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Midway Maritime Foundation Inc.

Maharlika Highway, Bitas, Cabanatuan City


Midshipman Domrique, Jhun Robert P.

Bachelor of Science in
Marine Engineering -3A4
(Social Science: Abnormal
Disorders)

Anxiety Disorders
Anxiety is a normal human emotion that everyone
experiences at times. Many people feel anxious, or nervous, when
faced with a problem at work, before taking a test, or making an
important decision. Anxiety disorders, however, are different. They
can cause such distress that it interferes with a person's ability to
lead a normal life. An anxiety disorder is a serious mental illness. For
people with anxiety disorders, worry and fear are constant and
overwhelming, and can be crippling.

What Are the Types of Anxiety Disorders?


There are several recognized types of anxiety disorders, including:

Panic disorder: People with this condition have feelings of terror that strike suddenly and
repeatedly with no warning. Other symptoms of a panic attack include sweating, chest pain,
palpitations (unusually strong or irregular heartbeats), and a feeling of choking, which may make the
person feel like he or she is having a heart attack or "going crazy."

Social anxiety disorder: Also called social phobia, social anxiety disorder involves
overwhelming worry and self-consciousness about everyday social situations. The worry often
centers on a fear of being judged by others, or behaving in a way that might cause embarrassment or
lead to ridicule.

Specific phobias: A specific phobia is an intense fear of a specific object or situation, such as
snakes, heights, or flying. The level of fear is usually inappropriate to the situation and may cause the
person to avoid common, everyday situations.

Generalized anxiety disorder: This disorder involves excessive, unrealistic worry and
tension, even if there is little or nothing to provoke the anxiety.

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Midway Maritime Foundation Inc.


Maharlika Highway, Bitas, Cabanatuan City
Midshipman Domrique, Jhun Robert P.

Bachelor of Science in
Marine Engineering -3A4
(Social Science: Abnormal
Disorders)

Symptoms vary depending on the type of anxiety disorder, but general symptoms include:

Feelings of panic, fear, and uneasiness


Problems sleeping
Cold or sweaty hands and/or feet
Shortness of breath
Heart palpitations
An inability to be still and calm
Dry mouth
Numbness or tingling in the hands or feet
Nausea
Muscle tension
Dizziness

Phobia
A phobia is an intense fear of something that, in reality, poses little or
no actual danger. Common phobias and fears include closed-in places,
heights, highway driving, flying insects, snakes, and needles. However, we
can develop phobias of virtually anything. Most phobias develop in childhood,
but they can also develop in adults.

There are four general types of phobias and fears:


Animal phobias. Examples include the fear of snakes, spiders, rodents, and dogs.
Natural environment phobias. Examples include fear of heights, storms, water, and of the
dark.
Situational phobias (fears triggered by a specific situation). Examples include fear of
enclosed spaces (claustrophobia), flying, driving, tunnels, and bridges.
Blood-Injection-Injury phobia. This is the fear of blood, injury, or needles, or other medical
procedures.

Abnormal Disorders [Psychology]


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Midway Maritime Foundation Inc.


Maharlika Highway, Bitas, Cabanatuan City
Midshipman Domrique, Jhun Robert P.

Bachelor of Science in
Marine Engineering -3A4
(Social Science: Abnormal
Disorders)

The symptoms of a phobia can range from mild feelings of apprehension and anxiety to a fullblown panic attack. Typically, the closer you are to the thing youre afraid of, the greater your fear will
be. Your fear will also be higher if getting away is difficult.

Physical signs and symptoms of a phobia


Difficulty breathing
Racing or pounding heart
Chest pain or tightness
Trembling or shaking
Emotional signs and symptoms of a phobia
Feeling of overwhelming anxiety or panic
Feeling an intense need to escape
Feeling unreal or detached from yourself

Feeling dizzy or lightheaded


A churning stomach
Hot or cold flashes; tingling sensations
Sweating

Fear of losing control or going crazy


Feeling like youre going to die or pass out
Knowing that youre overreacting, but
feeling powerless to control your fea

What Causes Specific Phobias?

The exact cause of specific phobias is not known, but most appear to be associated with a
traumatic experience or a learned reaction. For example, a person who has a frightening or
threatening experience with an animal, such as an attack or being bitten, can develop a specific
phobia. Witnessing a traumatic event in which others experience harm or extreme fear can also
cause a specific phobia, as can receiving information or repeated warnings about potentially
dangerous situations or animals.

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)


It is a common anxiety disorder that involves chronic worrying,
nervousness, and tension. Unlike a phobia, where your fear is connected to
a specific thing or situation, the anxiety of generalized anxiety disorder is
diffusea general feeling of dread or unease that colors your whole life.
Abnormal Disorders [Psychology]
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Midway Maritime Foundation Inc.


Maharlika Highway, Bitas, Cabanatuan City
Midshipman Domrique, Jhun Robert P.

Bachelor of Science in
Marine Engineering -3A4
(Social Science: Abnormal
Disorders)

This anxiety is less intense than a panic attack, but much longer lasting, making normal life difficult
and relaxation impossible.

