Am F5 C2 (T)

WAJA 2009
ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS
FORM FIVE
( Teachers Copy )
Name: ___________________________
Class : ___________________________
Learning Objective:
WAJA 2009 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS (FORM 5)

Chapter 2: Linear Law
2.Understand and use the concept of lines of best fit

Learning Outcome:
2.1.1 Draw lines of best fit by inspection of given data
1) Which one between the pair is the best fit line? Tick
down the reason for your choice in the rectangular box.
the appropriate cup. Then write
Example:
Draw a line of best fit by inspecting the given data on the graph
Criteria the line of best fit:
1.points lie as close as possible to the line

2.line pass through as many points as possible
3.number of points above and below should b e the same
distance of the line
x
x
xxx
x
x
(i)
Line pass through as many points as possible and number of points above and
below should be the same distance of the line

( ii )
Line pass through as many points as possible and number of points above and below
should be the same distance of the line
( iii )
Number of points lie as close as possible to the line and line pass through as many points
as possible of the line

2) Draw a line of best fit by inspecting the given data on the graph for each of the following
graph
y
(a)
(b)
y
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
(d)
c)
y2
x
x
x
x
x
x
0 x
y 2 y1 y1 y 2
or
x 2 x1
x1 x 2
m=gradient
c=y-intercept
Learning Outcome:
2.1.2
Write equation for lines of best fit
is a value of y where the graph cuts the y-axis
y=mx+c is the linear equation of a straight line

c

1. Match the correct answer
a) find y-intercept given y=2x+8

b) find the gradient given y=-5x-8
c) find y-intercept from the graph
below
2
d) find the gradient from the graph below
Q(8,14)
P(4,2)
e) find the value of y-intercept from

the graph below
-3
-5
(5,0)
(0,-3)
2. Write the equation of the line of best fit for each of the following graphs
Example:
i)
ii)
x
x
2
x (1,6)
x
(4, 6)
x
x
Find m:
(( 8,1)
x
62
40
Find m:
1
Find c:
Find c:
y-intercept, c = 2
1 6
8 1
5
7
P mt c
5
6 (1) c
7
47
c
7
m

Substitute into y mx c
The equation of the line is y x 2
a)
5
7
The equation of the line : P t
b)
x (1,5)
)
F
(8,10)
x
x
(6,1)
x (2,2)
5 1
1 6
4
=
5
Find m:
P=mV+c
Find c :
Find m:
Find c:
4
(1) c
5
29
c=
5
10 2
82
4
=
3
F=mX+c
4
3
2
c=
3
2= (2) c
5=
P=
4
29
V
5
5
F=
4 2
X
3
3
3. Determine the horizontal and vertical axes of the following graph

Example:
Plot graph y2 against x
y2
vertical axes
horizontal axes
47
7

a) Plot graph y against x2
b) Plot graph P against V

P
x2
c) Plot graph xy against
d) Plot graph against
xy
1
x
1
b
4. Based on the table given, plot the points and draw a line of best fit. Hence write the
equation for the line of best fit.
Example:
i)
The values of variables G and H in an experiment are given in the table below
G
H
0.3
0.35
0.6
0.50
0.8
0.59
a) Plot G against H and draw a line of best fit

b) Write an equation for the line of best fit
0.9
0.65
1.0
0.7

Solution:
Plot the graph:
G
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
(1.0,0.7))
0.5
0.4
0.3
(0,0.22)
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.2 0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
0.7 0.22
1 0
0.48
Find m from the graph: m

Find c from the graph:
c = 0.21
G 0.48H 0.21
a) The table below represents the experimental values of two variables L and W.
W
L
0.1
10.8
0.2
11.3
0.3
12.1
0.4
12.4
i) Plot L against W and draw the line of best fit

ii) Write an equation for the line of best fit
[Ans : m = 5.3, c = 10.2, L = 5.3W +10.2]
0.5
12.7

