Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Lexicography worldwide:
theoretical, descriptive and applied perspectives
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Polimetrica
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Cristiano Furiassi
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The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
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10
Table of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
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Urs Watter
1.4 A Classification of False Anglicisms ................................................ 38
5.11.4.1
StateAutonomous
Interest and Responsibility
Compounds (AC) ................................................ 39
towards
their Citizens
Living Abroad
........................................... 102
1.4.2
Autonomous
Derivatives
(AD) ................................................
40
1.4.3 Compound Ellipses (CE) .......................................................... 41
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
1.4.4 Clippings (C) ............................................................................ 43
Semantic
Shifts
................................................................
44
5.31.4.5
Migration
Policy
and(SS)
Ethics
......................................................... 106
1.4.5.a Metonymic Shifts ..............................................................46
5.4 Migration
Policy in Colombia
...................................................... 108
1.4.5.b Metaphoric
Shifts ..............................................................
47
1.4.5.c
Meronymic
Shifts
..............................................................
47
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
1.4.6 Eponyms (E) ............................................................................ 48
5.61.4.7
Alianza
Pas ..................................................................................
112
Toponyms
(T) ..........................................................................
49
1.4.8 Generic Trademarks (GT) ........................................................ 50
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
1.5 Other Phenomena Related to False Anglicisms ................................ 52
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
1.5.1 Functional Shifts ...................................................................... 53
1.5.2 Hybrid Anglicisms ................................................................... 53
Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
1.6
False
Anglicisms and False Friends .................................................. 55
Barry
Halliday
8
10
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4Mediated
The Human
Rights
Approach
........................................................ 58
1.7
False
Anglicisms
...............................................................
58
3.5The
Conclusion
1.8
Origins ......................................................................................
of False Anglicisms ......................................................59
59
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
1.9
Attitudes towards
False Anglicisms ..................................................60
64
1.10 The Spread of False Anglicisms in European Languages ................... 65
4. The Ethics of Migration.
Reflections
on of
Recent
1.11
The Impact
False Migration
Anglicisms Policies
on the English Language ................. 68
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
1.12 False Anglicisms in the Language Contact Scenario ...................... 71
Laura Zanfrini
2. Lexicography, Corpus Linguistics and False Anglicisms .................. 77
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
2.1 Electronic Resources......................................................................... 77
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian
2.1.1 Electronic Dictionaries ............................................................. 78
Migration:
Labour
Migration
but not Workers
Migration ............. 73
2.1.2
Computer
Corpus
Lexicography
..............................................
79
4.3
From
Guest
Workers
to
Unwelcome
Guests
..................................
82
2.2 Lexicographic Products .................................................................... 82
General
Dictionaries
82
4.42.2.1
Selective
Policies
and the.................................................................
Brain Drain............................................ 87
2.2.2 Dictionaries of Foreign Words and Neologisms ...................... 85
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
2.3 The Lexicographic Approach to False Anglicisms ........................... 86
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
2.3.1 The Inadequacy
of General Dictionaries ..................................97
86
2.3.2 The Limitations of Dictionaries of Foreign Words and
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
Neologisms
.......................................................................................
88
Urs Watter
2.4 Language Corpora ............................................................................ 91
Newspaper
Corpora....................................................... 95
5.12.4.1
StateItalian
Interest
and Responsibility
2.4.1.atheir
The Citizens
La Repubblica
96
towards
Living Corpus
Abroad................................................
........................................... 102
2.4.1.b The HF Corpus ..................................................................97
5.22.4.2
Applied
Ethics
..............................................................................
104
English
Corpora
.......................................................................
98
2.4.3
Italian
Newspaper
Archives
...................................................
100
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
2.4.4 Web Corpora .......................................................................... 100
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
2.5 The Corpus-Based Approach to False Anglicisms ......................... 101
5.52.5.1
Colombia
nos the
une
Exploring
La......................................................................
Repubblica Corpus .....................................109
102
2.5.1.a
Orthographic
Complexity
................................................
102
5.6 Alianza Pas .................................................................................. 112
2.5.1.b Morphological Variation .................................................105
2.5.1.c Prototypicality
.................................................................114
106
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
2.5.2 Advantages and Limits of the Corpus-Based Approach ........ 107
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
2.6 The Corpus-Driven Approach to False Anglicisms ........................ 107
2.6.1Together
Exploitingfor
thethe
HFWell-being
Corpus ......................................................
108
Working
of Migrants ........................... 119
2.6.1.a
Intersecting
Word
Lists
...................................................
108
Barry Halliday
Table of Contents
10
9
Table of Contents
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4 The
Human
Rights Grapheme
Approach ........................................................
58
2.6.1.b
Recurrent
Combinations ................................109
2.6.1.c Merging the Methods ......................................................110
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
2.6.2 Advantages and Limits of the Corpus-Driven Approach ....... 111
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
2.7 Lexicographic and Corpus Linguistics Criteria .............................. 112
FinalofWord
List........................................................................ 113
4.2.8
TheThe
Ethics
Migration.
Reflections
on Recent
MigrationinPolicies
2.9
Quantifying
False Anglicisms
the Italian Language ................... 117
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
3. ALaura
Dictionary
Zanfriniof False Anglicisms in Italian (DFAI) .......................... 119
3.1
4.1Introduction.....................................................................................
Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour ..119
65
3.2
Audience
119
4.2The
Initiatives
for..................................................................................
Governing Family and Humanitarian
Migration: Labour
Migration but not Workers Migration .............121
73
3.3 Macrostructure
................................................................................
4.3Microstructure
From Guest Workers
to Unwelcome Guests ..................................122
82
3.4
.................................................................................
Spelling
..................................................................................
4.43.4.1
Selective
Policies
and the Brain Drain............................................123
87
3.4.2 Pronunciation ......................................................................... 124
4.53.4.3
EqualGrammar
Opportunity
and Denied Opportunities ................................124
90
................................................................................
3.4.4 Typology
................................................................................ 125
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
3.4.5 Date ........................................................................................ 126
3.4.6 Mediating Language............................................................... 126
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
3.4.7 Frequency ............................................................................... 126
Urs3.4.8
Watter
Usage Domain ........................................................................ 128
3.4.9
...............................................................................
129
5.1 StateDefinition
Interest and
Responsibility
3.4.10
Collocation
...........................................................................
130
towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
3.4.11 Italian Synonym ................................................................... 130
5.23.4.12
Applied
EthicsTranslation
..............................................................................
English
Equivalent ............................................104
130
3.4.13
Cross
Reference
...................................................................
131
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
3.4.14 Example ............................................................................... 131
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
3.5 Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Symbols......................................... 132
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
Dictionary ................................................................................................ 135
5.6 Alianza Pas .................................................................................. 112
Conclusion ............................................................................................... 215
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography ............................................................................................ 219
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
Barry Halliday
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
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Table of Contents
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
12
10
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4
TheAnglicisms
Human Rights
Approach
58
False
have
a great........................................................
many different sources, ranging
from
speakers/writers practice to sophisticated word3.5incompetent
Conclusion ......................................................................................
59
play produced by fully bilingual users; he has largely left this field
......................................................................................... 60
forBibliography
further exploration.
The main section of his book, the Dictionary of False Anglicisms
4.
The
Ethics
of Migration.
in Italian
(DFAI),
is done very carefully, giving all the linguistic
Reflections
on Recent
information one
could Migration
wish for,Policies
including detailed definitions,
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
collocations and translations into proper English as well as
Laura Zanfrini
felicitous quotations.
4.1
Policies
and Structural
Demand
for relevance
Immigrant Labour
.. 65
TheRestrictive
results here
published
will have
some
for contact
linguistics,
lexicography
and
language
teaching.
They
illustrate
a
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian
fascinating
facetLabour
of verbal
culturebutinnot
a globalizing
world. .............
It is hoped
Migration:
Migration
Workers Migration
73
that his research will continue in this field and that similar studies
Guest Workers
to Unwelcome
Guestsresults
..................................
82
will4.3beFrom
undertaken
for other
DEA languages:
would then help
to place
the Italian
situation
into
a contrastive
light.
4.4 Selective
Policies
and the
Brain
Drain............................................
87
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
June
14th 2010 ......................................................................................... 97
Bibliography
Grlach
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies ofManfred
Origin .......
101
Urs Watter
10
Table of Contents
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
and
used
in
English
but
that
a
native
speaker
of
Urs Watter
English would not consider part of his/her own language and
5.1 State
Interest
and Responsibility
would
neither
understand
nor use. These lexical items are false
towards
their
Citizens
...........................................
102
Anglicisms, coinages thatLiving
are Abroad
increasingly
found in the Italian
language
and Ethics
that might
sound alien if used in an English-speaking
5.2 Applied
..............................................................................
104
environment, at least in certain contexts.
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
The existence of false Anglicisms is just another example of the
important
role that
English
has today.
Indeed, lexical borrowings 108
and
5.4 Migration
Policy
in Colombia
......................................................
calques from English have become part of the Italian vocabulary and
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
are constantly increasing in number. Also new coinages that
5.6 Alianza
Pas ..................................................................................
112
resemble
English
words are frequently used by Italian speakers. This
is 5.7
dueChallenges
to the fact
that English-sounding and/or English-looking
....................................................................................
114
words have a positive cultural connotation.
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
This book provides
a systematic lexicological framework and116
an
ad hoc lexicographic reference tool on false Anglicisms useful not
Working
Together for
Well-being
only
to linguists,
but the
also
to Italianof Migrants
speakers, ...........................
Italian learners119
of
Barry
Halliday
English, translators, journalists, and native speakers of English. It
14
10
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4 Thethe
Human
Rights Approach
58
analyzes
phenomenon
of false........................................................
Anglicisms in Italian, which has
so 3.5
far Conclusion
received only
fragmentary attention from linguists. One aim59is
......................................................................................
to address the descriptive problems that scholars face when dealing
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
60
with
false Anglicisms.
The other aim is to illustrate the
methodological issues involved in the retrieval and study of false
4. The Ethics Both
of Migration.
Anglicisms.
concerns have led to the compilation of a
Reflections
on Recent
Migration
Policies
dictionary of false
Anglicisms
in Italian.
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
The entire work is divided into three chapters. The first chapter is
Laura Zanfrini
devoted to the systematization of the subject matter. It includes a
4.1 Restrictive
Policies and
Structural
Demand
for Immigrantexplanations
Labour .. 65
theoretical
introduction
which
provides
lexicological
for the different phenomena considered, with particular reference to
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian
the often
heterogeneous
terminology
used Migration
to refer.............
to false
Migration:
Labour Migration
but not Workers
73
Anglicisms. By drawing on the literature on Anglicisms and false
4.3 From Guest
Workers
to Unwelcome
Guests
..................................
82
Anglicisms,
the book
provides
the reader
with
a definition of false
Anglicisms
andPolicies
a detailed
A litmus test was also
4.4 Selective
and theclassification.
Brain Drain............................................
87
devised to differentiate false Anglicisms from real ones. Other issues
4.5 Equalare
Opportunity
and Denied
Opportunities
................................
90
addressed
the distinction
between
false Anglicisms
and false
friends,
the origin
of false Anglicisms, the impact of false
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
Anglicisms on Italian and English, and the attitudes towards false
Anglicisms
their diffusion.
Atinthe
endSocieties
of the chapter,
is a
5. Colombia:and
Including
Emigrants
Their
of Originthere
....... 101
descriptive
Urs Watterframework of language contact that sheds new light on
false Anglicisms.
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility
The second chapter focuses on the ways in which the study of
towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
false Anglicisms may be approached and improved by exploiting
5.2 Applied Ethics
..............................................................................
lexicographic
resources
and corpus data. With regard 104to
lexicography,
inadequate
treatment
of false Anglicisms is evident
5.3 Migrationthe
Policy
and Ethics
.........................................................
106
just by referring to already existing dictionaries. With regard to
5.4 Migration
Policy
Colombia
......................................................
108
corpus
linguistics,
thein use
of corpora
to trace examples of false
Anglicisms
is described.
Dictionaries and corpora have also been
5.5 Colombia
nos une......................................................................
109
crucial for establishing clear-cut criteria which eventually led to the
5.6 AlianzaofPas
..................................................................................
112
compilation
a definitive
list of false Anglicisms in Italian.
TheChallenges
third chapter
describes the procedures carried out in order
to
5.7
....................................................................................
114
compile a dictionary of false Anglicisms in Italian and illustrates
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
both macrostructure and microstructure features. The audience is
also described. Various problems encountered in finding proper
Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
English
translation equivalents and in providing suitable definitions
Barry Halliday
Preface
10
15
Table of Contents
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4 The
Human Rights
Approach ........................................................
of false
Anglicisms
are discussed.
The dictionary is also preceded 58
by
a users
guide
including
acronyms,
abbreviations,
and
symbols.
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
The final part of the book features a dictionary of false
Bibliography
60
Anglicisms
in .........................................................................................
Italian. A list of 286 false Anglicisms obtained
through the lexicographic and corpus linguistic procedures described
4. The Ethics
of Migration.
became
the word
list of the dictionary.
Reflections
onto
Recent
Migrationthe
Policies
With regard
methodology,
approach is mainly synchronic
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
rather than diachronic. Although it is largely agreed that the study of
Laura Zanfrini
language contact should be based upon diachronic investigation, the
4.1 Restrictive
and Structural
Demand
for Immigrant
Labour
.. 65
present
analysisPolicies
considers
lexical items
which
appear to
be false
Anglicisms when one compares the contemporary stage of Italian
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian
with that
of English.
clues are.............
given 73
for
Migration:
LabourHowever,
Migrationsome
but notdiachronic
Workers Migration
the dating of certain false Anglicisms and for etymologies which
4.3 From
Guest Workers
to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
prove
particularly
problematic.
What
lies atPolicies
the coreand
of the
theBrain
following
pages is the belief that, even
4.4
Selective
Drain............................................
87
though the phenomenon of false Anglicisms in Italian has only been
4.5 Equal Opportunity
Opportunities
marginally
considered,anditDenied
deserves
further................................
attention since 90it
influences
the .........................................................................................
Italian lexicon considerably as well as other
Bibliography
97
languages which are in contact with English and therefore needs to
be
explained and
categorized.
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
Urs Watter
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
10
Table of Contents
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
18
10
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4
The Human
Approach
58
I would
like toRights
acknowledge
my........................................................
debt to Elana Ochse, Chris Owen,
and3.5Franca
Barril
(Universit degli Studi di Torino) who provided
Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
native speakers insights through timely corrections on the final draft. I
.........................................................................................
60
alsoBibliography
wish to express
my appreciation to Paolo Mairano (Universit
degli Studi di Torino) who gave much-needed feedback on the
4. The Ethics
of Migration.
phonetic
transcriptions
included in the dictionary.
Reflections
on was
Recent
Migration
Policies
This project
also
supported
by the 2006 Laurence Urdang
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
EURALEX (European Association for Lexicography) Award, which
Laura Zanfrini
greatly encouraged me to pursue this lexicographic enterprise.
4.1
Policies
andbook
Structural
for Immigrant
Labourfrom
.. 65
TheRestrictive
publication
of this
was Demand
made possible
by funding
the Dipartimento di Scienze del Linguaggio e Letterature Moderne e
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian
Comparate
of the
Universit
degli
di Torino
and the.............