Emotional symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder


Constant worries running through your head
Feeling like your anxiety is uncontrollable; there is nothing you can do to stop the worrying
Intrusive thoughts about things that make you anxious; you try to avoid thinking about them,
but you cant
An inability to tolerate uncertainty; you need to know whats going to happen in the future
A pervasive feeling of apprehension or dread
Behavioral symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder
Inability to relax, enjoy quiet time, or be by yourself
Difficulty concentrating or focusing on things
Putting things off because you feel overwhelmed
Avoiding situations that make you anxious
Physical symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder
Feeling tense; having muscle tightness or body aches
Having trouble falling asleep or staying asleep because your mind wont quit
Feeling edgy, restless, or jumpy
Stomach problems, nausea, diarrhea
What is the difference between Normal Worry and Generalized Anxiety Disorder?
"Normal" Worry vs. Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Normal Worry:

Generalized Anxiety Disorder:

Your worrying doesnt get in the way of your


daily activities and responsibilities.

Your worrying significantly disrupts your job,


activities, or social life.

Youre able to control your worrying.

Your worrying is uncontrollable.

Your worries, while unpleasant, dont cause


significant distress.

Your worries are extremely upsetting and


stressful.

Your worries are limited to a specific, small


number of realistic concerns.

You worry about all sorts of things, and tend to


expect the worst.

Your bouts of worrying last for only a short time


period.

Youve been worrying almost every day for at


least six months.

Panic disorder
It is different from the normal fear and anxiety reactions to
stressful events. Panic disorder is a serious condition that strikes
without reason or warning. Symptoms of panic disorder include
Abnormal Disorders [Psychology]
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Midway Maritime Foundation Inc.


Maharlika Highway, Bitas, Cabanatuan City
Midshipman Domrique, Jhun Robert P.

Bachelor of Science in
Marine Engineering -3A4
(Social Science: Abnormal
Disorders)

sudden attacks of fear and nervousness, as well as physical


symptoms such assweating and a racing heart. During a panic
attack, the fear response is out of proportion for the situation, which
often is not threatening. Over time, a person with panic disorder
develops a constant fear of having another panic attack, which can
affect daily functioning and general quality of life.
Panic disorder often occurs along with other serious
conditions, such asdepression, alcoholism, or drug abuse.

Symptoms of a panic attack, which often last about 10 minutes, include:

Difficulty breathing
Pounding heart or chest pain
Intense feeling of dread
Sensation of choking or smothering
Dizziness or feeling faint
Trembling or shaking
Sweating
Nausea or stomachache
Tingling or numbness in the fingers and toes
Chills or hot flashes
A fear that you are losing control or are about to die
What Causes Panic Disorder?

Although the exact cause of panic disorder is not fully understood, studies have shown
that a combination of factors, including biological and environmental, may be involved.
These factors include.

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Midway Maritime Foundation Inc.


Maharlika Highway, Bitas, Cabanatuan City
Midshipman Domrique, Jhun Robert P.

Bachelor of Science in
Marine Engineering -3A4
(Social Science: Abnormal
Disorders)

Family history. Panic disorder has been shown to sometimes run in families. It may sometimes
be passed on to people by one or both parents much like the risk for other complex diseases such
as canceror heart disease.
Abnormalities in the brain. Panic disorder may be caused by problems in regulating brain areas
that control the "fight or flight" response.
Substance abuse. Abuse of drugs and alcohol can contribute to panic disorder.
Major life stress. Stressful events and major life transitions, such as the death of a loved one,
can sometimes trigger panic attacks, which can potentially recur and go on to become panic
disorder.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)


It is an anxiety disorder characterized by uncontrollable,
unwanted thoughts and repetitive, ritualized behaviors you feel
compelled to perform. If you have OCD, you probably recognize that
your obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors are irrational,but
even so, you feel unable to resist them and break free.

Most people with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have both obsessions and compulsions, but
some people experience just one or the other.
Obsessive thoughts

Fear of being contaminated by germs or dirt or contaminating others


Fear of causing harm to yourself or others
Intrusive sexually explicit or violent thoughts and images
Excessive focus on religious or moral ideas
Fear of losing or not having things you might need

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Midway Maritime Foundation Inc.


Maharlika Highway, Bitas, Cabanatuan City
Midshipman Domrique, Jhun Robert P.

Bachelor of Science in
Marine Engineering -3A4
(Social Science: Abnormal
Disorders)

Order and symmetry: the idea that everything must line up just right
Superstitions; excessive attention to something considered lucky or unlucky
Compulsive behavior

Excessive double-checking of things, such as locks, appliances, and switches


Repeatedly checking in on loved ones to make sure theyre safe
Counting, tapping, repeating certain words, or doing other senseless things to reduce anxiety
Spending a lot of time washing or cleaning
Ordering or arranging things just so
Praying excessively or engaging in rituals triggered by religious fear
Accumulating junk such as old newspapers or empty food containers

What is Obsessions and Compulsions ?

Obsessions are involuntary, seemingly uncontrollable thoughts, images, or impulses that


occur over and over again in your mind. You dont want to have these ideas, but you cant stop
them. Unfortunately, these obsessive thoughts are often disturbing and distracting.
Compulsions are behaviors or rituals that you feel driven to act out again and again. Usually,
compulsions are performed in an attempt to make obsessions go away. For example, if youre
afraid of contamination, you might develop elaborate cleaning rituals. However, the relief never
lasts. In fact, the obsessive thoughts usually come back stronger. And the compulsive
behaviors often end up causing anxiety themselves as they become more demanding and
time-consuming.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

It is a mental health condition that's triggered by a terrifying event ,either


experiencing it or witnessing it. Symptoms may include flashbacks, nightmares
and severe anxiety, as well as uncontrollable thoughts about the event. Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms may start within three months of a traumatic
event, but sometimes symptoms may not appear until years after the event.
These symptoms cause significant problems in social or work situations and in
relationships.
Abnormal Disorders [Psychology]
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Midway Maritime Foundation Inc.