15
0.3
0.4
0.5
10
0.1
0.2
Find m from the graph:
10.2 11 .8
0 0.3
= 5.3
c = 10.2
Substitute into y=mx+c
L=5.3W+10.2
b) The table below represents the experimental values of two variables p and q.
p
q
1.0
2.2
2.8
3.4
5.6
5.7
8.4
7.4
i) Plot q against p and draw the line of best fit

ii) Write an equation for the line of best fit
[Ans : m = 0.7, c = 1.4, q = 0.7p + 1.4]
11.5
9.7
14.2
11.2

q
15
10
p
0
10
1.4 12
0 15
= 0.7
c = 1.4
Substitute into y=mx+c
q=0.7p+1.4
10
15

Learning Outcomes:
2.1.3
Determine values of variables
2.1.3 ( a ) Determine values of variables from lines of best fit

1. Determine the values of the variables from the given lines of best fit.
Example:
y
5
Two variables, x and y, are related by the line of best fit as shown in the graph above. From
the graph, determine the value of
( i ) y when x = 1.4
( ii ) x when y = 4.4
11

Solution
y
5
y=4.
4
y=2.9
x=1.4
From the graph,

(i)
when x = 1.4 , y = 2.9
( ii )
when y = 4.4 , x = 2.2
x=2.2
y=2.2
y=1.4
x=1.2
12
0

x=2.2
x=0.8
x=2.6
a) Two variables , x and y, are related by the line of best fit as shown in the graph above. From
the graph , determine the value of
( i ) y when x = 0.8
( ii ) y when x = 2.2
( iii ) x when y = 1.2
b) The table below shows the corresponding values of the variables T and V obtained
an experiment.
T
20
40
60
80
100
V
122
130
136
148
154
i) Plot a graph of V against T and draw a line of best fit.
ii) Use the graph obtained in ( a ) to determine the value of
a) V when T = 72
b) T when V = 150
[ Answer: a) i) 2.2 ii) 1.4 iii) 2.6 b) ii) a) 143 b) 88 ]
120
163
13
from

170
160
150
V=150
V=143
333
140
130
120
110
100
0
20
40
60
80
T=72
100
120
T=88
2.1.3 ( b ) Determine values of variables from the equations of lines of best fit
Example :
y
P(0.2,16.5)
Q(0.8,9.0)
x
0
The diagram above shows a line of best fit obtained by plotting a graph of y against x. The
line passes through points P(0.2,16.5) and Q(0.8,9.0)
i) Find the equation of the line of best fit
ii) Determine the value of
( a) y when x = 0.7
14

( b ) x when y = 22
Solution
i)
Find m:
m
16.5 9.0
12.5
0.2 0.8
y 12.5 x c
Find c:
At point P(0.2,16.5), 16.5 12.5(0.2) c
16.5 2.5 c
c 19
y 12.5 x 19
ii)
y 12.5 x 19
i)
ii)
When x 0.7 , y 12.5(0.7) 19

10.25
y
22
When
, 22 12.5 x 19
12.5 x 3
x 0.24
p
(5,3)
(2,0.5)
q
a) The diagram above shows part of a line of best fit obtained by plotting a graph of p against q.
The line passes through points (2,0.5) and (5,3).
i)
Find the equation of the line of best fit
ii)
Determine the value of
(a)
q when p=0
(b)
p when q = -1
a) i)
Find m:
15

3 0.5
52
=0.8
Find c:
p =0.8q+c
At point (2,0.5),
0.5=0.8(2)+c
c=-1.1
a) ii)
Substitute into
y=mx+c
a)
p=0.8q-1.1
0=0.8q-1.1
when p=0 ,
q=
b)
when q=-1,
1.1
0.8
=1.38
p=0.8(-1)-1.1
=-1.9
(2,2)
(3,0.5)
t
b) Two variables, v and t , are known to be linearly related as shown by the line of best fit in the
graph above. The line passes through points (2,2) and (3,0.5).
i) Determine the linear equation relating v and t
ii) Find the value of v when
16