Ministero
Migration:
Labour
Migration
butStudi
not Workers
Migration
73
dellIstruzione, dellUniversit e della Ricerca (MIUR) through the
4.3 From Guest
Workers
Unwelcome
Guests ..................................
82
Programma
di Ricerca
ditoInteresse
Nazionale
(PRIN) 2007, entitled
Dictionaries,
and Words across Languages,
4.4 SelectiveLanguage
Policies andMaterials
the Brain Drain............................................
87
Cultures and Ideologies (# 2007YRY2LY) and coordinated by
4.5 Equal
Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
Giovanni
Iamartino.
Besides acknowledging
the role of colleagues, whose support has
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
been decisive in ensuring the outcome of this project, I am
particularly
toEmigrants
my parents
sister,
to whom
this.......
volume
5. Colombia:indebted
Including
in and
Their
Societies
of Origin
101
is dedicated,
Urs Watter for setting me out on the route to university and for
believing in my abilities over the years.
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility
The responsibility for the final product, including possible
towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
inaccuracies or omissions, obviously remains my own.
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
5.6 Alianza Pas .................................................................................. 112
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
Barry Halliday
10
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
The Humanand
Rights
Approach ........................................................
58
1.3.4
Defining
Classifying
False Anglicisms
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
4. The Ethics of Migration.
Reflections on Recent Migration Policies
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
Laura Zanfrini
Traditionally,
false
Anglicisms
have Guests
only ..................................
been hinted at when
4.3 From Guest
Workers
to Unwelcome
82
studying the lexical influence of languages in contact and usually
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
classified as a subgroup of Anglicisms: the aim of this survey is to
4.5 Equal
andand
Denied
................................
90
isolate
falseOpportunity
Anglicisms
to Opportunities
clarify the terminological
issues
involved.
Up to.........................................................................................
now, the specific treatment of false Anglicisms has
Bibliography
97
not received adequate attention and the existing literature has been
unable
to Including
provide Emigrants
univocal interminology
and
unambiguous
5. Colombia:
Their Societies
of Origin
....... 101
definitions.
Urs Watter
Many different terms are used to refer to the phenomenon of false
5.1 in
State
Interestand
andfalse
Responsibility
loans
general
Anglicisms in particular. With regard to
towards
their
Citizens
...........................................
102
false loans, the following Living
labels Abroad
have been
used: false loans (Hope
1971,
Pulcini Ethics
1994),
pseudo-loans (Sanniti di Baja 1992, Pulcini
5.2 Applied
..............................................................................
104
1999, 2002, Fischer 2008), pseudoborrowings or pseudo-borrowings
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
(Kirkness 2001, Fischer 2008), and pseudo-formations (Fischer
5.4 Migration
Colombia ......................................................
108
2008)
in EnglishPolicy
and in
pseudoprestiti
(De Mauro and Mancini 2003),
falsi
prestiti (Klajn 1972, Dardano 1978, Iamartino 2001, Torretta
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
2002, Rosati 2004), finti prestiti (Marello 1996), prestiti apparenti
5.6 Alianza
PasFanfani
..................................................................................
112
(Gusmani
1986,
1991a, Torretta 2002, Bombi 2005), prestiti
fittizi
Rana 1989),
and falsi esotismi (Gusmani 1986, Cardona
5.7 (La
Challenges
....................................................................................
114
1988, Bombi 1991, 2005, De Mauro and Mancini 2003) in Italian.
Bibliography
116
With regard.......................................................................................
to false Anglicisms, the following labels have been
used: false Anglicisms or false anglicisms (Moss 1995, Pulcini
Working
Together
for the
Well-being
Migrants ...........................
119
1997a,
Nicholls
2003,
Furiassi
2003),ofquasi-English
words (Grlach
Barry Halliday
2003), pseudo-English (Rothenberg 1969), pseudo English words
20
10
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Terminological
ambiguity
is also ......................................................
evident in other linguistic traditions:
5.4 Migration Policy
in Colombia
108
Pseudoanglizismen (Cypionka 1994: 8, Schweickard 1998: 298) or
Scheinentlehnungen
(Carstensen
1980: 77, 1981: 175) in German, faux anglicismes
5.5 Colombia nos
une......................................................................
109
(Deroy 1956: 63, Humbley 1974: 55, 2008a: 228, Spence 1987: 169, Thody 1995:
Alianza2008:
Pas29),
..................................................................................
112
104,5.6
Bogaards
pseudo-anglicismes (Trescases 1983: 87, Humbley 2008a:
229, Bogaards 2008: 23), or sur-anglicismes (Guiraud 1971: 40) in French, and
5.7anglicismos
Challenges(Lorenzo
....................................................................................
114
falsos
1996: 177) or pseudoanglicismos (Rodrguez Segura
1999: 28, Gmez Capuz 2000: 62, 2001: 54, Capanaga 2002: 69, Rodrguez
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
Gonzlez
2002: 144)
in Spanish. It is curious to notice that Mengaldo (1994: 116
130)
uses the label parole fantasma, i.e. ghost words, to refer to false Anglicisms in
Italian.
In fact,
according
Landau
(2001: 42):
A ghost word
is a word that119
has
Working
Together
fortothe
Well-being
of Migrants
...........................
never
existed
in actual usage but that appears in dictionaries through the
Barry
Halliday
lexicographers error..
21
Table of Contents
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4of
The
Human RightsorApproach
........................................................
58
Lack
understanding
misunderstanding
on the part of the native
speaker
of English
runs as a leitmotiv through the various definitions
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
provided and seems to be what actually differentiates an Anglicism,
.........................................................................................
60
i.e.Bibliography
a real English
borrowing, from a false Anglicism.
In 1971, Hope began to recognize and analyze the phenomenon of
4.
The
EthicsinofRomance
Migration.
false loans
languages by stating that:
Reflections on Recent Migration Policies
and Non-policies
in Italy
andrecipient
Europe language
...........................................
Here
a word is created
in the
on the pattern of61
Laura which
Zanfrini
forms
exist generally in the source, but without corresponding
to a specific etymon (e.g. the French pseudo-English loans
4.1 Restrictive
and Structural
Demand
Immigrant
.. 65
autostop
and Policies
recordman
which have
alsoforon
occasionLabour
passed
temporarily
Italian). []
Notand
all Humanitarian
false loans are accurately
4.2 Initiativesinto
for Governing
Family
described
as
loan-creations.
A
number
of pseudo-forms
felt by73
Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers
Migration .............
native speakers to be loan-words are indeed traceable to foreign
etyma,
lossWorkers
of semantic
motivation
has..................................
led to ellipsis and82
4.3 Frombut
Guest
to Unwelcome
Guests
consequent reduction to a single substantive what was initially a
4.4 Selective
Policies
and 1971:
the Brain
87
transparent
phrase.
(Hope
618,Drain............................................
619)
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
5.4
Migration
Colombia
......................................................
108
A few
years Policy
later, in
Dardano
(1978:
84) introduced the term falsi
prestiti
to broadly
refer......................................................................
to the phenomenon of false loans. More
5.5 Colombia
nos une
109
specifically, Dardano used the terms pseudo-Anglicisms (Dardano
5.6 Alianza Pas .................................................................................. 112
Challenges
....................................................................................
114
All5.7
translations
from
Italian into English signaled by Tr. are by the author.
Tr.
A real pseudoanglicism, or false loan [] is a word that is considered English, but
116
doesBibliography
not exist in.......................................................................................
English at all. Even though examples cannot be found,
pseudoanglicisms occur either: a) if a word used in Italian has a meaning which is so
different
from
the original
cannot be considered
simply
a semantic shift, but
Working
Together
forthat
theitWell-being
of Migrants
...........................
119is
perceived
a new lexeme; or: b) if a compound or phrase created from English
Barry as
Halliday
elements is used in Italian but does not form a combination in English..
22
10
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4 The
Human
Approach ........................................................
58
1986b:
244)
and Rights
pseudoanglicismi
(Dardano 1987a: 26, 1993: 52,
1998:
356, Dardano
et al. 2000: 32) to denote false loans of supposed
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
English origin. Dardano defined false Anglicisms as:
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
[] parole che non esistono in inglese come tight, oppure parole che
usaofcon
tuttaltro significato: dancing sala da ballo (ingl.
4. linglese
The Ethics
Migration.
dancehall),
smoking
abito
da sera
(ingl. dinner jacket o tuxedo).
Reflections on Recent
Migration
Policies
3
(Dardano
1987a:
26)
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
Laura Zanfrini
linguistic
interference, warned the reader about the fact that:
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
L
larchetipo
straniero
sia verisimilmente ipotizzabile 106
o
5.3 dove
Migration
Policy and
Ethicsnon
.........................................................
comunque si riscontri una discrepanza tra esso e il supposto prestito,
5.4 Migration
in Colombia
......................................................
tale
da porre inPolicy
dubbio
la reale esistenza
di un rapporto mimetico, 108
si
dovr mettere in serio conto la possibilit di un prestito apparente.
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
Lapparenza, tuttavia, non ingannevole in misura identica e in
parecchi
casiPas
non..................................................................................
possibile prendere una decisione netta, in quanto
5.6 Alianza
112
lo stesso rapporto mimetico che condiziona il prestito conosce
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
114
gradazioni
molto
varie: quello che importa prendere coscienza del
Tr. [] words
that dofor
notthe
exist
in English such
as tight, or
words that are used
Working
Together
Well-being
of Migrants
...........................
119in
English
with
totally different meanings: dancing sala da ballo (English dancehall),
Barry
Halliday
smoking abito da sera (English dinner jacket or tuxedo)..
23
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Gusmani
seems.........................................................................................
to share the idea that false Anglicisms and false
Bibliography
60
loans in general are deceiving because of the absence of an English
model.
4. The Ethics of Migration.
By focusing
the Migration
lack of anPolicies
English model, in 1987 Spence
Reflections
on on
Recent
stated
that:
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
Laura Zanfrini
Where words are formed from recognisable English elements to
4.1 Restrictive
Policies
and no
Structural
forinImmigrant
Labour
.. 65
produce
lexemes
that have
formal Demand
equivalent
English (and
never
have had one), it seems difficult not to see them as pseudo-anglicisms.
4.2 Initiatives
Governing Family and Humanitarian
(Spence
1987: for
173)
Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers Migration ............. 73
In line
Filipovi
251), Spence
180) added that
4.3
Fromwith
Guest
Workers(1985:
to Unwelcome
Guests (1987:
..................................
82
[] the concept of pseudo-anglicism is an historical one, thus
4.4 Selective Policies
and the Brain
87
emphasizing
the necessity
of Drain............................................
a diachronic approach to the
5
description
of the phenomenon.
Spence also................................
recognized that the
4.5 Equal Opportunity
and Denied Opportunities
90
difference between false Anglicisms and adapted Anglicisms is
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
slight:
5. []
Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
Societies
of Origin
....... 101
there would
be hesitation
overin
theTheir
borderline
between
adaptations
Urspseudo-anglicisms.
Watter
and
This kind of problem is even more difficult to
solve when one is attempting to determine the degree of semantic
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility
deviation that justifies one speaking of falseness. (Spence 1987:
181)towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
4
Tr.
word or phrase
might
be considered an apparent loan when the foreign
5.5AColombia
nos une
......................................................................
109
archetype is not likely to exist or there is a discrepancy with the supposed borrowing
5.6 Alianza
Pas ..................................................................................
so that
the relationship
between the two words is jeopardized. However, it is112
not
always a case of formal resemblance and it is often impossible to come to a final
5.7 Challenges
114
decision,
since the ....................................................................................
relationship that characterizes borrowings may have various
shades; what really matters is being aware of the problem and differentiating
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
between
the diverse
phenomena instead of generalizing..
5
With regard to French, Picone (1996: 5) recognized that a Pseudo-Anglicism is
coined
[]Together
when a French
neologism
madeof
upMigrants
of English...........................
constituents mimics
an
Working
for the
Well-being
119
integral
Barryborrowing..
Halliday He provides new look and tennisman as examples of false
Anglicisms in French.
24
10
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4
Human Rights
58
By The
focusing
on the Approach
attitude ........................................................
of British and American native
speakers
towards......................................................................................
false Anglicisms, Serianni defined anglicismi
3.5 Conclusion
59
apparenti or pseudoanglicismi as:
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
[] vocaboli molto comuni che un inglese o un americano non
nellaccezione in cui sono usati in Italia. [].
4. capirebbero,
The Ethics ofalmeno
Migration.
6
(Serianni
1987:
ix)
Reflections on Recent Migration Policies
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
In Laura
the Zanfrini
same book prefaced by Serianni, Rando added that
pseudoanglicismi are:
Tr.
apparent
Anglicisms,
or pseudoanglicisms
[] are very common
5.4[]
Migration
Policy
in Colombia
......................................................
108
words that an English or American speaker would not understand, at least with the
meaning
with which nos
theyune
are used
in Italy. []..
5.5 Colombia
......................................................................
109
7
Tr. [] pseudoanglicisms [] lemmas which have either an English origin or
5.6 Alianza
112
an English
form Pas
that, ..................................................................................
however, are not used in that language [], or words formed
through the ellipsis of an English word..
8
Challenges
Tr.5.7
apparent
loans....................................................................................
[] [] words that have a totally English appearance 114
even
though an English speaker would either not recognize them at all or would have
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116or
difficulty
in recognizing
them. They are in fact coinages, developments
autonomous deformations which do not refer to any precise English model as, for
instance,
carter
and claxon,
which
are trademarks
in English
[] but have become
Working
Together
for the
Well-being
of Migrants
...........................
119
appellative
nouns in Italian. With regard to apparent loans, Torretta (2002: 11)
Barry Halliday
states that [l]a denominazione apparenti deriva dal fatto che laspetto formale
25
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
The Human
Rights Approach
58
The3.4latter,
pseudo-anglicismi
or ........................................................
falsi-anglicismi were defined as:
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
[]
termini per
i quali non possibile ritrovare una precisa59
corrispondenza
formale in inglese. Auto-stop, beauty-case, footing, ad60
Bibliography .........................................................................................
es. []. (Fanfani 1991a: 14)9
4. The Ethics of Migration.
Equalstudy
Opportunity
and Denied
Opportunities
................................
90
In 4.5
a later
published
in 2005,
Bombi slightly
modified her
previous
statement
by adding that:
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
In realt non si pu fissare una netta linea di separazione tra prestiti
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
veri e falsi, dal momento che anche questi ultimi sono indirettamente
Urs Watterdallesistenza di una dinamica interlinguistica []. (Bombi
sollecitati
11
2005:
148)Interest
5.1 State
and Responsibility
towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
suggerirebbe
una derivazione
diretta dalla
lingua straniera, ma in realt tali forme
5.4 Migration
Policy in Colombia
......................................................
108
sono state generate direttamente nella lingua indigena.. Tr. The label apparent is
meant
indicate thatnos
theune
formal
aspect suggests a direct derivation from the foreign
5.5toColombia
......................................................................
109
language, although such forms are actually coined in the native language..
9
Alianza Pas ..................................................................................