Maharlika Highway, Bitas, Cabanatuan City
Midshipman Domrique, Jhun Robert P.

Bachelor of Science in
Marine Engineering -3A4
(Social Science: Abnormal
Disorders)

PTSD symptoms are generally grouped into four types: intrusive memories, avoidance,
negative changes in thinking and mood, or changes in emotional reactions.
Intrusive memories

Recurrent, unwanted distressing memories of the traumatic event

Reliving the traumatic event as if it were happening again (flashbacks)

Upsetting dreams about the traumatic event

Severe emotional distress or physical reactions to something that reminds you of the event
Avoidance

Trying to avoid thinking or talking about the traumatic event

Avoiding places, activities or people that remind you of the traumatic event
Negative changes in thinking and mood

Negative feelings about yourself or other people

Inability to experience positive emotions

Feeling emotionally numb

Lack of interest in activities you once enjoyed

Hopelessness about the future

Memory problems, including not remembering important aspects of the traumatic event

Difficulty maintaining close relationships


Changes in emotional reactions

Irritability, angry outbursts or aggressive behavior

Always being on guard for danger

Overwhelming guilt or shame

Self-destructive behavior, such as drinking too much or driving too fast

Trouble concentrating

Trouble sleeping

Being easily startled or frightened


How about the Intensity of symptoms
PTSD symptoms can vary in intensity over time. You may have more PTSD
symptoms when you're stressed in general, or when you run into reminders of what you
went through. For example, you may hear a car backfire and relive combat experiences. Or you may
see a report on the news about a sexual assault and feel overcome by memories of your own assault.
Abnormal Disorders [Psychology]
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Midway Maritime Foundation Inc.


Maharlika Highway, Bitas, Cabanatuan City
Midshipman Domrique, Jhun Robert P.

Bachelor of Science in
Marine Engineering -3A4
(Social Science: Abnormal
Disorders)

Somatoform Disorders
It is mental illnesses that cause bodily symptoms, including pain. The
symptoms can't be traced back to any physical cause. And they are not the
result of substance abuse or another mental illness. People with somatoform
disorders are not faking their symptoms. The pain and other problems they
experience are real. The symptoms can significantly affect daily functioning.

Symptoms and their severity vary depending on the type of somatoform disorder. There are
several types of somatoform disorders:
Somatization disorder. This is also known as Briquet's syndrome. Patients with this type have a long
history of medical problems that starts before the age of 30.
The symptoms involve several different organs and body systems. The patient may report a
combination of:

pain
neurologic problems
gastrointestinal complaints
sexual symptoms
Many people who have somatization disorder will also have an anxiety disorder.

Undifferentiated somatoform disorder. This is a less specific version of somatization disorder. A


diagnosis requires that a person have one or more physical complaints of unexplained symptoms for
at least six months.
Hypochondriasis . People with this type are preoccupied with concern they have a serious disease.
They may believe that minor complaints are signs of very serious medical problems. For example,
they may believe that a common headache is a sign of a brain tumor.
Abnormal Disorders [Psychology]
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Midway Maritime Foundation Inc.


Maharlika Highway, Bitas, Cabanatuan City
Midshipman Domrique, Jhun Robert P.

Bachelor of Science in
Marine Engineering -3A4
(Social Science: Abnormal
Disorders)

Body dysmorphic disorder. People with this disorder are obsessed with -- or may exaggerate -- a
physical flaw. Patients may also imagine a flaw they don't have.
The worry over this trait or flaw is typically constant. It may involve any part of the body. Patients can
be obsessed with things such as wrinkles,hair, or the size or shape of the eyes, nose, or breasts.
Conversion disorder. This condition strikes when people have neurological symptoms that can't be
traced back to a medical cause. For example, patients may have symptoms such as:

paralysis
blindness
hearing loss
loss of sensation or numbness
Stress usually makes symptoms of conversion disorder worse.

Pain disorder. People who have pain disorder typically experience pain that started with a
psychological stress or trauma.
For example, they develop an unexplained, chronic headache after a stressful life event.
Pain is the focus of the disorder. But psychological factors are believed to play a role in the perception
and severity of the pain.

Hypochondria
Illness anxiety disorder, sometimes called hypochondria or health
anxiety, is worrying excessively that you are or may become seriously ill. You
may have no physical symptoms. Or you may believe that normal body
sensations or minor symptoms are signs of severe illness, even though a
thorough medical exam doesn't reveal a serious medical condition.
Illness anxiety disorder is a long-term condition that can fluctuate in
severity. It may increase with age or during times of stress. But psychological
counseling (psychotherapy) and sometimes medication can help ease your
worries.

Abnormal Disorders [Psychology]


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Midway Maritime Foundation Inc.


Maharlika Highway, Bitas, Cabanatuan City
Midshipman Domrique, Jhun Robert P.