( a) t = 0
( b) t = 5
[ Answer : a) i) p 0.8q 1.1
b) i) v 1.5t 5
ii)(a)1.38 (b) -1.9

ii) (a)5
(b) -2.5 ]
b i)
Find m:
m
2 0.5
23
=-1.5
Find c:
At point (2,2),
v =-1.5t+c
2=-1.5(2)+c
c=5
Substitute into
y=mx+c
v=-1.5t+5
b) ii)
a)
when t = 0 ,
b)
when t = 5,
v =-1.5(0)+5
=5
v = -1.5(5)+5
= -2.5
Learning Objective:
2.2 Apply linear law to non-linear relations
Learning Outcomes:
2.2.1 Reduce non-linear relations to linear form
Example:
y
y x2 5
x 0
y -5
1
-4
y x2 5
2
-1
3
4
4
11
x2
y
0
-5
17
1
-4
4
-1
9
4
16
11

20
20
15
15
10
10
10
20
15
25
-5
10
15
20
25
-5
What do you observe?

Quadratic graphs can be drawn as linear graphs if we change the representation of
x- axis, that is x
x2 .
b) y
x
y
2
1
x
y
0.5 1
5
3
2
2
3
1.7
1
x
y
4
1.5
1
y 2( ) 1
x
y
2
1
0.5
0.3
0.25
1.7
1.5
18
0
x
0
0.5
1.5
1
x

Again, what do you observe?

Reciprocal graphs can be drawn as linear graphs if we change the representation of x-axis,
1
that is x
x .
Conclusion: A non-linear equation can be reduced to a linear form Y = mX + c.
Linear Form of Equation
Variables for the Y-axis

coefficient=1
or
Y mX c
19
Y mX , c=0
Constant (no variable)

y-intercept

m=gradient
Variables for the x-axis
2. Identify Y , X , m, c. based on the following linear form.

Example:
i)
y 2x 2 3
Y=y
m=2
ii)
X=x2
c=-3
y
3x 2 5
x
Y
y
x
m=3
X=x2
c=-5
Fill in the blank with the correct answer :

Linear equation
Y
y
y 5x 2 8
y
x
y
x2 2
x
7
y
x
y
x
5
x
xy 8 x 3
1
3
1
y 2x 2
log y log a x log b
m
5
1
X
x2
x2
c
-8
2
1
x
1
x
-5
x
xy
1
y
log y
3
2
1
x
1
2
log b
log a
3. Reduce the following non linear equation to linear equation in the form of Y mX c .
Hence identify Y , X , m, c.
Example:
i) 2 y 3 x 2 5
Create the y-intercept
20

x:
2 y 3x 2 5 x
x
x
x
2y
3x 5
x
Create coefficient of y=1 & Arrange in the form Y=mX+c

2:
y 3
5
x
x 2
2
y 3
5
x
x 2
2
Compare to Y=mX+c
y 3
5
x
x 2
2
ii)
y2
y
3
5
, m , X x, c
x
2
2
7
3x
x
Create the y-intercept

x : xy 2
7
x 3 x x
x
xy 2 7 3x 2
Arrange in the form Y=mX+c

xy 2 3 x 2 7
Compare to Y=mX+c
xy 2 3 x 2 7
Y y, m 3, X x 2 , c 7
4. Fill in the blank with correct answer

Example:
Non Linear Equation
a) y 2 x 2 5
Linear Form Equation

= 2x2
21

X
x2
Non Linear Equation
c
-5

y
x2 7
x
b) y x 3 7 x
Y
y
X
x2
c
-7
Non Linear Equation

c) x

y
y 8
8
x
X
1
c
0
Non Linear Equation

2
d) y 7 x
3
x
xy
Y
xy
m
7
x3
3
22
3
=7 x
+ 3

Non Linear Equation

y
5 3x
x
e) y 5 x 3 x 2
Y
y
-3
Non Linear Equation

9
Linear form equation
1
4
1
y
9x
f) y x 7
Y
1
m
4
1
1
Non Linear Equation

log y loga
g) y ab x
Y
logy
logb
X
x
C
log a
23
+ xlogb

Learning Outcomes:
2.2.2 Determine values of constants on non-linear relations given:
2.2.2a)Determine values of constants from lines of best fit
1. Find the value of the following situation.
Example:
The variables x and y are related by the equation by x
a
where a and b are constants.The
x
diagram below shows part of a line of best fit obtained by plotting a graph of xy against x2 .Find
the values of a and b.
xy
(4,50)
(1,35)
x2
0
From the graph identify the representation of y-axis and x-axis
Y xy, X x 2
Reduce the equation given to linear form , Y = mX +c:

by x a
b:

b
b bx
y x a
b bx
x
a
x : xy x
x
b
bx
1
a
xy x 2
b
b
Compare Y=mX+c
Y xy, X x 2 , m
m
1
a
,c
b
b
50 35
5
4 1
Find c , substitute X=1 , Y=35 , m=5 into the equation Y mX c
Y mX+c
24

35=5(1)+c
c=30
Find the variables a and b
a
30
b
a
30
1
5
a6
1
m =5
b
1
b
5
a)
Diagram shows a straight line graph of
y
against x 2
x
y
x
(4,6)
(1,3)
x2
Given that y px 3 qx where p and q are constants, find the values of p and q.
[p=1, q=2]
From the question identify the representation of y-axis and x-axis
y
Y , X x2
x

y px 3 qx
x:
x
x
x
y
2
px q
x
Compare Y=mX+c
Y
y
, X x 2 , m p, c q
x
63
m
4 1
25

=1
Y mX+c
3 = 1(1)+c
c=2
Find the variables p and q
m p 1
b)
Diagram shows a straight line graph of

by the equation y ax
c q 2
1
y
against 2 .The variables x and y are related
x
x
b
where a and b are constants. Find the values a and b.
x
y
x
(3,7)
(1,3)
1
x2
[ a = 1 , b = 2]
From the question identify the representation of y-axis and x-axis
y
1
,X 2
x
x

y ax b
x:
x
x xx
b
y
a 2
x
x
Compare Y=mX+c
y
1
, X 2 , m b, c a
x
x
26


m
73
2
3 1
Y mX+c
3 = 2(1)+c
c=1
Find the variables a and b
m b 2
c a 1
2.2.2b) Determine values of constants from data

1. Find the values of the constants based on the table of values.
Example:
x
y
1
1.00
2
2.83
3
3.81
4
5.00
5
5.90
The table above shows experimental values of two variables, x and y. The variables x and y are
known to be related by the equation y h x
( i )Plot a graph of
k
where h and k are constants.
x
against x and draw a line of best fit.
( ii )From the graph obtained in ( b ) , find the values of h and k.
Solution:
Y= y x , X=x
Construct a new table
X=x
Y y
1
1.00
2
4.00
3
6.60
4
10.00
5
13.19
Plot the points and draw the graph
27

Graph of y x against x
y x
14
12
10
8
10 2 = 8
4
2
4 1.4 = 2.6
-2
Reduce the equation given to linear form , Y mX c
k
x
x:y x h x x
x
y
x hx k
Compare Y mX c
Y y
x , X x, m h, c k
Find m and y-intercept from the graph :
10 2
3.077
4 1.4
m h 3.077
m
h 3.077
y-intercept=c=-2
c=k=-2
k 2
28

a) Table shows the values of two variables , x and y,obtained from an experiment.The
r
variables x and y are related by the equation y px px , where p and r are constants.
x
y
1.0
5.5
2.0
4.7
3.0
5.0
4.0
6.5
5.0
7.7
5.5
8.4
( i )Plot xy against x2 , by using a scale of 2 cm to 5 units on both axes.Hence , draw the line of
best fit.
( ii )Use the graph from ( a ) to find the value of
( a ) p,
( b ) r.
[ p = 1.3778 , r = 5.5111 ]