112
Tr.5.6
pseudo-Anglicisms
or false Anglicisms [] words which do not have
an
equivalent form in English. For example, auto-stop, beauty-case, footing []..
10 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Tr. [] false exoticisms [] creations made with foreign material but lacking a
model in the language which they are supposed to derive from. The phenomenon of
falseBibliography
loans, which.......................................................................................
is active any time there is a situation of intense linguistic116
and
cultural contact, is increasing nowadays as a result of the widespread exchanges that
are
occurringTogether
between different
Working
for the languages..
Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
11
Tr.
There
really is no clear boundary between real and false loans since even the
Barry
Halliday
latter are indirectly elicited by an existing interlinguistic trend []..
26
10
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4 The
Human
Approach
........................................................
Nello
studio
dei Rights
falsi esotismi
e, pi
in generale, dei prestiti apparenti58
si deve sempre procedere integrando il confronto interlinguistico in
3.5 Conclusion
sincronia
con ......................................................................................
il parametro dellanalisi diacronica, decisiva per59
attribuire
la parola
in questione alla categoria del vero o del falso60
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
prestito. (Bombi 2005: 157)12
4. The Ethics of Migration.
Zanfrini
ItLaura
seems
almost impossible to revise the use of many of the old
pseudo-loans
because
they are Demand
too much
part of the
Italian
4.1 Restrictive[]
Policies
and Structural
foraImmigrant
Labour
.. 65
system and are by now highly codified. (Sanniti di Baja 1992: 158,
159)
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian
Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers Migration ............. 73
Tr. In the study of false exoticisms and, more in general, of apparent loans, it is
always
necessaryEthics
to proceed
by integrating a synchronic interlinguistic comparison
5.2 Applied
..............................................................................
104
with the parameter of diachronic analysis, which is vital to determine whether a
5.3belongs
Migration
and
.........................................................
106
word
to thePolicy
category
of Ethics
real or false
loans..
13
Tr. We are often more English than the English []. We use false Anglicisms
Migration
Policy
in never
Colombia
that5.4
English
speakers
would
even ......................................................
dream of using.. It is worth noticing108
that
Beccaria (1992: 241) uses the term anglismo rather than anglicismo. According to
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
the GDU, the former, anglismo, has entered the Italian vocabulary more recently
(1970)
is considered
truly Italian, the latter, anglicismo, is older (1829) but112
is a
5.6 but
Alianza
Pas ..................................................................................
calque from the English word Anglicism. Also inglesismo, the oldest one (1757), is
5.7 Challenges
114
accepted
in Italian as....................................................................................
a variant of anglismo or anglicismo. However, Sabatini (2008:
268) recognizes: [] la forma anglicismo, che deriva dal francese anglicisme ed
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
penetrata
in italiano
nel corso del sec. XIX, come ormai pi comune. Ma la forma
anglismo, derivata pi tardi direttamente dallinglese, sarebbe pi pertinente []..
Tr.
[] theTogether
form anglicismo,
which derivesoffrom
French ...........................
anglicisme and entered
Working
for the Well-being
Migrants
119
th
Italian
during
the
course
of
the
19
century,
as
the
most
common.
But the form
Barry Halliday
anglismo, later derived directly from English, would be more appropriate []..
27
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Therefore,
Moss
provided the following definition:
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
60
I take as pseudoanglicisms those unadapted borrowings which,
4. The Ethics of Migration.
through their appearance or their morphological use, have deviated or
Reflections
Recent
Migration
Policies
are
different on
from
an original
English
form so that a native speaker of
and Non-policies
Italy would
and Europe
...........................................
English
who knew in
Italian
be aware
of such deviation or61
Laura Zanfrini
difference
on encountering them in a written context. (Moss 1995:
127, 128).
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
Moss
attempted
a classification
of false
Anglicisms and made a
4.2 also
Initiatives
for Governing
Family and
Humanitarian
distinction
between
types.
false
Anglicisms
Migration:
Labourseveral
Migration
but notSome
Workers
Migration
.............may
73
involve [] only small changes of orthographical form compared
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
with the original English. [] (e.g. confort, gol, poney, vafer,
4.4 Selective
and the
Brain are
Drain............................................
87
zombi).
(MossPolicies
1995: 129).
Others
[] lexical items which have
the4.5
same
exterior
form
as
ones
borrowed
from
English
but
have
Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
become modified semantically compared with the original. [] boss,
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
feeling,
manager,
and showroom []. (Moss 1995: 130). Another
false Anglicism is [] an English word [] adopted by Italian as a
5. Colombia:
Emigrants
in Their
Societies
of Anglicism
Origin ....... may
101
different
part Including
of speech.
(Moss 1995:
132).
A false
Urs
Watter
also occur when [] the Italian pseudoanglicizing form depends on
an 5.1
abbreviation
that
it Responsibility
has operated on the original English term, the
State Interest
and
part usually
being
taken
the whole.
established examples
of
towards their Citizensfor
Living
AbroadWell
...........................................
102
this kind of elliptical adaptation are basket from basket ball,
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
clergyman from clergymans dress []. (Moss 1995: 132).
5.3 Migration
and Ethics
106
Moreover,
falsePolicy
Anglicisms
may.........................................................
be [] forms which in particular
grammatical contexts depart from their original usage. [] (e.g. un
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
dribbling, un poker, un software) [] or [] English-looking
5.5 that
Colombia
une......................................................................
109
terms
do notnos
actually
exist in English but have been invented
in
Italian
by false
with similar forms that English does have
5.6 Alianza
Pasanalogy
..................................................................................
112
(e.g. cover man based on cover girl []) []. (Moss 1995: 134,
5.7 Challenges
135).
Finally, in....................................................................................
addition to [] terms like carter, scotch, 114
and
spider,
English
brand
names
which
have
failed
to
survive
in
English
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
(or perhaps have never been used) [] and [] mixed language
forms
such
as autogrill,
acronyms
such as USA
Working
Together
for the ciclocross
Well-being [],
of Migrants
...........................
119
andBarry
vip,
which
have
[]
pronunciations
so
different
from the
Halliday
28
10
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4 Theoriginal
Human [],
Rightsmay
Approach
........................................................
58
English
be considered
false Anglicisms (Moss
1995:
135, 136). ...................................................................................... 59
3.5 Conclusion
In 1996, Marello introduced the label finti prestiti:
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
Vi sono poi quei casi curiosi di finti prestiti: pile, termine che noi
daver
preso dallangloamericano, in Gran Bretagna e negli
4. crediamo
The Ethics
of Migration.
Stati
Uniti
non
si usa.Migration
La microfibra
in questione detta fleece.
Reflections on Recent
Policies
14
(Marello
1996:
36)
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
Laura Zanfrini
4.1
Policies (1999:
and Structural
Immigrantlabeling
Labour .. 65
In Restrictive
1999, Italiano
36), Demand
without for
explicitly
the
phenomenon,
that falseFamily
Anglicisms
are unknown in English4.2 Initiativessaid
for Governing
and Humanitarian
speaking
countries:
[]
ormai
vengono
coniate
espressioni
nuove
Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers Migration
.............
73
di zecca con soli termini inglesi. Prolificano ovunque locuzioni
4.3 From Guest
Workers
to Unwelcome
Guests Italiano
..................................
82
sconosciute
in paesi
di lingua
inglese []..
(1999: 57) also
recognized
that
thereandare
[] Drain............................................
prestiti che cambiano il loro
4.4 Selective
Policies
the Brain
87
significato originario nel processo di adozione. Tre esempi di questo
15
4.5 Equal Opportunity
and Denied
................................
90
procedimento
sono i sostantivi
slip,Opportunities
footing e spot..
In more recent
years, falsi prestiti or pseudoanglicismi have
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
been dealt with by Iamartino (2001: 122), who stated that [] non
sono
prestiti nemmeno
quelle parole
che una
linguaofcrea
combinando
5. Colombia:
Including Emigrants
in Their
Societies
Origin
....... 101
Urs Watter
materiali
lessicali di origine alloglotta..16
In 2002, Serafini claimed that the coinage of false Anglicisms in
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility
Italiantowards
is considered
fashionable:
their Citizens
Living Abroad ........................................... 102
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
14
Tr. There are curious instances of fake loans: pile, a word that we believe to be
taken
American-English,
is not used in Great Britain or in the United States.
5.5from
Colombia
nos une......................................................................
109
This micro-fiber is called fleece..
15
5.6 []
Alianza
Pas ..................................................................................
112
Tr.
nowadays
brand new expressions are coined using English words.
Expressions unknown to English-speaking countries proliferate everywhere []..
5.7borrowings
Challengesthat
....................................................................................
114
[]
alter their original meaning in the adaptation process.
Examples of this kind are slip, footing and spot.. Except for slip, the examples
Bibliography
116
quoted
by Italiano.......................................................................................
(1999: 57) are not semantic shifts. In fact, footing is made
by
joining the English free morpheme foot and the suffix -ing and spot is the elliptic
form
of the English
compound
commercial.
Working
Together
for thespot
Well-being
of Migrants ........................... 119
16
Tr.
false
loans or pseudoanglicisms [] [] words that a language creates
Barry
Halliday
combining material of foreign origin are not authentic borrowings..
29
Table of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
The Human
Rights
Approach
E3.4proprio
di moda
si pu
parlare,........................................................
se si giunge addirittura a coniare58
parole dallaspetto inglese che per gli inglesi non usano o non hanno
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
mai
usato (pseudoanglicismi)
[]. (Serafini 2002: 603)17
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
words,
pseudo-English
words, and pseudo anglicisms:
the distinction
between
proper
pseudo
anglicisms
is.......
a nice
5. []
Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
in and
Their
Societies
of Origin
101
one.
[] Non-E. [Non-English] features can be found in a) spelling,
Urs Watter
when native words or items borrowed from other languages are spelt
5.1ifState
Responsibility
as
they Interest
were E.and
[English]
[] b) pronunciation, when words from
theirare
Citizens
LivingasAbroad
102
othertowards
languages
pronounced
if they...........................................
were E. [] c) morphology,
when derivation and compounds are made that may or may not
5.2 Applied
..............................................................................
104
conform
withEthics
E. patterns,
but are certainly not recorded in E. [] d)
meaning,
whenPolicy
E. words
are applied
to non-E. contexts (sometimes
5.3 Migration
and Ethics
.........................................................
106
the deviance is caused by the loanwords fossilizing older E.
5.4 Migration
in Colombia
meanings)
[].Policy
(Grlach
2003: 62)...................................................... 108
Tr. If Italians
coin for
words
have anofEnglish
appearance
but that English
Working
Together
thewhich
Well-being
Migrants
...........................
119
speakers
not use and never did (pseudoanglicisms) it is because it is fashionable
BarrydoHalliday
[]..
30
10
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4
Rights
Approach ........................................................
58
[sta
], The
but Human
is usually
pronounced
by Italian speakers as if it were
English,
i.e. [steid
].18 Although many Italian speakers are not aware59
of
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
theBibliography
fact that stage
is
borrowed
from
French
and
believe
it
to
be
......................................................................................... 60a
genuine English borrowing, the word stage cannot be considered a
false
Anglicism
Italian.
4. The
Ethics of in
Migration.
In
2003,
De
Mauro
and Mancini
Reflections on Recent
Migration
Policies suggested the following
definition
of
false
Anglicisms:
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
Laura Zanfrini
[] pseudoprestiti: parole che nella lingua da cui fingono di trarre
origine
o non esistono
hanno
uso e Demand
valore del
differenti,
come
4.1 Restrictive
Policies oand
Structural
fortutto
Immigrant
Labour
.. 65
beauty case o [] footing. (De Mauro and Mancini 2003: iii)19
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian
Migration:
Labour
Migration
but not Workers Migration ............. 73
In 2004,
Rosati
recognized
that:
5.6 Alianza
Pas
..................................................................................
This
is probably
due
to the fact that the Italian vocabulary also includes the112
real
Anglicism stage homograph of the French stage which is used to refer to the
5.7 Challenges
114
flooring,
usually in a....................................................................................
theater or stadium, where artists perform.
19
Tr. [] pseudoloans: either do not exist or have completely different uses or
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
meanings
in the language
which they pretend to originate from..
20
Tr. [] there are also many false loans (also labeled apparent Anglicisms or
pseudoanglicisms;
false-loans
pseudo-loans
English) ...........................
words which are 119
very
Working Together
for theorWell-being
of inMigrants
common
but that an English speaker would not understand from the way in
Barry[]
Halliday
which they are used in Italy..
18
31
Table of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4 The
Human
Approach ........................................................
58
Then,
she used
theRights
term false-anglicisms
to refer to:
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
[]
words which
look and sound more or less English but have a59
separate
meaning:
beauty-case (make-up bag), fotoreporter60
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
(photographer-cum-journalist), autogoal (own-goal), mister (coach),
(football
big scorer), golf (jumper), flipper (pinball game),
4. bomber
The Ethics
of Migration.
record-man (record holder), autostop (hitch-hiking), speaker TV
Reflections on Recent Migration Policies
(newsreader), spot (TV commercial), to identify some well-known
and Non-policies
in Italy
examples.
(Pulcini 1997a:
79)and Europe ........................................... 61
Laura Zanfrini
A third
label wasPolicies
later used:
4.1 Restrictive
and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
Pseudo-anglicisms,
or faux emprunts
French and falsi prestiti in
4.2 Initiatives for Governing
Family andinHumanitarian
Italian,
are words
which
look English
in fact Migration
are not part
of this73
Migration:
Labour
Migration
but notbut
Workers
.............
language []. Pseudo-anglicisms could be considered as autonomous
4.3 From of
Guest
Workersbased
to Unwelcome
..................................
coinages
a language
on items Guests
of another
language through82
various semantic and syntactic mechanisms: reduction of compounds
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
(toast from toasted sandwich), extension of a rule (footing by
analogy
with
e.g. boating
and rowing),
change................................
of a brandname into90
4.5 Equal
Opportunity
and Denied
Opportunities
a common noun (carter for crank-case). They may be un-English
Bibliography
coinages
made.........................................................................................
up with English words, as for example: milord, milady97
(my lord, my lady), recordman (record holder), autostop (hitch-hike)
beauty-case
(make-up
bag). (Pulcini
1997b:
155) of Origin ....... 101
5. and
Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
in Their
Societies
Urs Watter
32
10
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4Archaisms
The Humanderived
Rightsfrom
Approach
........................................................
(i)
English
expressions now obsolete: []58
(smoking, via German, from smoking jacket, now dinner jacket or
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
tuxedo)
(ii)
Semantic slides
where an English word is used wrongly: Swedish60
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
babysitter (for English baby bouncer [])
(iii) Conversions of existing English words, for example adjective into
4. The Ethics of Migration.
noun: German Handy (for mobile phone or cellular phone)
Reflections
on Recent
Migrationexisting
Policies
(iv)
Recombinations,
reshuffling
English lexical units: Italian
and Non-policies
and Europe
...........................................
slowfood
(as opposedintoItaly
American
fast food)
[] (Gottlieb 2005: 164)61
Laura Zanfrini
Gottlieb
(2005: Policies
166) concluded
thatDemand
[] pseudo-Anglicisms
4.1 Restrictive
and Structural
for Immigrant Labour ..[]
65
are sometimes coined in the domestic culture..