Bachelor of Science in
Marine Engineering -3A4
(Social Science: Abnormal
Disorders)

Symptoms of illness anxiety disorder involve preoccupation with the idea that you're seriously ill,
based on normal body sensations (such as a noisy stomach) or minor symptoms (such as a minor
rash). Signs and symptoms may include:
Being preoccupied with having or getting a serious disease or health condition
Worrying that minor symptoms or body sensations mean you have a serious illness
Being easily alarmed about your health status
Finding little or no reassurance from negative test results or a doctor's reassurance that you're
healthy
Worrying excessively about a specific medical condition or your risk of developing a medical
condition because it runs in your family
Having so much distress about possible illnesses that it's hard for you to function
Repeatedly checking your body for signs of illness
Frequently making medical appointments for reassurance or, avoiding medical care for fear
of being diagnosed with a serious illness
Avoiding people, places or activities for fear of health risks
Constantly talking about your health and possible illnesses
Frequently searching the Internet for causes of symptoms or possible illnesses
What are the Causes?
The exact cause of illness anxiety disorder isn't clear, but these factors may play a role:

Beliefs. You don't understand the meaning of body sensations or you have a poor
understanding of diseases, or both. This could lead you to think that all body sensations are
serious, so you search for evidence to confirm that you have a serious disease.

Family. You may be more likely to have health anxiety if you had parents who worried too
much about their own health or your health.

Past experience. You may have had experience with serious illness in childhood, so physical
sensations are frightening to you.
Illness anxiety disorder usually begins in early or middle adulthood and may get worse with age.
Often for older individuals, health-related anxiety may focus on the fear of losing their memory.

Dissociative disorders (DD)


A conditions that involve disruptions or breakdowns of memory,
awareness, identity, or perception. People with dissociative disorders
use dissociation, a defense mechanism, pathologically and involuntarily.
Dissociative disorders are thought to primarily be caused by psychological
trauma.

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Midway Maritime Foundation Inc.


Maharlika Highway, Bitas, Cabanatuan City
Midshipman Domrique, Jhun Robert P.

Bachelor of Science in
Marine Engineering -3A4
(Social Science: Abnormal
Disorders)

Memory loss (amnesia) of certain time periods, events and people


Mental health problems, such as depression, anxiety, and suicidal thoughts and attempts
A sense of being detached from yourself
A perception of the people and things around you as distorted and unreal
A blurred sense of identity
Significant stress or problems in your relationships, work or other important areas of your life
What are the different types of dissociative disorder?

Dissociative amnesia
This is when you cant remember significant personal information or particular periods of time,
which cant be explained by ordinary forgetfulness. You may also experience mild to moderate
depersonalisation, derealisation and identity confusion.

Depersonalisation disorder
You will have strong feelings of detachment from your own body or feel that your body is unreal. You
may also experience mild to moderate derealisation and mild identity confusion.

Dissociative fugue
You may travel to a new location during a temporary loss of identity. You may then assume a
different identity and a new life. Usually this fugue will last for a few days, but it can last longer. To
people who dont know you, your behaviour may appear normal.
When your memory of your identity returns, you may have a range of different feelings about what
you did while in the fugue, such as depression, guilt, shame, fear and/or confusion. If you experience
dissociative fugue, you are likely to have experienced severe amnesia, with moderate to severe
identity confusion and often
identity alteration.

Dissociative identity disorder (DID)


This is the most complex dissociative disorder. It is also known as multiple personality disorder
(MPD). This has led some to see it as a personality disorder, although it is not. The defining feature is
severe change in identity.
Abnormal Disorders [Psychology]
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Midway Maritime Foundation Inc.


Maharlika Highway, Bitas, Cabanatuan City
Midshipman Domrique, Jhun Robert P.

Bachelor of Science in
Marine Engineering -3A4
(Social Science: Abnormal
Disorders)

Dissociative disorder not otherwise specified (DDNOS)


Each of the five types of dissociative response (see What are the different types of dissociative
disorder?) may occur, but the pattern of mix and severity does not fit any of the other dissociative
disorders listed above.

Mood Disorder
When you think of mood disorders, depression and bipolar disorder
likely come to mind first. That's because these are common, severe illnesses
and leading causes of disability. Depression and bipolar disorder can be
emotionally crippling, making it difficult to live life to its fullest. What you may
not know is that two milder versions of these mood disorders can also take a
toll, and can go undiagnosed. These are called dysthymic
disorder and cyclothymic disorder.
Mood Disorders: What Is Dysthymic Disorder?
This mood disorder is a less severe form of depression.
Although less extreme, dysthymic disorder causes chronic of longlasting moodiness. With dysthymic disorder, low, dark moods invade
your life nearly every day for two years or more. Dysthymia is
contrasted with a full major depressive episode that lasts two years
or longer, which is called chronicmajor depression.
Factors may include:

Genetics
Abnormalities in the functioning of brain circuits involve in emotional processing
Chronic stress or medical illness
Isolation
Poor coping strategies and problems adjusting to life stresses
These factors can feed off each other. For example, if you always see "the glass as half empty,"
you may reinforce the symptoms of depression. And a chronic mood disorder can sensitize you to
stress, further feeding your risk for depression.

Abnormal Disorders [Psychology]


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Midway Maritime Foundation Inc.


Maharlika Highway, Bitas, Cabanatuan City
Midshipman Domrique, Jhun Robert P.

Bachelor of Science in
Marine Engineering -3A4
(Social Science: Abnormal
Disorders)

In addition to chronic low moods, common symptoms of this mood disorder include:

Feelings of hopelessness or helplessness


Trouble sleeping or daytime sleepiness
Poor appetite or eating too much
Fatigue or low energy
Low self-esteem
Trouble concentrating or making decisions

Mood Disorders: What Is Cyclothymic Disorder?