Y = xy , X = x2
X=x2
Y xy
1
5.5
4
9.4
9
15
16
26
25
38.5
29
30.25
46.2

Chapter 2: LinearxyLaw
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
35-4=31
20
15
10
22.5 4=18.5
0
x2
0
10
15
20
x : xy
px ( x )
xy px 2
r
x
px
r
p
Compare Y mX c
Y xy, X x 2 , m p, c
r
p
30
25
30
35

y-intercept=c=4
35 4
m
1.3778
22.5 0
m p 1.3778
p 1.3778
c= p =4
r
4
1.3778
r = 5.5111
b) Table shows the values of two variables , x and y,obtained from an experiment.The variables
2
x and y are related by the equation y 2kx
x
y
( i )Plot
2
8
3
13.2
p
x, where p and k are constants.
k
4
20
5
27.5
6
36.6
7
45.5
y
against x , using a scale of 2 cm to 1 unit on both axes.Hence , draw the line of best
x
fit.
( ii )Use the graph from ( a ) to find the value of
( a ) p,
( b ) k.
( c )y when x = 1.2
[ p = 0.754 , k = 0.26 ,y = 4.2 ]

y
Y=
,X=x
x
X=x
y
Y
x
3
4.4
5.5
6.1
6.5
31

y
x
y
3 .4
x
4
x
0
x=1.2

2
x : y 2kx p x
x
x
kx
y
p
2kx
x
k
Compare Y mX c
Y
y
p
, X x, m 2 k , c
x
k
32

5 2. 7
p
m
0.575
y-intercept=c= 2.7
40
k
m 2k 0.575
p
k 0.2875
2.7=
0.2875
p = 0.7763
From the graph :

When x = 1.2 ,
y
3 .4
x
y
3.4
1.2
y = 4.08
33

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WAJA 2009

WAJA 2009 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS (FORM 5)

2.Understand and use the concept of lines of best fit

the appropriate cup. Then write

1.points lie as close as possible to the line

WAJA 2009 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS (FORM 5)

WAJA 2009 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS (FORM 5)

Write equation for lines of best fit

is a value of y where the graph cuts the y-axis

y=mx+c is the linear equation of a straight line

WAJA 2009 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS (FORM 5)

1. Match the correct answer

a) find y-intercept given y=2x+8

e) find the value of y-intercept from

WAJA 2009 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS (FORM 5)

The equation of the line : P t

3. Determine the horizontal and vertical axes of the following graph

WAJA 2009 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS (FORM 5)

a) Plot graph y against x2

b) Plot graph P against V

c) Plot graph xy against

d) Plot graph against

a) Plot G against H and draw a line of best fit

WAJA 2009 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS (FORM 5)

0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

Find m from the graph: m

i) Plot L against W and draw the line of best fit

WAJA 2009 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS (FORM 5)

Find m from the graph:

Find c from the graph:

Substitute into y=mx+c

i) Plot q against p and draw the line of best fit

WAJA 2009 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS (FORM 5)

Find m from the graph:

Substitute into y=mx+c

WAJA 2009 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS (FORM 5)

Determine values of variables

2.1.3 ( a ) Determine values of variables from lines of best fit

WAJA 2009 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS (FORM 5)

From the graph,

when x = 1.4 , y = 2.9

when y = 4.4 , x = 2.2

WAJA 2009 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS (FORM 5)

WAJA 2009 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS (FORM 5)

WAJA 2009 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS (FORM 5)

When x 0.7 , y 12.5(0.7) 19

WAJA 2009 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS (FORM 5)

WAJA 2009 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS (FORM 5)

ii)(a)1.38 (b) -1.9

WAJA 2009 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS (FORM 5)

What do you observe?

WAJA 2009 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS (FORM 5)

Again, what do you observe?

Linear Form of Equation

Variables for the Y-axis

Constant (no variable)

WAJA 2009 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS (FORM 5)

2. Identify Y , X , m, c. based on the following linear form.

Fill in the blank with the correct answer :

WAJA 2009 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS (FORM 5)

Create coefficient of y=1 & Arrange in the form Y=mX+c

Create the y-intercept

Arrange in the form Y=mX+c