4.2
Initiatives
for Governing
Family
Humanitarian
In 2007
Giovanardi
(2007:
251) and
stated
that [] non sono rari i
Labour Migration
not Workers
Migration
73
casi diMigration:
pseudoanglicismi,
cio di but
vocaboli
usati in
italiano,.............
ma senza
alcuna
corrispondenza
lingua madre,
oppure usati con 82
un
4.3 From
Guest Workersnella
to Unwelcome
Guests ..................................
significato diverso rispetto alloriginale..21
4.4
Policies
and the
87
A Selective
very recent
study
on Brain
falseDrain............................................
Anglicisms, within the wider
framework
of Anglicisms,
was published
by ................................
Onysko, who stated
4.5 Equal Opportunity
and Denied
Opportunities
90
that:
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
Pseudo anglicisms and hybrid anglicisms are indicators of lexical
5. productivity
Colombia: Including
in Their Societies
of Origin
....... 101
in the RLEmigrants
[Receptor Language].
[] pseudo
anglicisms
Urshybrids
Watter result from a novel combination of borrowed lexical units.
and
[] On closer scrutiny, the definition of pseudo anglicisms borders on
5.1 State Interest
andsemantic
Responsibility
morphological
and
changes of borrowings in the RL. []
their Citizens
Living
Abroad ...........................................
102
Thetowards
term pseudo
anglicism
describes
the phenomenon that occurs
when
the
RL
uses
lexical
elements
of
the
SL
[Source
Language]
to
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
create a neologism in the RL that is unknown in the SL. (Onysko
2007a:
52)
5.3 Migration
Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
5.4 Migration
Policy in that:
Colombia ...................................................... 108
Onysko
also recognized
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
[] pseudo English words, i.e. pseudo anglicisms, [] are virtually
unknown
in Pas
the English
language cultural areas, so these terms could
5.6 Alianza
..................................................................................
112
not have been copied from an English model. [] On closer analysis,
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
114
however,
pseudo
anglicisms are not totally unrelated to an English
model.
[] pseudo
anglicisms are derived from English lexical units,
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
21
33
Table of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
34
10
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Human Rights
Approach
........................................................ 58
1.23.4AThe
Definition
of False
Anglicisms
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
35
Table of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4 The
Human Rights
Approach
........................................................
False
anglicisms
are either
formally
or semantically different from the58
original English words from which they are supposed to derive, so that
3.5 Conclusion
both
an English......................................................................................
native speaker, proficient in Italian, and an Italian59
native
speaker,.........................................................................................
proficient in English, would recognize them in spoken60
Bibliography
and written registers. (Furiassi 2003: 123)
4. The Ethics of Migration.
At any rate, false Anglicisms per se should not be classified as
Reflections on Recent Migration Policies
adapted Anglicisms since they are neither orthographically nor
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
morphologically
adapted to the structure of the Italian language.
Laura Zanfrini
False Anglicisms, which formally mirror English orthographic
4.1 Restrictive
and Structural
for Immigrant Labour
65
patterns,
may bePolicies
essentially
definedDemand
as English-looking
words,.. i.e.
words
constituted
sequences
of characters
which are typical of the
4.2 Initiatives
forby
Governing
Family
and Humanitarian
English
language.
Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers Migration ............. 73
With regard to orthography, words such as autogol, bloc notes,
4.3 From
Guest Workers in
to Unwelcome
Guests ..................................
elisk,
and fotoreporter,
which the lexical
item (-gol instead82
of
-goal,
bloc
instead
of
block),
the
combining
form
(fotoinstead
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
of photo-), or both (eli- instead of heli- and -sk instead of -ski) are
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
adapted
to the orthographic conventions of Italian, are rare instances
of Bibliography
graphically .........................................................................................
adapted false Anglicisms but will not be considered
97
false Anglicisms proper (Hall 1957: 24, Rando 1970: 130). Some of
5. Colombia:
Emigrants
in Their Societies
of Origin .......since
101
these
might beIncluding
labeled as
hybrid Anglicisms,
e.g. fotoreporter,
Watter
theyUrsare
constituted by a mixture of Italian and English forms.
Conversely,
the forms
autogoal, block notes, and heliski will be
5.1 State Interest
and Responsibility
considered
false
Anglicisms
sinceAbroad
no graphic
adaptation occurs.25102
towards their Citizens Living
...........................................
The extent to which false Anglicisms may undergo orthographic
5.2 Applied
changes
is Ethics
limited..............................................................................
to the elimination of a space or 104
the
addition/deletion
of
a
hyphen
in
compounds,
a
variability
which
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106is
also very common in English.26 These devices can be considered
5.4 Migration
Policy in Colombia
108
minor
graphic strategies
which do......................................................
not really prevent linguists from
classifying
suchnos
compounds
as false Anglicisms (Furiassi 2005:
5.5 Colombia
une......................................................................
109
283). In fact, there are usually three alternative patterns: solid
5.6 Alianza Pas .................................................................................. 112
compounds, e.g. recordman, compounds separated by a space, e.g.
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
25
36
10
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4 The
Human
Rights Approach
........................................................
58
beauty
case,
or hyphenated
compounds,
e.g. block-notes.27 At times,
the3.5
same
false Anglicism
may have all these forms, e.g. longseller,
Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
long seller, and long-seller.
Bibliography
60
With regard.........................................................................................
to morphology, derivatives should be considered the
output of the assimilation process of borrowings, i.e. adapted
4. The Ethicsrather
of Migration.
Anglicisms,
than false Anglicisms. The resulting form has no
Reflections
Recentsince
Migration
Policies
equivalent in on
English
material
of the recipient language, i.e.
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
Italian, is added to forms imported from the donor language, i.e.
Laura Zanfrini
English. For instance, the English verb to format needs to be adapted
Restrictive in
Policies
Demand
Immigrant Labour
.. 65
into4.1formattare
orderand
to Structural
comply with
thefor
morphological
rules
of
Italian verb formation.28 Hence, the adding of suffixes is a way of
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian
adjusting
the borrowing
to thebut
structural
patterns
of the
Italian
Migration:
Labour Migration
not Workers
Migration
.............
73
language.
4.3
From Guest
Workers
Unwelcome
Guests
..................................
82
A curious
example
of atofalse
Anglicism
which
has lost all English
traces
in ItalianPolicies
is golf:and
thisthe
false
Anglicism
is so rooted in the Italian
4.4 Selective
Brain
Drain............................................
87
language that several derivatives were coined by means of Italian
4.5 Equal
Opportunity
Deniedgolfone
Opportunities
90
suffixes,
e.g.
golfetto, and
golfino,
(Melzi................................
1990: 133). These
derivatives,
however,
should not be considered false Anglicisms
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
since false Anglicisms to be defined as such may only be adapted
in
in order
to comply
with the
phonological
of
5. pronunciation
Colombia: Including
Emigrants
in Their
Societies
of Originsystem
....... 101
29
Italian.
Urs Watter
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility
Citizens
Living Abroad
...........................................
102
1.3 Atowards
Litmustheir
Test
for Detecting
False
Anglicisms
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
37
Table of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
3.aState
Avete
mai and
giocato
a basket?
5.1
Interest
Responsibility
Citizens
Living
Abroad ........................................... 102
3.btowards
Have their
you ever
played
basket?
5.2
Ethics
..............................................................................
104
3.cApplied
Have you
ever
played basketball?
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
4.aMigration
Avete mai
lettoinun
romanzo
con un happy end?
5.4
Policy
Colombia
......................................................
108
4.bColombia
Have younos
ever
read
a novel with a happy end?
5.5
une
......................................................................
109
4.cAlianza
Have you
ever read a novel with a happy ending?
5.6
Pas ..................................................................................
112
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography
....................................................................................... 116
preferita?
5.b Have
you ever
metWell-being
the misterof
ofMigrants
your favorite
soccer team?
Working
Together
for the
...........................
119
Barry
Halliday
5.c Have
you ever met the coach of your favorite soccer team?
38
10
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4
Human
........................................................
58
6.aThe
Avete
maiRights
rotto ilApproach
carter della
bicicletta?
3.5
59
6.bConclusion
Have you......................................................................................
ever broken the carter of your bike?
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
60
6.c Have you
ever broken the chain guard of your bike?
4. The Ethics of Migration.
7.a Avete mai visto una macchina urtare un new jersey?
Reflections on Recent Migration Policies
and
Italya and
Europe
61
7.b Non-policies
Have you everinseen
car hit
a new...........................................
jersey?
Laura Zanfrini
8.aInitiatives
Avete mai
ticketand
restaurant?
4.2
for utilizzato
Governingun
Family
Humanitarian
Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers Migration ............. 73
8.b Have you ever used a ticket restaurant?
4.3
Guest
to Unwelcome
Guests .................................. 82
8.cFrom
Have
youWorkers
ever used
a meal ticket?
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
Examples 1.a, 2.a, 3.a, 4.a, 5.a, 6.a, 7.a, and 8.a show utterances
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
which may be heard or read in daily Italian. If English translations of
Bibliography
97
such
sentences .........................................................................................
are attempted, the translator would certainly feel that
the English-looking and English-sounding words (in italics) in the
5. Colombia:
Including
Theirare
Societies
Origin
Italian
sentences
cannotEmigrants
be kept, asinthey
in 1.b, of
2.b,
3.b, .......
4.b, 101
5.b,
Urs
Watter
6.b, 7.b, and 8.b, but must be substituted by proper English
equivalents,
as in 1.c,
3.c, 4.c, 5.c, 6.c, 7.c, and 8.c.
5.1 State Interest
and 2.c,
Responsibility
towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
1.45.2
A Applied
Classification
of False Anglicisms
Ethics ..............................................................................
104
Due
their manifold
features,
Anglicisms pose some problems
5.3toMigration
Policy and
Ethicsfalse
.........................................................
106
if scholars wish to classify them.30 This is evident considering the
5.4 Migration
Policy in
Colombia
......................................................
108
numerous
definitions
and
classifications
surveyed thus far. In fact,
false
originate
from various linguistic processes. Even
5.5 Anglicisms
Colombia nos
une......................................................................
109
though in some cases false Anglicisms may not fit into rigid
5.6 Alianza Pas .................................................................................. 112
categories and it is sometimes difficult to determine their origin,
5.7 types
Challenges
....................................................................................
114
eight
of false
Anglicisms can be distinguished: autonomous
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
30
39
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
False
Anglicisms made up of autonomous compounds are nonLaura Zanfrini
English compounds formed with two lexical elements that can be
4.1 Restrictive
and Structural
for Immigrant
Labour ..is
65a
separately
foundPolicies
in English,
whose Demand
compound
form, however,
genuine
Italian for
product.
This Family
leads to
coinage of brand-new false
4.2 Initiatives
Governing
andthe
Humanitarian
Anglicisms:
such
compound
words
are
not
used in
English.............. 73
Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers
Migration
A typical example of a false Anglicism constituted by an
4.3 From Guest
Workersistothe
Unwelcome
Guests ..................................
autonomous
compound
word recordman
which is not used82in
English
but isPolicies
actually
of two authentic English free
4.4 Selective
andcomposed
the Brain Drain............................................
87
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
31
False
Anglicisms which are classified as eponyms, toponyms, and generic
Urs Watter
trademarks trademarks which have acquired a generic meaning and that sound or
look5.1
English
an Italian
undergo a particular kind of metonymic shift,
State to
Interest
and speaker
Responsibility
i.e. a type
of
semantic
shift,
which
consists
in downgrading
the proper noun102
to a
towards their Citizens Living
Abroad
...........................................
common noun and in applying the names of people, places, or trademarks to
common
items. According
to Ephratt (2003: 393), this process is called genericness.
5.2 Applied
Ethics ..............................................................................
104
32
Although there are some differences, the division of false Anglicisms into
5.3 Migration
Policy
andtaxonomy
Ethics .........................................................
categories
is similar
to the
outlined by Gottlieb (2005: 164), 106
who
identifies archaisms, i.e. compound ellipses, which are viewed as the diachronic
5.4 than
Migration
Policy inoutcome
Colombia
rather
the synchronic
of ......................................................
language contact, semantic slides,108
i.e.
semantic shifts, and recombinations, i.e. autonomous compounds and autonomous
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
derivatives. On the other hand, Onysko (2007a: 52) does not seem to agree that
pseudo
Anglicisms
be divided into lexical pseudo loans, i.e. autonomous
5.6 Alianza
Passhould
..................................................................................
112
compounds, morphological changes, i.e. compound ellipses and clippings, and
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
semantic
pseudo loans,
i.e. semantic shifts, since the division [] blurs114
the
difference between semantic and morphological adaptation of Anglicisms [] and
.......................................................................................
116
the Bibliography
creation of pseudo
Anglicisms as lexical units irrespective of an English model..
Onysko (2007a: 55) considers pseudo Anglicisms in the narrow sense only: []
English
lexical
elements
lexical creations
[] without
an English model
Working
Together
forused
thefor
Well-being
of Migrants
...........................
119
[].
According
to
Onyskos
taxonomy,
only
autonomous
compounds
would be
Barry Halliday
classified as false Anglicisms.
40
10
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
33
3.4 The Human
58
morphemes,
i.e. Rights
record Approach
and man.........................................................
The English equivalent is the
34
compound
record......................................................................................
holder.
3.5 Conclusion
59
Conversely, compounds such as web-caf or caf-racer caf
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
60
being
clearly French
should be labeled as loanblends (Lass 1969:
66, Haugen 1950: 218) or hybrid compounds (Onysko 2007a: 52)
4. The Ethics
Migration.
instead
of falseofAnglicisms.
Reflections
on
Recent Migration
It is worth considering
that notPolicies
all false Anglicisms appearing as
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
two words necessarily fall within the category of autonomous
Laura Zanfrini
compounds. For instance, according to the GDU, camera car is used
4.1 Restrictiveand
Policies
and Structural
Demand
for Immigrant
.. 65
in motorcycle
car racing
to indicate
a special
cameraLabour
located
on
the4.2
vehicle
while
racing:
the
real
English
word
being
on-board
Initiatives
for Governing Family and Humanitarian
35
camera.
However,
car
exists inMigration
Italian .............
as a real
Migration:
Labourcamera
Migration
butalso
not Workers
73
Anglicism and it refers to a moving vehicle equipped with a camera
Fromfor
Guest
Workers
to Unwelcome
Guests
..................................
82
and4.3used
special
types
of shooting,
especially
in the moviemaking
industry.
Therefore,
false
Anglicism camera car would
4.4 Selective
Policies
and thethe
Brain
Drain............................................
87
be more appropriately classified as a semantic shift rather than an
4.5 Equal Opportunity
autonomous
compound.and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
41
Table of Contents
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
5.1 StateitInterest
Responsibility
Although
does notand
happen
in the Italian language, it is worth noticing that in
Citizens
Living
Abroad
...........................................
Spanishtowards
there aretheir
hybrid
derivatives
which
exploit
the productivity of the suffix102
-ing
by attaching it to Spanish free morphemes. Riquelme (1998: 87) defines them:
5.2 Applied
Ethics
..............................................................................
104
Vocablos
espurios,
bastardos
[] hbridos desternillantes como en espaol
cuerding o puenting: ni bridging ni puenteo [].. Tr. spurious, bastard words
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
[] hilarious hybrids as in Spanish cuerding or puenting: neither bridging
nor 5.4
puenteo
[]..