Bipolar disorder causes severe, unusual shifts in mood and


energy that affect your ability to do normal tasks at home, school, or
work. Cyclothymic disorder is often thought of as a mild form
of bipolar disorder.

With cyclothymic disorder, you have low-grade high periods (hypomanias) as well as brief,
fleeting periods of depression that don't last as long (less than 2 weeks at a time) as in a major
depressive episode. The hypomanias in cyclothymic disorder are similar to those seen in bipolar II
disorder, and do not progress to full-blown manias. For example, you may feel an exaggerated sense
of productivity or power, but you don't lose connection with reality. In fact, some people feel the
"highs" of cyclothymic disorder are even enjoyable. They tend to not be as disabling as they are with
bipolar disorder.
Abnormal Disorders [Psychology]
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Midway Maritime Foundation Inc.


Maharlika Highway, Bitas, Cabanatuan City
Midshipman Domrique, Jhun Robert P.

Bachelor of Science in
Marine Engineering -3A4
(Social Science: Abnormal
Disorders)

A diagnosis of cyclothymic disorder may result from simply describing symptoms like these:

Episodes that involve brief, recurrent periods of depression and, at other times, episodes
of hypomania; this pattern of episodes must be present for at least 2 years.
Symptoms that persist, creating fewer than 2 symptom-free months in a row.
The episodes of cyclothymic disorder are often somewhat unpredictable. Either depression or
hypomania can last for days or weeks, interspersed with a month or two of normal moods. Or, you
may have no "normal" periods in between. In some cases, cyclothymic disorder progresses to fullblown bipolar disease.
Any additional Information?

Personality disorders
Explains personality disorders,
including possible causes and how you can
access treatment and support. Includes tips for helping yourself, and
guidance for friends and family.

Abnormal Disorders [Psychology]


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Midway Maritime Foundation Inc.


Maharlika Highway, Bitas, Cabanatuan City
Midshipman Domrique, Jhun Robert P.

Bachelor of Science in
Marine Engineering -3A4
(Social Science: Abnormal
Disorders)

The different types of personality disorder that might need treatment can be broadly grouped
into one of three clusters, called A, B or C.
1. Cluster A personality disorders
A person with a cluster A personality disorder tends to have difficulty relating to others and usually
shows patterns of behaviour most people would regard as odd and eccentric.
The main personality disorders in this category are listed below.
Paranoid personality disorder
A person with a paranoid personality disorder is extremely distrustful and suspicious. Other features
include:
thinking other people are lying to them or trying to manipulate them
feeling they cannot really trust their friends and associates
worrying that any confidential information shared with others will be used against them
thinking there are hidden meanings in remarks most would regard as innocent
worrying that their spouse or partner is unfaithful, despite a lack of evidence
Schizoid personality disorder
Someone with a schizoid personality disorder may appear cold and detached, and avoid making
close social contact with others. Other features include:
preferring to take part in activities that do not require interaction with others
having little desire to form close relationships, including sexual relationships
being uninterested when receiving criticism or praise
having a limited ability to experience pleasure or joy
Schizotypal personality disorder
A person with a schizotypal personality disorder is likely to have poor social skills and delusional
thoughts, and behave in unusual ways. Other features include:

attaching undue and misguided significance to everyday events such as thinking newspaper
headlines are secret messages to them
believing in special powers such as telepathy or the ability to influence other peoples
emotions and actions

Abnormal Disorders [Psychology]


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Midway Maritime Foundation Inc.


Maharlika Highway, Bitas, Cabanatuan City
Midshipman Domrique, Jhun Robert P.

Bachelor of Science in
Marine Engineering -3A4
(Social Science: Abnormal
Disorders)

having unusual ways of speaking such as long, rambling vague sentences or going off on a
tangent
experiencing excessive anxiety in social situations even if they have known a particular
person or group of people a long time
2. Cluster B personality disorders
Someone with a cluster B personality disorder struggles to relate to others. As a result,
they show patterns of behaviour most would regard as dramatic, erratic and threatening or disturbing.
The main personality disorders in this category are listed below.
Antisocial personality disorder
A person with an antisocial personality disorder sees other people as vulnerable and may intimidate
or bully others without remorse. They lack concern about the consequences of their actions.
Symptoms include:

lack of concern, regret or remorse about other people's distress


irresponsibility and disregard for normal social behaviour
difficulty in sustaining long-term relationships
little ability to tolerate frustration and to control their anger
lack of guilt, or not learning from their mistakes
blaming others for problems in their lives

The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) has published guidelines on how people
with antisocial personality disorders should be treated. For more information, see NICE: antisocial
personality disorder (PDF, 250kb).
Borderline personality disorder
A person with borderline personality disorder is emotionally unstable, has impulses to self-harm, and
has very intense and unstable relationships with others.
Read more about borderline personality disorder.
Histrionic personality disorder
A person with histrionic personality disorder is anxious about being ignored. As a result, they feel
a compulsion (overwhelming urge) to be noticed and the centre of everyones
attention. Features include:

displaying excessive emotion, yet appearing to lack real emotional sincerity


dressing provocatively and engaging in inappropriate flirting or sexually seductive behaviour
moving quickly from one emotional state to another

Abnormal Disorders [Psychology]


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Midway Maritime Foundation Inc.


Maharlika Highway, Bitas, Cabanatuan City
Midshipman Domrique, Jhun Robert P.

