Professional Documents
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0 INTRODUCTION
An open channel is a waterway, canal or conduit in which a liquid flows with a free
surface. Open channel flow describes the fluid motion in an open channel. In most
applications, the liquid is water and the air above the flow is usually at rest and at standard
atmospheric pressure. In some practical cases the pressure of the air above the flow might
become sub-atmospheric. Next to the free surface of an open channel flow some air is
entrained by friction at the free surface. That is, no slip condition at the air water interface
induces the air motion. The term air boundary layer is sometimes used to describe the
atmospheric region where air is entrained through momentum transfer at the free surface.
In open channel flow the free surface is always at a constant absolute pressure and the
driving force of the fluid motion is gravity. In open channels the transition from a rapid flow
to a slow flow is called a hydraulic jump. The transition occurs suddenly and is characterized
by a sudden rise of the liquid surface. The forces acting on a control volume are the
hydrostatic pressure forces at each end of the control volume, the gravity forces, the invert
reaction force and the bottom friction.
To investigate the characteristic a standing wave ( the hydraulic jump ) produced when
waters beneath an undershot weir and to observe the flow patterns obtained.
II.
III.
IV.
To know the related between flow depth below jump and flow depth above jump and
make comprise.
as part of the road drainage system where space within the road reserve is sufficient to
exercised as shortening of the stream will increase the gradient and hence velocity, which
may induce scouring and also prevent the upstream passage of fish; and/or
from the outlets of culverts or drainage systems.
The natural water drainage through the numerous creek and river systems.
The flow of rainwater in the gutters of our houses.
The flow in canals, drainage ditches, sewers, and gutters along roads.
The flow of small rivulets, and sheets of water across fields or parking lots.
The flow in the chutes of water tides.
Variable.
Bends.
Bottom slope variation.
Character of its bounding surface.
Surrounding environment
Basically we do inside campus near Dewan Tunku Mahkota Ismail (DTMI). Infront there got
PNS building. There surrounded by student who pass by near our location. Beside our
location also there is tree for landscape purposes. There were toilet places behind our location
too.
Channel characteristics
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flowing water.
Hydraulic radius R is the ratio of the flow area A to wetted perimeter P.
Hydraulic depth D is the average depth or irregular cross section.
The higher the hydraulic radius the lower the amount of water in contact with the bed and
banks which means there is less friction and water can move at a higher velocity.
Cloudy 25c
Flow direction
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5.0 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, based on the project that our group had done we understand that the flow of
water through canals for irrigation, hydraulic structure. Moreover, we know how to apply
theories of hydraulic, methods and application of hydraulic designs either experimentally or
in actual situation. We can also derive the discharge,Q is the volume of fluid passing a cross5
section perpendicular to the direction of flow per unite time. Whereas the wetted perimeter,P
is the length of channel perimeter that covered by flowing water. Then, the hydraulic radius is
mainly about the ratio of the flow area,A to wetted perimeter,P (R=A/P). On the other hand,
we also can understand about the hydraulic depth which means the average depth of irregular
cross section. Thus, we can apply all he flow parameters and geometric in our actual
situation. We can recommend that the debris around the channel need to clean to make sure
that the flow in normal state and no problem occur when the flow is move. And then the
concrete pavement got some damage around the culvert. For that we need to plastering with
concrete around the culvert to make sure that the flow will be in good state.
References
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http://www.taiwan921.lib.ntu.edu.tw/mypdf/fluid10.pdf
http://www.geotalk.info/#!channel-characteristics/caa3
http://www.alevelgeography.com/?page_id=246
http://www.acegeography.com/changing-channel-characteristics.html
http://www.tsaad.net/docs/T.Saad%20-%20Open%20Channel%20Flow
%20(February2004).pdf