It is interesting
to notice
how both cuerding and puenting 108
have
Migration
Policy
in Colombia
......................................................
a typically Spanish root, i.e. cuerda and puente, and, at the same time a little
English
flavor added
the......................................................................
-ing suffix. These coinages would be classified
5.5 Colombia
nosbyune
109as
hybrids or loanblends (Lass 1969: 66, Winford 2003: 45). Plausible English
5.6 Alianza
Pas ..................................................................................
112
equivalents
are ropelling
and bunjee jumping respectively. Another very recent
example is balconing, which can be defined as the dangerous practice of jumping
5.7balconies
Challenges
....................................................................................
from
towards
swimming pools. According to Heath (1994: 388),114
the
introduction of a foreign affix into target language word morphology may be
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
defined
as the borrowing
of grammatical morphemes.
37
Dardano (1998: 357) argues that [] in luogo di clip si usano anche videoclip e
video;
questultimo
pseudoanglicismo,
che (per
un fenomeno119di
Working
Together foruno
the Well-being
of Migrants
...........................
reinterpretazione
in cui il determinante scambiato con il determinato) elimina la
Barry Halliday
testa del composto [].. Tr. [] in addition to clip Italian has videoclip and
36
42
10
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4
The Human
Rights
Approachoriginating
........................................................
Therefore,
false
Anglicisms
from the ellipsis of 58
an
English
compound
can be formally found in English, though with59a
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
different meaning. After becoming lexical units semantically affected
.........................................................................................
60
by Bibliography
but formally
independent from the English compounds from
which they derive, such elliptical forms may hinder the full
4. The Ethics of of
Migration.
comprehension
the word in question, e.g. water in place of water
38
Reflections
on
Recent Migration Policies
closet.
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
Indeed, non-English compound ellipses derive their meanings
Laura Zanfrini
from the English compounds which have been truncated. In English
4.1 Restrictive
andwhich
Structural
Demand foronImmigrant
Labour
.. 65
compounds,
the Policies
modifier,
is collocated
the left of
the head,
adds a specification to the meaning of the head. However, English
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian
compounds
do not
have
the same
structure
as Migration
Italian compounds,
Migration:
Labour
Migration
but not
Workers
............. 73
where the head usually comes first, followed by the modifying
39 Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
4.3 From
element.
In fact, in post-modifying languages, i.e. Italian, the righthand
element
would and
normally
deleted. Conversely, in pre4.4 Selective Policies
the Brainbe
Drain............................................
87
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
5. Colombia:
Emigrants
Their Societies
....... 101of
video;
the latterIncluding
is a false
Anglicism,in which
(accordingoftoOrigin
the process
Urs Watter in which the head and the modifier change place) eliminates the
reinterpretation
head of the compound [].. The CDAE gives a different interpretation, recognizing
5.1asState
Interestellipsis
and Responsibility
video
the accepted
of videoclip, thus turning it into a real Anglicism, not a
towards
their there
Citizens
Living
Abroadof...........................................
false one.
In English
are other
examples
the same phenomenon: when102
the
ellipsis of a compound is formed, the element on the left is kept instead of the
5.2 Applied
Ethics
..............................................................................
104
element
on the right.
According
to the NODE, an instance of this is the word skate,
which is used as the elliptical form of skate-board.
38 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
As Iamartino (2001: 121) puts it: [] palese che i lessemi cos ottenuti
riducono
fortemente
le proprie
connessioni
formali e semantiche con le forme
5.4 Migration
Policy
in Colombia
......................................................
108
originali [].. Tr. [] it is evident that lexemes which are formed this way
strongly
reduce formal
semantic
connections with the original forms [].. 109
5.5 Colombia
nosand
une
......................................................................
39
As Sanniti di Baja (1992: 155) states: The structure of English compounds, too,
..................................................................................
112to
can5.6
be Alianza
changed Pas
through
an analogous process of nominalization: we can refer
instances such as night from night club, cocktail from cocktail party, pocket from
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
114
pocket
book.. In addition,
Vogel (1990: 99-101) states that [] when Italian
borrows a particular type of compound from English, typically only one of its
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
members
is retained
[]. What is interesting about the way in which Italian borrows
and shortens the type of compounds in question is not only that it reduces the
compound
a single word,
butWell-being
that the word
is retained
is precisely the119
one
WorkingtoTogether
for the
of that
Migrants
...........................
native
speakers
of English would not choose if they were to shorten the same
Barry
Halliday
compounds..
43
Table of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Clippings
are of
one
of the productive word-formation strategies of the
4. The Ethics
Migration.
English
language
whichMigration
involve Policies
the shortening of words. Forms
Reflections
on Recent
abbreviated
from
larger
words
(Plag
2003:
121) are very common
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe
...........................................
61
in Laura
English,
e.g.
ad
for
advertisement
(end
clipping), specs for
Zanfrini
spectacles (medial clipping), phone for telephone (initial clipping).
4.1 Restrictive
Policies
and Structural
Demand
for Immigrant
Labour .. 65
However,
as Ross
(1999:
87) argues:
[]
it is cross-language
clipping
that gives
to []Family
enigmas
4.2 Initiatives
for rise
Governing
and[]..
Humanitarian
Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers Migration ............. 73
4.3 FromtoGuest
to Il
Unwelcome
Guests
..................................
82
According
KlajnWorkers
(1972: 72):
conflitto, nei
composti,
tra la sequenza italiana
e quella inglese non sempre ha per conseguenza una diminutio capitis []. A volte
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
lordine degli elementi o il loro rapporto che si inverte per sottostare alla regola
dellattributo
[] and
La parola
serbare la forma
originale, invertendo
4.5 Equalpreposto.
Opportunity
Deniedpu
Opportunities
................................
90
per lordine delle funzioni, per cui il secondo termine, che in inglese era il
principale
(determinato),
viene inteso come attributo (determinante).. Tr. 97
In
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
compounds, the contrast between the Italian sequence and the English one does not
always result in a diminutio capitis []. Sometimes it is the order of the elements or
5. Colombia:
Emigrants
Origin .......
their
relationshipIncluding
that is inverted
in orderintoTheir
followSocieties
the rule ofofadjective
first.101
[]
Urs
Watter
The word can keep the original form but invert the functional order, so that the
second element, which is the main one in English (head), is now viewed as an
5.1 State
Interest and
Responsibility
adjective
(modifier)..
Chiarioni
(1974: 84) confirms this: Lapplicazione formale
towards their
Citizens
Abroad
del trattamento
italiano,
cio Living
lomissione
del ...........................................
secondo termine, in questo 102
tipo
despressioni binomie inglesi (jolly, cocktail, night per jolly joker, cocktail party,
5.2club)
Applied
Ethics
..............................................................................
104
night
mostra
che tali
espressioni sono state adottate e diffuse specialmente
da
chi aveva minor conoscenza e minor pratica della loro lingua dorigine.. Tr.
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
Applying the Italian form to these kinds of binomial English expressions, that is
omitting
the secondPolicy
element,
[] shows......................................................
that such expressions have been adopted
5.4 Migration
in Colombia
108
and used especially by those speakers with a limited knowledge of the language
from
they originated..
Moreover, dealing with false Anglicisms in the press,
5.5which
Colombia
nos une......................................................................
109
Dardano (1986a: 490) claims that [s]pesso linglese della stampa presenta fenomeni
Alianza Pas
..................................................................................
112
che5.6
esemplificano
ampliandole
le tendenze che caratterizzano i contatti tra lingue.
[] si propone quel tipo di adattamento che consiste nelleliminare il secondo
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
114
elemento,
cio il determinatum,
dei composti nominali, attribuendo al tempo
stesso al primo elemento, cio al determinans il significato del composto []..
.......................................................................................
116
Tr. Bibliography
The use of English
words in the press exemplifies and magnifies the trends
which characterize language contact. [] what is proposed is a kind of adaptation
that
consistsTogether
in eliminating
the Well-being
second element,
namely the...........................
determinatum, 119
from
Working
for the
of Migrants
nominal
Barrycompounds
Halliday and at the same time attributing to the first element, namely the
determinans, the meaning of the compound []..
40
44
10
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4
TheAnglicisms
Human Rights
58
False
thatApproach
originate........................................................
from clippings are abbreviations
of real
English words
that would not be accepted in English, e.g. flirt
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
for flirtation, happy end for happy ending, relax for relaxation. The
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
60
difference
between
compound ellipses and clippings is that the
former involve the elimination of an entire lexical item while the
4. Theare
Ethics
of Migration.
latter
limited
to the deletion of a suffix.
Reflections on Recent Migration Policies
andSemantic
Non-policies
Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
1.4.5
Shifts in
(SS)
Laura Zanfrini
The label semantic shifts may partially overlap with what Lass (1969: 66) labels
5.3 Migration
Policy and Ethics
.........................................................
106
as loanshifts,
i.e. non-adapted
borrowings
entering a language with a usage which
is different from the native one, and with what Weinreich (1963: 49) labels as
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
homonyms, i.e. if there is a leap in meaning, a HOMONYM is established in the
recipient
language.nos
According
to Lass, a loanshift may be either a 109
loan
5.5 Colombia
une......................................................................
homonym, when a word takes on a completely different meaning from its original
one,5.6
or Alianza
a loan synonym,
when a word in a receiving language maintains one
Pas ..................................................................................
112or
more, but not all the meanings it has in the donor language. With regard to the
5.7 Challenges
114
present
classification....................................................................................
of false Anglicisms in Italian, only loan homonyms will
be
considered as false Anglicisms generated by semantic shift.
42 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
When semantic extensions take place, some scholars refer to them as
semantically adapted Anglicisms instead of false Anglicisms. For instance,
Gottlieb
(2005:
165) provides
typology of of
semantic
loans,
i.e. existing words
Working
Together
for the aWell-being
Migrants
...........................
119
acquiring
meanings or new homonyms, in which extensions are included.
Barry new
Halliday
However, extensions do generate false Anglicisms since meaning extension
45
Table of Contents
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4 TheEnglish
Human Rights
58
ordinary
speakerApproach
as odd.........................................................
In Italian, for example, the word
mister
besides ......................................................................................
being used as a real Anglicism also refers to the
3.5 Conclusion
59
trainer of a sports team: the appropriate English equivalent would
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
60
actually
be either
(sports) coach or trainer.43
Even though they are formally identical in both languages, false
4.
The
Ethics
of Migration.
Anglicisms
characterized
by a semantic shift are words that have kept
Reflections
on Recent
Migration
Policies
an authentic English
form
but whose
meaning significantly departs
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
from the English original (Chiarioni 1974: 85). Therefore, the
Laura Zanfrini
acceptable degree of semantic difference which would allow certain
4.1 Restrictive
Policies
andas
Structural
Demand forisImmigrant
Labour .. 65
lexical
items to be
labeled
false Anglicisms
incomprehensibility
since it is evident that the attribution of new meanings to Italian false
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian
Anglicisms
which
have
Englishbuthomographs
leads 73to
Migration:
Labour
Migration
not Workers eventually
Migration .............
ambiguity.44
4.3
From Guestmeaning
Workers torestrictions
Unwelcome Guests
82
Conversely,
should..................................
be considered real
Anglicisms
since
only one
several
meanings accepted in English
4.4 Selective
Policies
and of
thethe
Brain
Drain............................................
87
is used in the borrowing language. The English form is borrowed but
Opportunity
and Denied
Opportunities
................................
90
not4.5
allEqual
its meanings
(Geeraerts
1997:
94). Consequently,
on the one
hand,
words such
as bar, boss, and drink loan synonyms according
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
to Lass (1969: 66) and semantic narrowing according to Alexieva
(2008:
43) and
Dunn (2008:
53)in Their
are authentic
borrowings
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
Societies of
Origin .......from
101
English,
even though in Italian they are only used with one of the
Urs Watter
several meanings accepted in English. In Italian, the Anglicism bar is
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility
towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
46
10
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4used
The as
Human
Rights of
Approach
........................................................
58
only
a synonym
pub (Hazon),
boss, usually referring to the
head
a criminal
organization (GDU), has a negative connotation,
3.5of
Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
and drink only indicates an alcoholic beverage in Italian (DEA). On
.........................................................................................
60
theBibliography
other hand,
words such as box, miss, and mister loan
homonyms according to Lass (1969: 66), homonyms according to
4. The Ethics
of Migration.
Weinreich
(1963:
49), extensions according to Gottlieb (2005:
Reflections
on Recent
Migration
Policiesto Alexieva (2008: 44) and
165), and semantic
widening
according
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
Dunn (2008: 54) must be classified as false Anglicisms since they
Laura Zanfrini
acquire a new meaning in Italian. In English, box does not refer to a
4.1 Restrictive
Structural Demand
for Immigrant
garage,
a miss Policies
is not and
a showgirl,
and mister
is never Labour
used ..as65a
synonym of coach or trainer.
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian
How
differentLabour
can the
meaning
the Migration
English homograph
Migration:
Migration
but be
not from
Workers
............. 73
and how can semantic distance be measured? Since the intelligibility
4.3 From
Workers to Unwelcome
..................................
82
criterion
is Guest
not completely
watertight,Guests
to verify
whether a false
Anglicism
generated
by the
a semantic
shift occurs, the previously
4.4 Selective
Policies and
Brain Drain............................................
87
illustrated litmus test should be run.45
4.5
Equal Opportunity
andby
Denied
Opportunities
................................
90
Finally,
as suggested
Moss
(1995: 130),
false Anglicisms
characterized
semantic shifts may be classified according to the
Bibliographyby
.........................................................................................
97
types of meaning relations which take part in their coinage:
metonymic
metaphoric
andSocieties
meronymic
shifts.
The
5. Colombia:shifts,
Including
Emigrantsshifts,
in Their
of Origin
....... 101
ordinary
speaker is not usually conscious of such processes, even
Urs Watter
though these semantic relations may be among the core linguistic
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility
reasons that structurally explain false Anglicisms.
towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
5.2 Applied
EthicsShifts
.............................................................................. 104
1.4.5.a
Metonymic
Migration
Policy and Ethics
106
An5.3
instance
of metonymic
shift.........................................................
is the false Anglicism poker, which
generally
denotes
the
famous
card
game
in
both
Italian
and
English.
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
However, in Italian poker also indicates the score that can be
5.5 Colombia
une......................................................................
109
obtained
in suchnos
a game
when a player has four cards of the same
kind.
The proper
English equivalent is actually four of a kind
5.6 Alianza
Pas ..................................................................................
112
5.7 Challenges
Since
the semantic....................................................................................
distance of the Anglicism from the English homograph is114
not
always easy to measure, in some cases the borderline between semantically adapted
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116to
Anglicisms,
i.e. real
Anglicisms, and false Anglicisms becomes fuzzy. According
Pulcini (forthcoming): [] when a word is borrowed from a language into another
aWorking
certain amount
of semantic
deviation
from the
source word
takes place so that
the
Together
for the
Well-being
of Migrants
...........................
119
sameBarry
word,Halliday
even when referring to the same entity, ends up having much the same
meaning but not quite the same meaning in the host language..