Bachelor of Science in
Marine Engineering -3A4
(Social Science: Abnormal
Disorders)

being self-centred and caring little about other people


constantly seeking reassurance and approval from other people

Symptoms and signs may co-exist with borderline and narcissistic personality disorders.
Narcissistic personality disorder
A person with narcissistic personality disorder swings between seeing themselves as special and
fearing they are worthless. They may act as if they have an inflated sense of their own importance
and show an intense need for other people to look up to them.
Other symptoms include:

exaggerating their own achievements and abilities


thinking they are entitled to be treated better than other people
exploiting other people for their own personal gain
lacking empathy for other people's weaknesses
looking down on people they feel are "beneath" them, while feeling deeply envious of people
they see as being "above" them
3. Cluster C personality disorders
Someone with a cluster C personality disorder fears personal relationships and shows patterns of
anxious and fearful behaviour around other people. Others may be withdrawn and reluctant to
socialise.
The main personality disorders in this category are listed below.
Avoidant personality disorder
A person with avoidant personality disorder appears painfully shy, is socially inhibited, feels
inadequate and is extremely sensitive to rejection.
Unlike people with schizoid personality disorders, they desire close relationships with others, but lack
the confidence and ability to form them.
Dependent personality disorder
A person with dependent personality disorder feels they have no ability to be independent. They may
show an excessive need for others to look after them and are "clingy". Other features include:

finding it difficult to make decisions without other peoples guidance


needing others to take responsibility over what should be their own important life choices
not being able to express disagreement with other people
finding it difficult to start new activities due to a lack of confidence

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Midway Maritime Foundation Inc.


Maharlika Highway, Bitas, Cabanatuan City
Midshipman Domrique, Jhun Robert P.

Bachelor of Science in
Marine Engineering -3A4
(Social Science: Abnormal
Disorders)

going to extremes to obtain support and comfort


feeling helpless and uncomfortable when alone
urgently needing to start a new relationship once a previous relationship comes to an end
having an unrealistic and constant fear they will be left alone to fend for themselves
Obsessive compulsive personality disorder

A person with obsessive compulsive personality disorder is anxious about issues that seem out of
control or "messy". They are preoccupied with orderliness and ways to control their environment, and
may come across to others as a "control freak".
Other features include:

having an excessive interest in lists, timetables and rules


being so concerned with completing a task perfectly that they have problems completing it
(perfectionism)
being a workaholic
having very rigid views about issues such as morality, ethics and how a person should behave
in daily life
hoarding items that seem to have no monetary or sentimental value
being unable to delegate tasks to other people
disliking spending money, as they think it is always better to save for a "rainy day"

This personality disorder differs from obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), a related mental health
condition, in several important ways:

People with OCD are aware that their behaviour is abnormal and are anxious about it. Most
people with obsessive compulsive personality disorder think their behaviour is perfectly
acceptable and have no desire to change it.
Some people with OCD are compelled to carry out rituals, such as having to touch every
second lamppost as they walk down the street. This is not usually the case with people with
obsessive compulsive personality disorder.
People with OCD may feel compelled to make lists or organise items in their house, but feel
anxious about doing so. People with obsessive compulsive personality disorder find relief from
anxiety when doing such tasks and may become irritated when prevented from doing so.

Abnormal Disorders [Psychology]


19

Midway Maritime Foundation Inc.


Maharlika Highway, Bitas, Cabanatuan City
Midshipman Domrique, Jhun Robert P.

Bachelor of Science in
Marine Engineering -3A4
(Social Science: Abnormal
Disorders)

What causes a personality disorder?


Research about personality disorders suggests that a combination of factors is involved.
1. Family circumstances
There is some evidence to suggest that family circumstances can make you vulnerable to
personality disorder. This might be because you had a difficult childhood. You may have had changes
in your family so that you had several different parent figures, with different demands and
expectations, or you may have spent time in care. If you experienced physical, sexual or emotional
neglect or abuse (many people with borderline personality disorder [BPD] report that this is the case),
this may make you more vulnerable.

It is difficult to learn how to have normal trusting relationships if the people you are dependent
on do not provide security, or it comes with abuse. This may make you feel that you are worthless,
make you prone to anger, and you may find it difficult to express your emotions safely. If you have
had to adapt to different parent figures, you may never have learned to trust others, or to understand
other peoples feelings or body language, and may suspect their intentions towards you. In turn, if you
seem aggressive and hostile, others will be suspicious of you and avoid you, and this will make the
problems worse.

Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) has been linked to antisocial behaviour in childhood, which
could be the result of high levels of stress and family problems. These might include your parents not
giving you enough warmth, intimacy, consistency or appropriate discipline and supervision. Your
parents having ASPD or abusing drugs or alcohol may also be factors.

2. Trauma
Repeated childhood traumas (unrelated to abuse), such as being involved in major incidents or
accidents, or sudden bereavement, may lead to personality disorder. Its been suggested that early
and severe trauma, in particular, can cause personality difficulties.
This is not to say that everyone who experiences a traumatic situation will develop these problems,
just that it might leave someone more vulnerable. However, the way you and others around you
reacted and dealt with it, and the support and care you received to help you cope, will have made a
lot of difference.
Abnormal Disorders [Psychology]
20

Midway Maritime Foundation Inc.


Maharlika Highway, Bitas, Cabanatuan City
Midshipman Domrique, Jhun Robert P.

