of best fit
1. Determine the values of the variables from the given lines of best fit.
y
Example:
5

8
0

14.2
11.2

WAJA 2009 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS (FORM 5)

Chapter 2: Linear Law

Two variables, x and y, are related by the line of best fit as shown in the graph above. From
the graph, determine the value of
( i ) y when x = 1.4
( ii ) x when y = 4.4
Solution
y
y=4.4

y=2.9

x
0

x=1.4

x =2.2

From the graph,

(i)

when x = 1.4 , y = 2.9

( ii )

when y = 4.4 , x = 2.2

WAJA 2009 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS (FORM 5)

Chapter 2: Linear Law

y
3

a) Two variables , x and y, are related by the line of best fit as shown in the graph above. From
the graph , determine the value of
(i)

y when x = 0.8

( ii )

y when x = 2.2

( iii ) x when y = 1.2

b) The table below shows the corresponding values of the variables T and V obtained
an experiment.
T
V
i)

20
122

40
130

60
136

80
148

100
154

Plot a graph of V against T and draw a line of best fit.

ii) Use the graph obtained in ( a ) to determine the value of

a) V when T = 72
b) T when V = 150
[ Answer: a) i) 2.2 ii) 1.4 iii) 2.6 b) ii) a) 143 b) 88 ]
10

120
163

from

WAJA 2009 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS (FORM 5)

Chapter 2: Linear Law

2.1.3 ( b ) Determine values of variables from the equations of lines of best fit
Example :
y
P(0.2,16.5)

Q(0.8,9.0)
x
0

The diagram above shows a line of best fit obtained by plotting a graph of y against x. The
line passes through points P(0.2,16.5) and Q(0.8,9.0)
i) Find the equation of the line of best fit
ii) Determine the value of
( a) y when x = 0.7
( b ) x when y = 22
Solution
i)
Find m:
m

16.5 9.0
12.5
0.2 0.8

y 12.5 x c
Find c:
16
.
5 12.5(0.2) c
At point P(0.2,16.5),
16.5 2.5 c
c 19

Substitute into y mx c

y 12.5 x 19

ii)

y 12.5 x 19

i)
ii)

When x 0.7 , y 12.5(0.7) 19

10.25
When y 22 , 22 12.5 x 19
12.5 x 3
x 0.24

11

WAJA 2009 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS (FORM 5)

Chapter 2: Linear Law

p
(5,3)

(2,0.5)
q

a) The diagram above shows part of a line of best fit obtained by plotting a graph of p against q.
The line passes through points (2,0.5) and (5,3).
i)
Find the equation of the line of best fit
ii)
Determine the value of
(a)
q when p=0
(b)
p when q = -1
v
(2,2)

(3,0.5)
t

b) Two variables, v and t , are known to be linearly related as shown by the line of best fit in the
graph above. The line passes through points (2,2) and (3,0.5).
i) Determine the linear equation relating v and t
ii) Find the value of v when
( a) t = 0
( b) t = 5
[ Answer : a) i) p 0.8q 1.1
ii) (a)1.38 (b)-1.9
v

1
.
5
t

5
b) i)
ii) (a)5 (b) -2.5
12

WAJA 2009 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS (FORM 5)

Chapter 2: Linear Law

Learning Objective:
2.2Apply linear law to non-linear relations
Learning Outcome:
2.2.1 Reduce non-linear relations to linear form
1. Plot the graphs based on the given tables of values.
y x2 5

x 0
y -5

1
-4

y x2 5

2
-1

3
4

x2
y

4
11

0
-5

1
-4

4
-1

9
4

16
11

y
20

20

15

15

10

10

10

15

20

25

10

15

20

25

-5

-5

What do you observe?

Quadratic graphs can be drawn as linear graphs if we change the representation of xaxis, that is x
x2 .

13

x2

WAJA 2009 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS (FORM 5)

Chapter 2: Linear Law

b) y
x
y

2
1
x

0.5
5

1
3

2
2

3
1.7

1
x
y

4
1.5

y
5

1
y 2( ) 1
x
2
1
0.5

0.33

0.25

1.7

1.5

0.51

1 2

1.53

2 4 x

Again, what do you observe?

Reciprocal graphs can be drawn as linear graphs if we change the representation of x-axis,
1
that is x
x .
Conclusion: A non-linear equation can be reduced to a linear form Y = mX + c.

14

WAJA 2009 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS (FORM 5)

Chapter 2: Linear Law

Linear Form of Equation

Y mX c

Variables for the Y-axis

coefficient=1

or

Y mX , c=0
Constant (no variable)
y-intercept

m=gradient
Variables for the x-axis

2. Identify Y , X , m, c. based on the following linear form.

Example:
i)

y 2x 2 3

Y=y

m=2

ii)

X=x2

c=-3

y
3x 2 5
x
Y

y
x

m=3

X=x2

c=-5

Fill in the blank with the correct answer :

Linear equation

y 5x 8
2

y
x2 2
x
7
y
x
y
x

5
x

x2

y
x

0
1
x

xy 8 x 3
1
3
1

y 2x 2

15

WAJA 2009 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS (FORM 5)

Chapter 2: Linear Law

3. Reduce the following non linear equation to linear equation in the form of Y mX c .
Hence identify Y , X , m, c.
Example:
i) 2 y 3 x 2 5
Create the y-intercept
x:

2 y 3x 2 5 x

x
x
x

2y
3x 5
x

Create coefficient of y=1 & Arrange in the form Y=mX+c

2:

y 3
5
x
x 2
2
y 3
5
x
x 2
2

Compare to Y=mX+c
y 3
5
x
x 2
2

ii)

y2

y
3
5
, m , X x, c
x
2
2

7
3x
x

Create the y-intercept

x : xy 2

7
x 3 x x
x

xy 2 7 3x 2

Arrange in the form Y=mX+c

xy 2 3 x 2 7

Compare to Y=mX+c
xy 2 3 x 2 7
Y xy 2 , m 3, X x 2 , c 7

4. Fill in the blank with correct answer

16

WAJA 2009 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS (FORM 5)

Chapter 2: Linear Law

Example:
Non Linear Equation

Linear Form Equation

a) y 2 x 2 5

= 2x2

y
Y

X
x2

Non Linear Equation

c
-5

Linear Form Equation

y
x2 7
x

b) y x 3 7 x

Y
y

X
x2

c
-7

Non Linear Equation

c) x

Linear Form Equation

=

y 8

Non Linear Equation

Linear Form Equation

17

WAJA 2009 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS (FORM 5)

Chapter 2: Linear Law
2
d) y 7 x

3
x

=7

x3

Non Linear Equation

Linear Form Equation

y
5 3x
x

e) y 5 x 3 x 2
Y

Non Linear Equation

9

Linear form equation

1
4

1
y
9x

f) y x 7
Y

18

WAJA 2009 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS (FORM 5)

Chapter 2: Linear Law

Non Linear Equation

Linear Form Equation

log y

g) y ab x
Y

C
log a

Learning Outcomes:
2.2.2 Determine values of constants on non-linear relations given:
2.2.2a) Determine values of constants from lines of best fit
1. Find the value of the following situation.
Example:
The variables x and y are related by the equation by x

a
where a and b are constants.The
x

diagram below shows part of a line of best fit obtained by plotting a graph of xy against x2 .Find
the values of a and b.
xy
(4,50)
(1,35)
x2
0

From the graph identify the representation of y-axis and x-axis

Y xy, X x 2

Reduce the equation given to linear form , Y = mX +c:

by x a
b:

b
b bx
y x a
b bx
x
a
x : xy x
x
b
bx
1
a
xy x 2
b
b

19

WAJA 2009 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS (FORM 5)

Chapter 2: Linear Law

Compare Y=mX+c
Y xy, X x 2 , m
Find m from the graph:
m

1
a
,c
b
b

50 35
5
4 1

Find c , substitute X=1 , Y=35 , m=5 into the equation Y mX c

Y mX+c
35=5(1)+c
c=30
Find the variables a and b

a
30
b
a
30
1
5
a6

1
m =5
b
1
b
5

a)

Diagram shows a straight line graph of

y
against x 2
x

y
x

(4,6)

(1,3)
x2

Given that y px 3 qx where p and q are constants, find the values of p and q.
[p=1, q=2]

b)

Diagram shows a straight line graph of

by the equation y ax

1
y
against 2 .The variables x and y are related
x
x

b
where a and b are constants. Find the values a and b.
x

20

WAJA 2009 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS (FORM 5)

Chapter 2: Linear Law

y
x

(3,7)

(1,3)
1
x2

[ a = 1 , b = 2]
2.2.2b) Determine values of constants from data
1. Find the values of the constants based on the table of values.
Example:
x
y

1
1.00

2
2.83

3
3.81

Graph of y x against x

y x

4
5.00

5
5.90

The table above shows experimental values of two variables, x and y. The variables x and y are
k

known to be related by the equation y h x

where h and k are constants.
x
14
( i )Plot a graph of y x against x and draw a line of best fit.

( ii )From the graph12

obtained in ( b ) , find the values of h and k.
Solution:

10

From the graph identify the representation of y-axis and x-axis

8
Y= y x , X=x

Construct a new table

6
X=x

Y y

1
1.00

2
4.00

3
6.60

10 2 = 8
4
10.00

5
13.19

Plot the points and draw the graph

0
-2

4 1.4 = 2.6
2

3
21

WAJA 2009 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS (FORM 5)

Chapter 2: Linear Law

Reduce the equation given to linear form , Y mX c

x :y x h x
y

k
x

x hx k

Compare Y mX c
Y y

x , X x, m h, c k

Find m and y-intercept from the graph :

10 2
3.077
4 1.4
m h 3.077
m

y-intercept=c=-2
c=k=-2

k 2

h 3.077

a) Table shows the values of two variables , x and y,obtained from an experiment.The
r

variables x and y are related by the equation y px px , where p and r are constants.
x
y

1.0
5.5

2.0
4.7

3.0
5.0

4.0
6.5
22

5.0
7.7

5.5
8.4

WAJA 2009 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS (FORM 5)

Chapter 2: Linear Law

( i ) Plot xy against x2 , by using a scale of 2 cm to 5 units on both axes.Hence , draw the line of
best fit.
( ii ) Use the graph from ( a ) to find the value of
( a ) p,
( b ) r.

[ p = 1.3778 , r = 5.5111 ]

b) Table shows the values of two variables , x and y,obtained from an experiment.The variables
2
x and y are related by the equation y 2kx

x
y
( i )Plot

2
8

3
13.2

p
x, where p and k are constants.
k

4
20

5
27.5

6
36.6

7
45.5

y
against x , using a scale of 2 cm to 1 unit on both axes. Hence, draw the line of best
x

fit.
( ii )Use the graph from ( a ) to find the value of
( a ) p,
( b ) k.
( c ) y when x = 1.2

[ p = 0.7763 , k = 0.2875 ,y = 4.08 ]

23