45
47
Table of Contents
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
A Reflections
metaphoriconshift
occurs
when Policies
seemingly unrelated subjects are
Recent
Migration
compared
and
leads
to
the
formation
of a ...........................................
new concept that resembles
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe
61
the Laura
original
concept.
An
example
of
metaphoric
shift is the false
Zanfrini
Anglicism bomber, which is used in Italian instead of the real
4.1 Restrictive
Structural Demand
for Immigrant
.. 65
Anglicism
strikerPolicies
or topand
goal-scorer
to indicate
a player Labour
who scores
many
goals (Hazon).
The Family
original
is represented by a
4.2 Initiatives
for Governing
andconcept
Humanitarian
bomber
airplaneLabour
whileMigration
the new but
concept,
whichMigration
generates.............
the false
Migration:
not Workers
73
Anglicism, is based on the fact that just as a bomber airplane drops
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
many bombs, a bomber, used in the sense of striker or top goal46
4.4 Selective
Policiesgoals.
and the
Brain Drain............................................ 87
scorer,
scores several
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
48
10
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4Eponyms
The Human
Rights Approach ........................................................ 58
1.4.6
(E)
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Sometimes
the Policies
shift from
to common noun has already
4.4 Selective
and proper
the Brainnoun
Drain............................................
87
occurred in the English language. These instances, e.g. sandwich,
4.5be
Equal
Opportunity
andAnglicisms
Denied Opportunities
90
must
classified
as real
in Italian................................
(Dardano 1978: 84).
Other
times the.........................................................................................
names of inventors are not used in English to denote
Bibliography
97
common items and occur only in Italian.49 As Spence states:
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
Urs Watter
the Continent. Since the term is not English (which has pinball machine), the term
Interest
and Responsibility
may5.1
beState
a German
coinage
based on English to flip.. The false Anglicism flipper
towards
theiraCitizens
102
may indeed
be either
semanticLiving
shift ofAbroad
the real...........................................
English word flipper or an ellipsis
of the compound flipper pinball, as attested by the existence of the International
5.2 Applied
..............................................................................
Flipper
Pinball Ethics
Association
(IFPA). It is worth noting that Moss (1995: 104
131)
considers flipper a metonymy and Klajn (1972: 105) a synecdoche.
48 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
According to Cardona (1988: 123) and Baugh and Cable (1993: 299-301),
eponyms
may derive
from proper
nouns or......................................................
from trademarks.
5.4 Migration
Policy
in Colombia
108
49
As Gusmani (1986: 101, 102) argues: [] un nome proprio straniero viene
accolto
come appellativo
per ......................................................................
un oggetto che sta in una qualche relazione (sia109
essa
5.5 Colombia
nos une
reale o supposta) con la persona che porta quel nome, con quel marchio e via
5.6 Alianza
Pas ..................................................................................
112
dicendo.
[] In questo
tipo di casi si verificato, in generale al momento stesso
del
prestito, uno slittamento semantico dovuto ad erronea interpretazione del nome
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
proprio
come appellativo,
favorita dallambiguit del contesto in cui la parola 114
stata
dapprima conosciuta o da altre circostanze esterne (marchio di fabbrica scritto
Bibliography
116
sulloggetto
ecc.).........................................................................................
Tr. [] a proper noun of foreign origin is adopted to indicate
an object which is (truly or supposedly) related to the person with that name, with a
certain
brand,
and so forth.
[] Well-being
In these instances
a semantic
shift has taken place
Working
Together
for the
of Migrants
...........................
119
usually
when
the borrowing occurred due to a misinterpretation of the proper noun
Barry
Halliday
as common noun, which has been favored by the contextual ambiguity in which the
49
Table of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4fair
Thenumber
HumanofRights
Approach
A
[] words
are ........................................................
derived from English proper nouns58
that have never unlike sandwich, jersey, cheddar and others been
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
employed
as common
nouns in English. It does seem rather bizarre to59
class
as an anglicism
a form that has never functioned as a lexeme in60
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
English which is true of carter [] and of a number of others.
(Spence 1987: 176)
4. The Ethics of Migration.
Reflections
Recent
Migration
Policies
Such
eponymsonhave
been
considered
false Anglicisms since they are
and Non-policies
50 in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
not used in English. For example, pullman is used instead of bus or
Laura Zanfrini
1.4.7 Toponyms
(T)
Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers Migration ............. 73
A toponym is a place name. Alternatively, in the RDLL the label
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
toponymic, instead of toponym, is used to refer to a [t]erm for
4.4 Selective
Policies
Brain Drain............................................
87
geographic
areas
suchandasthecities,
villages, states, and countries..
According
to
the
OCEL:
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
Although
not.........................................................................................
toponyms properly so called, many nouns have97
Bibliography
toponymic origins and/or associations []. Such words are often
trade and
food. []
SomeSocieties
words, though
originally
5. associated
Colombia:with
Including
Emigrants
in Their
of Origin
....... 101
toponymic,
are
more
properly
eponyms
(coined
from
personal
names
Urs Watter
and titles drawn from place-names) [].
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility
When towards
a toponymic
becomes
generic,
it is...........................................
not only used to refer to102
the
their Citizens
Living
Abroad
50
10
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4
The Human
Rights
Approach
58
However,
some
toponyms
of ........................................................
British or American origin, which
have
generic,
are not used in English and must be considered
3.5become
Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
false Anglicisms. For instance, new jersey is used in Italian to refer
.........................................................................................
60
to Bibliography
a long, uninterrupted,
reverse T-shaped concrete median barrier
used to separate lanes in highways (GDU). Etymologically, the false
4. The Ethics
of Migration.
Anglicism
new
jersey derives from the toponym of the American
Reflections
Recent where
Migration
Policiesmedian barriers were first
state of NewonJersey,
concrete
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
developed and installed.
Laura Zanfrini
1.4.8
Trademarks
4.1Generic
Restrictive
Policies and (GT)
Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
Another
important
category isFamily
that of
also referred to as
4.2 Initiatives
for Governing
andtrademarks,
Humanitarian
brandMigration:
names Labour
(Moss Migration
1995: 135),
names
(OED),
but notproprietary
Workers Migration
.............
73
proprietary terms (OCEL), trade names (Hartmann and James
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
2001, OCEL), trade terms (OED), or word marks (Ephratt 2003:
4.4 A
Selective
Policies
and theby
Brain
87
393).
trademark
is defined
the Drain............................................
OCEL as follows:
4.5sign
Equal
Opportunity
and Denied
Opportunities
................................
A
or name
that is secured
by legal
registration
or (in some cases)90
by
established.........................................................................................
use, and serves to distinguish one product from similar97
Bibliography
brands sold by competitors []. [] companies complain when their
trademarks begin to be used as generic terms in the media or
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
elsewhere []. There is in practice a vague area between generic
Urs Watter
terms
proper, trademarks that have become somewhat generic, and
trademarks
that are
as such. The situation is complicated
5.1 State Interest
andrecognized
Responsibility
by different
usages
in
different
countries
[]. [] a trademark 102
is
towards their Citizens Living Abroad
...........................................
registered by adding TM (for trademark) or R (for registered) in a
superscript
the term []. The term usually differs from
5.2 Appliedcircle
Ethicsafter
..............................................................................
104
trade name [] by designating a specific product and not a business,
5.3 Migration
Policy
and Ethics
.........................................................
106
service,
or class
of goods,
articles,
or substances: but some trademarks
and
trade
names
may
happen
to
be
the
same.
[]
The
inclusion
of
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
such names in dictionaries, even when marked trademark or
5.5 Colombia
nos une
......................................................................
109
proprietary
term,
indicates
that their status has begun to shift.
Trademark names used as verbs are a further area of difficulty, both
5.6 Alianza
112
generally
andPas
in ..................................................................................
lexicography. One solution adopted by publishers of
dictionaries
is to....................................................................................
regard the verb forms as generic, with a small initial
5.7 Challenges
114
letter [].
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
51
Table of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4 The2003:
Human404).
RightsWith
Approach
........................................................
58
(Ephratt
regard
to trademarks which become
generic,
the OCEL
also recognizes that:
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
In
law, a trademark
ceases to be protected when it comes to be more60
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
widely used for, and understood as, a type rather than a brand: for
theofproprietary
4. example,
The Ethics
Migration.names Hoover for type of vacuum cleaner
and
Xerox
for
that makes
xerographic copies are, despite
Reflections onequipment
Recent Migration
Policies
being trademarks, widely used for vacuum cleaners in general and
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
xerographic copies of all kinds. When so used, especially as verbs,
Lauraare
Zanfrini
they
written without an initial capital (to hoover; a xerox, to
xerox).
In such
uses and
the Structural
terms areDemand
in effect
generic. When
4.1 Restrictive
Policies
for Immigrant
Labourthis
.. 65
happens, the mark is referred to as generic or a generic.51
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian
Migration: Labour
Migration
but not Workers
Migration
............. 73is
The relationship
between
false Anglicisms
and generic
trademarks
explained
by Klajn:
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
Pseudoanglicismi
possono
anche quando nomi propri o87
4.4 Selective Policies
and thenascere
Brain Drain............................................
marche commerciali angloamericane diventano nomi comuni in altre
52
4.5 Equal
Opportunity
and103)
Denied
Opportunities ................................ 90
lingue.
(Klajn
1972: 102,
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
According
to Solly
227, 228): This is not necessarily good news 109
for a
5.5 Colombia
nos(2002:
une......................................................................
company: the entry of these words into common use in the language might testify to
the 5.6
commercial
of its advertising and market; on the other, it brings the112
risk
Alianzasuccess
Pas ..................................................................................
of genericide and thus the serious loss of revenue to the business..
52 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Tr. Pseudoanglicisms also arise when English or American proper nouns and
brand names become common nouns in other languages..
53 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
Graphically, trademarks are often though not always recognizable in
dictionaries since they are marked with special labels, i.e. and (Zardo 1996: 373,
374).
With regard
to texts,
(2003: 402)
[]
to add the sign 119
in
Working
Together
for Ephratt
the Well-being
of suggests
Migrants
...........................
every
mention
of
a
registered
trademark
and
the
sign
for
an
unregistered
Barry Halliday
trademark..
52
10
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4 The
Human Rightsbrand,
Approach
........................................................
An
English-language
trademark,
company name, or slogan58
lends a commodity an up-to-date, fashionable and youthful image.
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
(Pahta
and Taavitsainen
2004: 183)
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
4.1
Policies
and look
Structural
Demand
for Immigrant
.. 65
b) Restrictive
the trademark
must
or sound
English,
i.e. it isLabour
coined
by
means offor
real
English Family
words,and
e.g.Humanitarian
ticket restaurant;
4.2 Initiatives
Governing
LabourisMigration
but recognizable
not Workers Migration
.............
73
c) Migration:
if a trademark
not readily
as English
in form,
it must
be Workers
owned by
a company Guests
which ..................................
is based in an English4.3 From
Guest
to Unwelcome
82
speaking country, e.g. rimmel;
54 ................................ 90
4.5 Equal
Opportunity
and Denied
Opportunities
way it
used in Italian,
e.g. caterpillar.
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
Instances
of generic
trademarks, whose formal appearance leads
Italian speakers to consider them English but which are instead false
5. Colombia: peculiar
Including Emigrants
TheirAutogrill
Societiesof Origin
....... 101
Anglicisms
to Italianin are
for motorway
Urs
Watter
restaurant, K-Way for Windbreaker , Rimmel for mascara, and
Ticket
Restaurant
for Responsibility
meal ticket.55
5.1 State
Interest and
towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
1.55.2
Other
Phenomena
Related to False Anglicisms
Applied
Ethics ..............................................................................
104
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
53
Table of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
The Human
Rights
........................................................
58
i.e.3.4
functional
shifts
andApproach
hybrid Anglicisms,
will not be considered
false
3.5Anglicisms.
Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
60
1.5.1
Functional
Shifts
A4. particularly
The Ethics ofinteresting
Migration. phenomenon concerns functional shifts
(Merriam-Webster),
also
called Policies
conversions (Bauer 1983: 32,
Reflections on Recent
Migration
Gottlieb
2005:
164),
zero
derivations
(EDLL), or zero forms
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe ...........................................
61
(Todd
and
Hancock
1986:
507).
These
lexical
items change the word
Laura Zanfrini
class without changing the form when shifting from English to
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
Italian.
Since
functional
shifts are
alsoand
very
common in the English
4.2
Initiatives
for Governing
Family
Humanitarian
language,
in theLabour
process
of cross-linguistic
they are
Migration:
Migration
but not Workersconversion
Migration .............
73
considered false Anglicisms only when the meaning acquired in
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
Italian differs considerably from the English meaning. For instance, a
4.4 Selective
Drain............................................
87
functional
shiftPolicies
whichand
is the
alsoBrain
a semantic
shift therefore a false
Anglicism
is
flirt,
an
English
verb
(and
noun)
that
may
be
used
in
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
Italian as a noun to refer to a lover or a date.56
Bibliography
97
By contrast,.........................................................................................
functional shifts which do not involve semantic
shifts, e.g. snob, an English noun which may be used as an adjective
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrantsreal
in Their
Societiessince
of Origin
in
Italian, must
be considered
Anglicisms
they.......
can101
be
Urs
Watter
found in English in spite of the different word class (Furiassi 2007:
229-233).
In fact,
if the meaning remains the same, the
5.1 State Interest
and Responsibility
comprehension
of
the
borrowing
which has undergone
towards their CitizensEnglish
Living Abroad
...........................................
102
conversion in Italian is not impaired, especially considering that
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
English is a language where functional shift is quite common.57
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
54
10
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4 The
Human Rights
Approach ........................................................
58
mixed
compounds,
semi-calques,
or partial substitutions. With
regard
to hybrid Anglicisms,
Onysko acknowledges that:
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
Hybrid
anglicisms
[] have stirred some controversy as to the degree60
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
their creation is influenced by the existence of an English model.
2007a:
52)
4. (Onysko
The Ethics
of Migration.
Reflections on Recent Migration Policies
Onysko
also argues that:
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
Laura
Zanfrini
The
notion
of hybridity [] relates to derivational processes including
affixation
of borrowed
bases
and the
formation
of compounds
4.1 Restrictive
Policies and
Structural
Demand
for Immigrant
Labour ..of65
native and borrowed free morphemes. (Onysko 2007a: 55)
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian
HybridMigration:
Anglicisms
areMigration
here defined
the narrow
sense
as the
Labour
but not in
Workers
Migration
.............
73
55
Table of Contents
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4combining
The Human forms
Rightsare
Approach
........................................................
58
such
of Latin
or Greek origin, they are also
well-established
in the English language and their reintroduction59in
3.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................
Italian, and the Romance languages in general, is due to the influence
of Bibliography
English. For.........................................................................................
this reason, the lexical items coined by means 60
of
combining forms will not be considered hybrids but false Anglicisms
4. Thecan
Ethics
of Migration.
which
be classified
as autonomous compounds.
Reflections on Recent Migration Policies
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
1.6Laura
FalseZanfrini
Anglicisms and False Friends
56
10
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
57
Table of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
58
10
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4 in
TheEnglish
Human because
Rights Approach
........................................................
form
it is a false
Anglicism only insofar as 58
its
meaning
is
concerned.