Bachelor of Science in
Marine Engineering -3A4
(Social Science: Abnormal
Disorders)

3. Genetics and inheritance


Some elements of our personality are inherited. People are born with different temperaments; for
example, babies vary in how sociable they are, in the intensity of their reactions, and in the length of
their attention span. Some experts believe that inheritance may play a relatively big part in the
development of OCPD (obsessive compulsive) and ASPD (antisocial) (see Types of personality
disorder), and that there may also be a genetic link between personality disorders and certain other
mental health problems; for example, schizophrenia or bipolar disorder.

Schizophrenic Disorder
It is a brain disorder that affects the way a person behaves, thinks,
and sees the world. People with schizophrenia often have an altered
perception of reality. They may see or hear things that dont exist, speak in
strange or confusing ways, believe that others are trying to harm them, or
feel like theyre being constantly watched. This can make it difficult to
negotiate the activities of daily life, and people with schizophrenia may
withdraw from the outside world or act out in confusion and fear.
Although schizophrenia is a chronic disorder, there is help available. With support, medication, and
therapy, many people with schizophrenia are able to function independently and live fulfilling lives.
Signs and symptoms of schizophrenia

There are five types of symptoms characteristic of schizophrenia: delusions, hallucinations,


disorganized speech, disorganized behavior, and the so-called negative symptoms. However, the
signs and symptoms of schizophrenia vary dramatically from person to person, both in pattern and
Abnormal Disorders [Psychology]
21

Midway Maritime Foundation Inc.


Maharlika Highway, Bitas, Cabanatuan City
Midshipman Domrique, Jhun Robert P.

Bachelor of Science in
Marine Engineering -3A4
(Social Science: Abnormal
Disorders)

severity. Not every person with schizophrenia will have all symptoms, and the symptoms of
schizophrenia may also change over time.
Delusions
A delusion is a firmly-held idea that a person has despite clear and obvious evidence that it
isnt true. Delusions are extremely common in schizophrenia, occurring in more than 90% of those
who have the disorder. Often, these delusions involve illogical or bizarre ideas or fantasies.
Common schizophrenic delusions include:

Delusions of persecution Belief that others, often a vague they, are out to get him or her.
These persecutory delusions often involve bizarre ideas and plots (e.g. Martians are trying to
poison me with radioactive particles delivered through my tap water).
Delusions of reference A neutral environmental event is believed to have a special and
personal meaning. For example, a person with schizophrenia might believe a billboard or a
person on TV is sending a message meant specifically for them.
Delusions of grandeur Belief that one is a famous or important figure, such as Jesus Christ
or Napolean. Alternately, delusions of grandeur may involve the belief that one has unusual
powers that no one else has (e.g. the ability to fly).
Delusions of control Belief that ones thoughts or actions are being controlled by outside,
alien forces. Common delusions of control include thought broadcasting (My private thoughts
are being transmitted to others), thought insertion (Someone is planting thoughts in my
head), and thought withdrawal (The CIA is robbing me of my thoughts).
Hallucinations
Hallucinations are sounds or other sensations experienced as real when they exist only
in the person's mind. While hallucinations can involve any of the five senses, auditory
hallucinations (e.g. hearing voices or some other sound) are most common in schizophrenia.
Visual hallucinations are also relatively common. Research suggests that auditory
hallucinations occur when people misinterpret their own inner self-talk as coming from an
outside source.
Schizophrenic hallucinations are usually meaningful to the person experiencing them.
Many times, the voices are those of someone they know. Most commonly, the voices are
critical, vulgar, or abusive. Hallucinations also tend to be worse when the person is alone.
Disorganized speech
Fragmented thinking is characteristic of schizophrenia. Externally, it can be observed in the way a
person speaks. People with schizophrenia tend to have trouble concentrating and maintaining a train
of thought. They may respond to queries with an unrelated answer, start sentences with one topic and
end somewhere completely different, speak incoherently, or say illogical things.
Common signs of disorganized speech in schizophrenia include:
Abnormal Disorders [Psychology]
22

Midway Maritime Foundation Inc.


Maharlika Highway, Bitas, Cabanatuan City
Midshipman Domrique, Jhun Robert P.

Bachelor of Science in
Marine Engineering -3A4
(Social Science: Abnormal
Disorders)

Loose associations Rapidly shifting from topic to topic, with no connection between one
thought and the next.
Neologisms Made-up words or phrases that only have meaning to the patient.
Perseveration Repetition of words and statements; saying the same thing over and over.
Clang Meaningless use of rhyming words (I said the bread and read the shed and fed Ned
at the head").
Disorganized behavior
Schizophrenia disrupts goal-directed activity, causing impairments in a persons ability to take care of
him or herself, work, and interact with others. Disorganized behavior appears as:
A decline in overall daily functioning
Unpredictable or inappropriate emotional responses
Behaviors that appear bizarre and have no purpose
Lack of inhibition and impulse control
Negative symptoms (absence of normal behaviors)
The so-called negative symptoms of schizophrenia refer to the absence of normal behaviors found
in healthy individuals. Common negative symptoms of schizophrenia include:

Lack of emotional expression Inexpressive face, including a flat voice, lack of eye contact,
and blank or restricted facial expressions.
Lack of interest or enthusiasm Problems with motivation; lack of self-care.
Seeming lack of interest in the world Apparent unawareness of the environment; social
withdrawal.
Speech difficulties and abnormalities Inability to carry a conversation; short and
sometimes disconnected replies to questions; speaking in monotone.