These
types
of
false
Anglicisms
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
autonomous derivatives, compound ellipses, clippings, and semantic
Bibliography
60
shifts
are the.........................................................................................
only ones which have formal equivalents in English.
Conversely, autonomous compounds, e.g. recordman, do not exist in
4. The Ethics of Migration.
English.
Reflections
Recent
Migration
Policies
At most, on
false
friends
between
English and Italian may be
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
forcedly considered a sub-group of false Anglicisms since the label
Laura Zanfrini
false Anglicisms also includes formally identical items in two
4.1 Restrictive
Policies
Structural shifts,
Demandjust
for Immigrant
Labourfalse
.. 65
different
languages,
i.e.andsemantic
as the label
friends does (Pulcini 1997b: 150). However, the idea of classifying
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian
false Migration:
friends asLabour
subordinate
Anglicisms
is not
totally
Migrationtobutfalse
not Workers
Migration
.............
73
convincing from a methodological and heuristic perspective. False
4.3 From Guest
Workers
to Unwelcome
Guests
..................................
82
Anglicisms
are more
likely
to originate
because
of a spontaneous
creative
act Policies
or even
misunderstanding
rather than for 87
an
4.4 Selective
and the
Brain Drain............................................
etymologically justified reason.64
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
97
1.7Bibliography
Mediated.........................................................................................
False Anglicisms
5. Colombia:
Emigrants
in Their
of Origin
101
As
Gottlieb Including
(2005: 166)
affirms:
[]Societies
the transfer
of .......
English
Urs Watter
language features is often relayed via a third language.. In fact, false
Anglicisms
which and
areResponsibility
mediated by French, e.g. recordman, or by
5.1 State Interest
towards theirsuch
Citizens
Living Abroad
...........................................
other languages,
as German,
e.g. flipper,
have been labeled102
by
Grlach
(2003:
60)
as
English
words
disguised
through
mediation.
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
It is worth pointing out that some autonomous compounds, e.g.
5.3 Migration
Policy
and Ethics
106
autostop,
beauty
case,
block .........................................................
notes, recordman, recordwoman,
autonomous
derivatives,
e.g.
footing,
compound
ellipses,
e.g.
golf,
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
64
At times, false friends are calques that are successively created in the receiving
5.6 Alianza
Pas ..................................................................................
language,
e.g. assumere
from to assume, realizzare from to realize, evidenza 112
from
evidence. Coco (2003: 45) emphasizes [] come la somiglianza formale tra parole
5.7 eChallenges
....................................................................................
114si
inglesi
italiane favorisca
la produzione di calchi nella nostra lingua e come ci
accompagni ad uno slittamento semantico del termine italiano, che pu assumere
Bibliography
116
significati
nuovi .......................................................................................
e apparire alla sensibilit dei pi accorti come usato
impropriamente.. Tr. [] that the formal similarity between English and Italian
words
fosters
the coinage
calques
and that of
thisMigrants
is associated
with a semantic119
shift
Working
Together
forofthe
Well-being
...........................
of the
Italian
word, which may acquire new meanings and appear inappropriate by
Barry
Halliday
expert readers..
59
Table of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
4.2 Initiatives
for Governing
andAnglicisms
Humanitarian are commonly
False
Anglicisms
as wellFamily
as real
Migration:
but notthe
Workers
.............with
73
encountered
in Labour
Italian,Migration
confirming
idea Migration
that anything
American
or
British
characteristics
is
prestigious.
False
Anglicisms
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
account for the massive influence that the English language and the
4.4 Selective
the Brain which
Drain............................................
87
American
andPolicies
Britishandculture,
are considered modern,
efficient,
andOpportunity
positivelyand
connoted,
have had and................................
continue to have 90
on
4.5 Equal
Denied Opportunities
Italian.
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
False Anglicisms
are no doubt very popular and attractive and
they are the manifestation of language creativity (Fanfani 2002: 222).
5. Colombia:
Emigrants
in Their
Societies ofthat:
Origin ....... 101
This
statementIncluding
is supported
by Hope,
who maintains
Urs Watter
False
loans
are obvious
evidence of constructive intervention on the
5.1 State
Interest
and Responsibility
receivers part improving on the material provided externally, and so
5.2 Applied
Ethics
..............................................................................
104
Though
referring
to real
Anglicisms, the following statement by Grlach (2002a:
5) may also be applied to false Anglicisms: Modern borrowing is most often
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
straight from English whether from BrE or AmE, and from written, spoken, or
electronic
sources.Policy
The channels
of earlier
loans were often more indirect:
5.4 Migration
in Colombia
......................................................
108
borrowing might predominantly or exclusively depend on written sources and might
be through
the language(s)
in the schools and most prestigious in109
the
5.5 Colombia
nos uneprevalent
......................................................................
society. [] This mediation left unmistakable traces in the spelling, pronunciation,
5.6 Alianza
..................................................................................
112in
morphology,
andPas
meaning
of such Anglicisms, often deleting all English features
their form.. Grlach (2003: 60) also recognized that E. [English] words passing
5.7 Challenges
114
through,
say, French....................................................................................
or German were often changed significantly, sometimes losing
all traces of their E. [English] origin in the process..
66 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
As Moss (1995: 134) affirms: [] since most of these same hypercorrected terms
also exist in French and, in terms of linguistic borrowing, Italians linguistic debt to
French
has been
and continues
be considerable,
it may well
be that at least some
Working
Together
for the to
Well-being
of Migrants
...........................
119
of these
are anglicisms which have been mediated into the language through
Barryforms
Halliday
French..
65
60
10
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4 The
Human Rights
........................................................
are
borrowings
used forApproach
their contribution
to the resources of the58
literary medium for local colour, perhaps, or for their poetic or other
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
stylistic
overtones.
(Hope 1971: 723)
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
Why are false Anglicisms so popular? The reasons for the use and
spread
of false
Anglicisms in Italian are manifold and can be
4. The Ethics
of Migration.
explained
both
linguistically
and extra-linguistically, i.e.
Reflections on Recent
Migration Policies
psychologically,
sociologically,
politically.
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
The structural
Laura
Zanfrini reasons for the spread of false Anglicisms in Italian
are mainly due to the phonic effect that English-sounding words have
Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
and4.1
their
great handiness, i.e. they are easy to use and mix within
Italian
sentences.
As Burchfield
vii, viii) affirms: []
4.2 Initiatives
for Governing
Family (2001:
and Humanitarian
Migration:
Workers
Migration
............. 73
elements
of the Labour
EnglishMigration
languagebut
arenotbeing
adopted
in a spectacular
fashion []..67 In addition, false (and real) Anglicisms are
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
undoubtedly very straightforward and effective as they play on the
4.4 Selective
Policies
the Brainand
Drain............................................
87
linguistic
principle
ofand
economy
emphasize concepts through
semantically
rich
formulas
(Dardano
1998:
358).
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
There have been various theories with regard to the linguistic
Bibliography
97
motivations
for.........................................................................................
the coinage of false Anglicisms. Some scholars
(Pulcini 2002: 163, Busse and Grlach 2002: 29) maintain that
5. Colombia:
Including
in Their
Societies
of Origin
....... 101
Italian
speakers
and Emigrants
speakers of
languages
other
than English
Urs
Watter
create false Anglicisms because they have a limited competence in
68
English.
(Gusmani 1986: 109, Onysko 2007a: 55)
5.1 StateOther
Interestscholars
and Responsibility
argue towards
that some
proficiency
in English
necessary in order to create
their
Citizens Living
Abroadis...........................................
102
false Anglicisms. Jezek (1993: 206) even presupposes that a certain
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
degree of bilingualism or at least a frequent contact with an English5.3 Migration
Policy andmust
Ethics exist.
.........................................................
106
speaking
environment
Indeed, the fact that false
Anglicisms
are
coined
by
means
of
real
English
words
implies
that
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
Italian speakers who use them must have at least some knowledge of
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
5.6 Alianza
112
Berruto
(1987:Pas
87)..................................................................................
adds that [] non raramente in italiano i termini stranieri
subiscono sviluppi autonomi dal punto di vista semantico o formale [], come golf
Challenges
....................................................................................
114
che5.7
diventa
capo dabbigliamento,
[] night-club che si semplifica in night []..
Tr. [] foreign words in Italian often change their semantic and formal properties
.......................................................................................
116
[],Bibliography
like golf which
means garment, [] night club which is reduced to night
[]..
68
As stated Together
by Pulcini (2002:
The coinage
of pseudo-loans
is prompted partly
Working
for the163):
Well-being
of Migrants
...........................
119
by aBarry
limited
competence in English and by the creative desire to coin an EnglishHalliday
looking word for stylistic purposes..
67
61
Table of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
The Human
Rights
58
the3.4
English
language.
In Approach
fact, not ........................................................
only must the constitutive elements
of 3.5
false
Anglicisms
be familiar to those who create false Anglicisms,
Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
but the specific function of certain morphemes and the mechanisms
.........................................................................................
60
of Bibliography
derivation and
compounding must also be known.69 A further
explanation is provided by Wilkinson (1991: 52), who suggests that
4. The Ethics of Migration.
[] Europeans [] will continue to acquire more English through
Reflections on Recent Migration Policies
their
contacts with other Europeans than through contact with those
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
forLaura
whom
it is the mother-tongue.. This is confirmed by Modiano
Zanfrini
(2007: 533), who states that [] mainland Europeans are claiming
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
69
The nature of false Anglicisms has been discussed in detail by Gusmani (1986:
4.3Pur
From
Guest Workers
to genere
Unwelcome
Guests
82
109):
ribadendo
che questo
di parole
esula..................................
dallambito degli autentici
prestiti, bisogna tuttavia ammettere che latto creativo stato influenzato anche se
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
solo indirettamente dalla tradizione linguistica straniera, perch esso presuppone la
conoscenza
di alcune
caratteristiche
dellaltra
lingua e la volont
di imitarle. Si tratta
4.5 Equal
Opportunity
and Denied
Opportunities
................................
90
in sostanza di formazioni analogiche su modelli stranieri noti attraverso altri prestiti
o laBibliography
conoscenza diretta
della lingua, modelli che per non vengono direttamente
.........................................................................................
97
riprodotti (epperci non ha senso parlare di prestiti), ma soltanto presi come punto di
riferimento per ulteriori autonome creazioni: [] la materia di cui sono costituiti
5. Colombia:
Including
Their Societies
....... 101
[]
dinflusso straniero
e Emigrants
[] non vi in
diretta
imitazione of
diOrigin
un archetipo.
Le
Urs
Watter
componenti possono essere di origine alloglotta, il prodotto (cio la parola in quanto
tale) resta uninnovazione indigena. Siccome il prestigio che circonda la forma
5.1 Statestraniera
Interest and
Responsibility
dimpronta
un fattore
determinante nella diffusione dei falsi esotismi e
their Citizens
Living
...........................................
102
poich towards
essi presuppongono
una
buonaAbroad
conoscenza
delle strutture della lingua
imitata, sar possibile incontrarne soprattutto in quegli ambienti in cui si assiste ad
Applied
Ethicstra
..............................................................................
una5.2
profonda
simbiosi
culture diverse, con preminenza di una sullaltra..104
Tr.
Although these kinds of words are not exactly authentic borrowings, their creation
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
has been affected even if only indirectly by the tradition of learning foreign
languages,
since itPolicy
presupposes
the knowledge
of some features of the 108
other
5.4 Migration
in Colombia
......................................................
language and the will to mimic it. In essence, they are analogical formations on
foreign
models known
other loans or through direct knowledge of109
the
5.5 Colombia
nos through
une......................................................................
language itself. However, these models are not reproduced directly (that is why it is
5.6 Alianza
Pas
..................................................................................
112
nonsense
to define
them
as borrowings), but only taken as reference points for other
invented words: [] they are made up [] of foreign elements but [] there is no
5.7imitation
Challenges
....................................................................................
114
direct
of a foreign
archetype. Even if components are of foreign origin,
the
product (namely the word itself) is still a native innovation. The prestige of a form
.......................................................................................
116
withBibliography
foreign characteristics
is a determining factor in the spread of false exoticisms
and, since they presuppose a good knowledge of the structures proper of the
language
which
is beingfor
imitated,
they are found
mainly in...........................
contexts where there
Working
Together
the Well-being
of Migrants
119is
symbiosis
between different cultures, with a certain predominance of one over the
Barry Halliday
other..
62
10
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4 Theand
Human
Approach
........................................................
5870
English,
in Rights
doing so
are molding
it into something new..
Finally,
Chiarioni
(1974: 85) and Colombo (1993: 186) argue that
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
false Anglicisms are the invention of Italian speakers who do not
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
60
have
a sufficient
knowledge of the Italian language itself.71
Although the answer to the question of why they are so popular is
4.
The
Migration.
still farEthics
from of
certain,
it is clear that false Anglicisms are created by
Reflections
on
Recent
MigrationPolicies
inventors usually
journalists
whose final aim is not accuracy
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
but the impact they want to make on the audience (Accornero
Laura Zanfrini
2005).72 In fact, most false Anglicisms have been introduced and
4.1 popular
RestrictivebyPolicies
and Structural
Demand
for reasons
Immigrant
Labour ..and
65
made
newspaper
texts for
stylistic
(Furiassi
Hofland 2007: 347). The channels through which false Anglicisms
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian
have spread
Labour
newspapers,
magazines,
television,
radio,
and the
Migration:
Migration
but not Workers
Migration
.............
73
Internet are numerous and easily accessible. Therefore, since false
4.3 From Guest
Workers
to Unwelcome
Anglicisms
are very
likely
to appear Guests
in the..................................
media, especially 82in
advertising,
their
impact
onthe
Italian
bound to increase constantly.87
4.4 Selective
Policies
and
BrainisDrain............................................
Psychologically, the use of false Anglicisms gives Italian
4.5 Equal
Denied Opportunities
................................
speakers
theOpportunity
status, the and
authority,
and the allure
they crave. From90a
sociological
perspective,
the taste for the exotic, the charm of97a
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
foreign language, and the glamorous quirk of being creative and
playing
with language
the coreinmotivations
forofthe
birth.......
of false
5. Colombia:
Including are
Emigrants
Their Societies
Origin
101
Urs Watter
70
Among English deverbal nouns ending in -ing, which, according to Mollin (2004:
5.1areState
Interest
and Responsibility
132),
typical
of Euro-English,
zapping, that is the practice of switching channels
towards
their
Living
Abroad
...........................................
102
by rapidly
pressing
theCitizens
buttons on
the remote
control
in order to skip advertisements
when watching television programs, is frequently used in Italian. However, although
5.2 Applied
Ethics
..............................................................................
104of
channel
surfing and
channel
hopping seem to be preferred by native speakers
English, zapping cannot be considered a false Anglicism since it is attested in the
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
OED and the Merriam-Webster.
71
As
(1974:
85) in
says:
Unaccettazione
indiscriminata dei forestierismi
5.4Chiarioni
Migration
Policy
Colombia
......................................................
108
generalmente favorita da uninsufficiente conoscenza della propria lingua [].. Tr.
People
who accept foreign
words
indiscriminately are generally speakers who 109
have
5.5 Colombia
nos une
......................................................................
a somewhat limited competence of their own language []..