What are the Causes of schizophrenia?


The causes of schizophrenia are not fully known. However, it appears that schizophrenia usually
results from a complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors.

Genetic causes of schizophrenia

Schizophrenia has a strong hereditary component. Individuals with a first-degree relative (parent or
sibling) who has schizophrenia have a 10 percent chance of developing the disorder, as opposed to
the one percent chance of the general population.
But schizophrenia is only influenced by genetics, not determined by it. While schizophrenia runs in
families, about 60% of schizophrenics have no family members with the disorder. Furthermore,
individuals who are genetically predisposed to schizophrenia dont always develop the disease, which
shows that biology is not destiny.
Abnormal Disorders [Psychology]
23

Midway Maritime Foundation Inc.


Maharlika Highway, Bitas, Cabanatuan City
Midshipman Domrique, Jhun Robert P.

Bachelor of Science in
Marine Engineering -3A4
(Social Science: Abnormal
Disorders)

Environmental causes of schizophrenia

Twin and adoption studies suggest that inherited genes make a person vulnerable to schizophrenia
and then environmental factors act on this vulnerability to trigger the disorder.
As for the environmental factors involved, more and more research is pointing to stress, either during
pregnancy or at a later stage of development. High levels of stress are believed to trigger
schizophrenia by increasing the bodys production of the hormone cortisol.
Research points to several stress-inducing environmental factors that may be involved in
schizophrenia, including:

Prenatal exposure to a viral infection


Low oxygen levels during birth (from prolonged labor or premature birth)
Exposure to a virus during infancy
Early parental loss or separation
Physical or sexual abuse in childhood
Abnormal brain structure

In addition to abnormal brain chemistry, abnormalities in brain structure may also play a role in
schizophrenia. Enlarged brain ventricles are seen in some schizophrenics, indicating a deficit in the
volume of brain tissue. There is also evidence of abnormally low activity in the frontal lobe, the area of
the brain responsible for planning, reasoning, and decision-making.
Some studies also suggest that abnormalities in the temporal lobes, hippocampus, and amygdala are
connected to schizophrenias positive symptoms. But despite the evidence of brain abnormalities, it is
highly unlikely that schizophrenia is the result of any one problem in any one region of the brain.

What areEffects of schizophrenia?

Abnormal Disorders [Psychology]


24

Midway Maritime Foundation Inc.


Maharlika Highway, Bitas, Cabanatuan City
Midshipman Domrique, Jhun Robert P.

Bachelor of Science in
Marine Engineering -3A4
(Social Science: Abnormal
Disorders)

When the signs and symptoms of schizophrenia are ignored or improperly treated, the effects can be
devastating, both to the individual with the disorder and those around him or her. Some of the
possible effects of schizophrenia are:

Relationship problems. Relationships suffer because people with schizophrenia often


withdraw and isolate themselves. Paranoia can also cause a person with schizophrenia to be
suspicious of friends and family.

Disruption to normal daily activities. Schizophrenia causes significant disruptions to daily


functioning, both because of social difficulties and because everyday tasks become hard, if not
impossible to do. A schizophrenic persons delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized
thoughts typically prevent him or her from doing normal things like bathing, eating, or running
errands.

Alcohol and drug abuse. People with schizophrenia frequently develop problems
with alcohol ordrugs, which are often used in an attempt to self-medicate, or relieve symptoms.
In addition, they may also be heavy smokers, a complicating situation as cigarette smoke can
interfere with the effectiveness of medications prescribed for the disorder.

Increased suicide risk. People with schizophrenia have a high risk of attempting suicide. Any
suicidal talk, threats, or gestures should be taken very seriously. People with schizophrenia are
especially likely to commit suicide during psychotic episodes, during periods of depression,
and in the first six months after theyve started treatment.

Additional Information
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_disorder
A mental disorder, also called a mental illness, psychological disorder or psychiatric disorder,
is mental or behavioralpattern that causes either suffering or a poor ability to function in ordinary life. Many disorders
are described.[1] Conditions that are excluded include social norms. Signs and symptoms depend on the specific
disorder.[1]
The causes of mental disorders are often unclear. Theories may incorporate findings from a range of fields.
Mental disorders are usually defined by a combination of how a person feels, acts, thinks or perceives.[1] This may
be associated with particular regions or functions of the brain, often in a social context. A mental disorder is one
aspect of mental health. The scientific study of mental disorders is called psychopathology.
Services are based in psychiatric hospitals or in the community, and assessments are carried out
by psychiatrists, clinical psychologists and clinical social workers, using various methods but often relying on
observation and questioning. Treatments are provided by various mental health
professionals. Psychotherapy and psychiatric medication are two major treatment options. Other treatments

Abnormal Disorders [Psychology]


25

Midway Maritime Foundation Inc.


Maharlika Highway, Bitas, Cabanatuan City
Midshipman Domrique, Jhun Robert P.

Bachelor of Science in
Marine Engineering -3A4
(Social Science: Abnormal
Disorders)

include social interventions, peer support and self-help. In a minority of cases there might be involuntary
detention ortreatment. Prevention programs have been shown to reduce depression.
Common mental disorders include depression, which affects about 400 million, dementia which affects about
35 million, andschizophrenia, which affects about 21 million people globally.[1] Stigma and discrimination can add to
the suffering and disability associated with mental disorders, leading to various social movements attempting to
increase understanding and challenge social exclusion.

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