72
5.6 Alianza
Pas ..................................................................................
112la
Gusmani
(1986:
110, 111) argues that [s]embra opportuno riservare
designazione di falso esotismo a quei casi in cui chi ha messo in circolazione queste
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
114in
innovazioni
lha fatto
col proposito di impiegare un forestierismo, sia che fosse
qualche modo cosciente di contrabbandare un ghost-word sia che fosse convinto
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
della
reale esistenza
di un corrispondente nellaltra lingua.. Tr. It is probably 116
more
appropriate to label as false exoticisms only cases in which those who introduced
these
innovations
did itfor
in the
order
to use a foreign
word, either
because they 119
were
Working
Together
Well-being
of Migrants
...........................
somehow
of smuggling in a ghost-word or because they were sure of the
Barry aware
Halliday
existence of an equivalent item in the other language..
63
Table of Contents
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Italian,
as opposed
tothe
French
(Dardano 1994: 429, Humbley
4.4
Selective
Policies and
Brain Drain............................................
87
2008b: 85-89) and Spanish (Calvi 1998, Carrera Daz 2000), has
4.5 Equal
and Denied
Opportunities
90
always
beenOpportunity
a democratic
language,
open to ................................
neological borrowing
from
other languages
(Pulcini 2002: 153). In fact, extrovert
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
73
Referring
to falsi esotismi or pseudoprestiti, De Mauro and Mancini (2003: ix)
Urs Watter
claim that [] il bisogno di interscambio linguistico cos forte da portare alla
formazione
prestitiand
di Responsibility
desiderio, avventurose coniazioni glottologicamente
5.1 StatediInterest
improprie
di l dogni
effettivo Living
contattoAbroad
tra lingue.
[...] Non c da stupirsi se102
essa
towards
their Citizens
...........................................
sedimenta in elementi lessicali.. Tr. [] the need for linguistic interchange is so
strong
luxury
loans..............................................................................
are created, adventurous coinages that are inappropriate
5.2 that
Applied
Ethics
104
from the glottological point of view, beyond any kind of real contact between
5.3 Migration
and that
Ethics
106
languages.
[] It isPolicy
no wonder
they.........................................................
settle as lexical elements..
74
As Giovanardi (2003: 17) states: Luniverso giovanile permeato di anglicismi..
Policy
in Colombia
Tr. 5.4
TheMigration
world of young
people
is imbued......................................................
with Anglicisms.. Radtke (1992: 26)108
also
adds that [l]uso ricercato di prestiti fa sorgere nei giovani la convinzione di essere
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
pi avanzati rispetto ad altri strati sociali e questa convinzione rafforza in loro il
senso
solidariet
e il..................................................................................
sentimento di identificazione.. Tr. The sophisticated use
5.6diAlianza
Pas
112of
loans makes teenagers believe that they are more advanced than other social strata.
Challenges
....................................................................................
114
This5.7
belief
strengthens
their sense of solidarity and identification.. Again referring
to the language of young people, Jezek (1993: 207) states that [r]isulta difficile,
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
allinterno
di questo
magma linguistico, individuare se alcune espressioni siano 116
state
forgiate in ambiente anglo-americano o se, piuttosto, siano nuove creazioni nate in
Italia..
Tr. Together
Within thisfor
linguistic
jumble, itof
seems
difficult
to determine whether
Working
the Well-being
Migrants
...........................
119
some
expressions
were
coined
in
an
American-English
context
or are new creations
Barry Halliday
invented in Italy..
64
10
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Scholars
have different
opinions
about
the influence
that Anglicisms
4.1 Restrictive
Policies and
Structural
Demand
for Immigrant
Labour .. 65
and false Anglicisms have on the Italian language (Furiassi 2008a:
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian
314, 315).
Some linguists (Dardano 1986b, Castellani 1987, Hastings
Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers Migration ............. 73
1987, Bolelli 1987, Nencioni 1987, 1996, Migliorini 1992, Sobrero
4.3 Colombo
From Guest1993,
Workers
to Unwelcome
Guests ..................................
82
1992,
DAchille
2003, Giovanardi
2003, 2007) adopt
an 4.4
introvert
andtheare
against
their use, maintaining that
Selectiveattitude
Policies and
Brain
Drain............................................
87
Italian is being spoiled by the unmonitored penetration of Anglicisms
Equal
Opportunity coinage
and Denied
................................
and4.5the
unsupervised
of Opportunities
false Anglicisms.
Borrowings 90in
general
are viewed
as an attempt to take over the national language
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
and more prescriptive measures should be taken in order to protect
75
it.
Others (Bruni
1984,
Vanvolsem
1985,
Berruto
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
in Their
Societies
of 1987,
Origin Beccaria
....... 101
1992,
Urs2006,
Watter Moss 1992, Simone 1993, Lepschy and Lepschy 1995,
1999a, Marello 1996, Cortelazzo 2000, Fanfani 2002, Serafini 2002,
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility
Serianni 2002, Bombi 2005, De Mauro 2005) have an extrovert
towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
attitude, are less worried about their presence, and consider the use
5.2 Applied Ethics
..............................................................................
104
of Anglicisms
and false
Anglicisms one of the many ways in which
the5.3
Italian
language
can
beEthics
enriched.
As Rothenberg argues:
Migration
Policy
and
.........................................................
106
5.4 Migration
in Colombia
108di
Colombo
(1993: Policy
186) thinks
that false......................................................
Anglicisms are [s]cherzi della mania
imporre prestiti stranieri a parlanti ancora incerti nelluso dellitaliano. Una mania
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
che crea mostriciattoli non solo perfettamente inutili, ma inventati di sana pianta:
non5.6
mi Alianza
risulta che
in qualche
paese anglofono ticket abbia il significato che gli112
si
Pas
..................................................................................
dato da noi; uninvenzione nostrana come lormai assimilato golf (che in inglese
Challenges
....................................................................................
114
non5.7
indica
un indumento)
e il pi recente footing, inaudito su labbra anglofone.
Tr.
[t]ricks played to impose foreign borrowings to Italian speakers who are still
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
insecure
about using
their own language. A mania that creates totally useless 116
little
monsters based on nothing. There is no English-speaking country where ticket has
the
same meaning
it hasfor
in Italian;
it is an invention,
like the...........................
already assimilated119
golf
Working
Together
the Well-being
of Migrants
(which
does
not
refer
to
a
piece
of
clothing
in
English)
and
the
more
recent
footing,
Barry Halliday
never used by English-speaking lips..
75
65
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4 The
Human
Rights
........................................................
Still,
Italians
should
notApproach
automatically
reject Anglicisms, nor wait58
cravenly until such terms have become accepted even by purists. Well
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
selected
Anglicisms
[] can enrich the language []. Courage,59
vision,
good sense,
good taste, and a sense of humor are essential; and60
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
cultivated, creative Italians with such endowments should welcome
and adapt Anglicisms that could be uniquely useful and readily
4. The Ethics of Migration.
assimilable in Italian, and even esthetically qualified. (Rothenberg
Reflections
on Recent Migration Policies
1969:
164, 165)
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
Laura
After Zanfrini
taking stock of such different perspectives, one can only
conclude
that noPolicies
linguistic
contamination
be interpreted
as
4.1 Restrictive
and Structural
Demandshould
for Immigrant
Labour .. 65
wrong since it is always the product of cultural change, thus being a
4.2 Initiatives
for Governing
Family and
and Humanitarian
symptom
of vitality,
development,
growth. As Beccaria (1992:
76
Migration:
Labour
Migration
but
notpregio
Workers
.............
73
263, 264) maintains: Esser misti un
nonMigration
un difetto..
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
1.10
Spread
of False
Anglicisms
in European Languages
4.4The
Selective
Policies
and the
Brain Drain............................................
87
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
5.2 Applied
Ethics
..............................................................................
Filipovi
(1985:
254)
also observed how Anglicized jargon 104
is a
frequent
source Policy
of pseudoanglicisms
in various countries.. Indeed,
5.3 Migration
and Ethics .........................................................
106
the phenomenon of false Anglicisms is not just a feature of Italian:
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
like most aspects of English today, false Anglicisms are also present
77
5.5 Colombia
nos unelanguages.
......................................................................
109
in many
other European
76
Tr. Being mixed is a merit not a fault.. In addition, as Moore and Varantola
5.7 150)
Challenges
....................................................................................
(2005:
argue: As
long as language can assimilate the linguistic loan, play114
with
it and mould it to fit its own patterns, there is no danger. On the contrary, the
Bibliography
116
changes
are normal.......................................................................................
developments in language contact..
77
The DEA documents the spread of English in 16 European languages including
Albanian,
Finnish,
German,
Greek, Hungarian,
WorkingBulgarian,
TogetherCroatian,
for the Dutch,
Well-being
of French,
Migrants
...........................
119
Icelandic,
Italian, Norwegian, Polish, Romanian, Russian, and Spanish. Some
Barry Halliday
contributors to the DEA and other authors also compiled dictionaries of Anglicisms
66
10
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4
Humanas
Rights
........................................................
ForThe
instance,
statedApproach
in the DEA,
in Icelandic city dress refers58to
a mans
suit composed
of a black jacket and waistcoat and striped
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
trousers; in Norwegian road-racing means car (or motor bike)
78
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
racing;
in Dutch
a space cake is a cake filled with hashish;60in
German a handy is a mobile phone;79 in Russian a clipmaker is a
4. The Ethics
of Migration.
person
who produces
videoclips; in Polish caddy refers to a kind of
Reflections
on Recent
Policies
trousers; in Croatian
a Migration
barmixer is
a person who mixes cocktails;
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
in Bulgarian a paceclock is a device that measures the speed of a
Laura Zanfrini
runner; in French baby-foot is used to refer to table football; in
4.1 Restrictive
and Structural
Demand
for ImmigrantinLabour
.. 65
Spanish
a filmletPolicies
is a commercial
spot
on TV/cinema;
Romanian
(and French, its source) roastbeef is used as a nickname to refer to
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian
the English;
inLabour
Finnish
soft-ice but
is a
kind
of ice cream
Migration:
Migration
notspecial
Workers
Migration
.............sold
73
in a soft, i.e. semifluid, form; in Hungarian a deep cleaner is a
4.3 Fromlotion;
Guest Workers
to Unwelcome
Guests ..................................
cosmetic
in Albanian
(via French)
a recordman is 82a
sportsman
whoPolicies
has achieved
a record;
in Greek no future refers87to
4.4 Selective
and the Brain
Drain............................................
an attitude expressing hopelessness (among young people).80
4.5
Equalfalse
Opportunity
and Denied
................................
Some
Anglicisms
haveOpportunities
even reached
the status 90
of
internationalisms
or, more appropriately, pseudo-English
Bibliography .........................................................................................
97
internationalisms, i.e. English-looking words which have the same
form
and the
same Emigrants
meaning in
manySocieties
languages
of different
5. Colombia:
Including
in Their
of Origin
....... 101
Urs Watter
in their own languages. Although the following list does not mean to be exhaustive,
5.1examples
State Interest
and Responsibility
some
are Carstensen
et al. (2001) for German; Alfaro (1970), Lorenzo
their Citizens
Living
...........................................
102
(1996), towards
and Rodrguez
Gonzlez
and Abroad
Lillo Buades
(1997) for Spanish; Hfler
(1982), Rey-Debove and Gagnon (1990), and Tournier (1998) for French; Graedler
Applied(1997)
Ethics for
..............................................................................
104
and5.2
Johansson
Norwegian; Srensen (1997) for Danish; and Seltn
(1993) for Swedish.
78 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
According to Johansson and Graedler (2002) also snacksy is a false Anglicism
which
used in Norway.
5.4isMigration
Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
79
According to Gottlieb (2005: 166), also Dressman, meaning male model, City,
meaning
center of town,
and......................................................................
Oldtimer, meaning classic car, are false Anglicisms
5.5 Colombia
nos une
109
which are used in Germany and Austria.
80
5.6 examples
Alianza Pas
..................................................................................
112
The
provided
seem to answer the complaint made by Petralli (1992a:
119): [] i fenomeni neologici relativi ai prestiti linguistici sono stati spesso visti
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
114
(malvisti)
unilateralmente
dalla parte della lingua darrivo di volta in volta implicata.
Cos facendo si per trascurata una dimensione europea del prestito interlinguistico
.......................................................................................
116to
gi Bibliography
operante da parecchio
tempo: [].. Tr. [] neologistic phenomena related
linguistic borrowings have often been interpreted (seen as unpopular) from the onesided
point Together
of view offor
thethe
target
language of
involved.
By ...........................
doing so, the European
Working
Well-being
Migrants
119
phenomenon
of interlinguistic borrowings which has been active for a long time
Barry Halliday
is being neglected []..
67
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
68
10
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4The
The Impact
Human Rights
Approach
........................................................
58
1.11
of False
Anglicisms
on the English Language
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
83
Bressan (2006: 315) adds inglese maccheronico and spaghetti English to this
list.4.5
In addition,
when French,
Spanish are................................
spoken or written with
Equal Opportunity
andGerman,
Denied and
Opportunities
90a
large number of Anglicisms (and false Anglicisms), the following labels are used:
franglais
(tiemble
1980, Hartmann 1983b: 117, Bogaards 2008: 13) 97or
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
franricain (Hagge 1987: 16), Germish (Vogel 2004: 57), Denglisch,
Germang, Engleutsch, Neudeutsch, McGermish (Busse 2008b: 60) or
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
in Their
Societies
of Origin
Denglish
(Bergien
2008: 183),
and Spanglish
(San
Vicente 2002:
21). ....... 101
84 Urs Watter
Crystal (1988: 134) maintains that [i]nevitably, the emergence of new Englishes
raises the spectre of fragmentation the eventual dissolution of English into a range
5.1 Stateunintelligible
Interest and languages
Responsibility
of mutually
[].. Prat Zagrebelsky (1998: 7) states that
towards their
Citizens
LivingsiAbroad
...........................................
102le
[] impossibile
predire
se in futuro
svilupper
un rapporto equilibrato tra
esigenze per un verso di garantire lintelligibilit e per laltro di riconoscere le
5.2 Applied
Ethics ..............................................................................
104in
diversit
e le specificit.
O se, al contrario, si arriver come gi avvenuto
passato per altre lingue internazionali, alla fissione dellinglese in diverse lingue..
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
Tr. It is impossible to predict whether there will be a balanced relationship between
the 5.4
needMigration
for granting
mutual
comprehension
on the one hand, and acknowledging
Policy
in Colombia
......................................................
108
diversity and specificity on the other. Or, vice versa, whether English will be fixed
in different
languages,
already
happened to other international languages in109
the
5.5 Colombia
nosasune
......................................................................
past.. As Italiano (1999: 36) claims: Cos si sta creando una variante di inglese5.6 Alianza
Pas
..................................................................................
italiano
totalmente
originale,
che un giorno potrebbe, perch no, far ritorno al 112
nato
suolo inglese e ivi assumere legittima statura di forma alternativa.. Tr. A totally
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
114
original
variety of English-Italian
is being created. One day this variety could return
to the native English territory and become a legitimate accepted alternative there..
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
Italiano
(1999: 105)
further develops her theory: Ci che gli stranieri fanno 116
della
miriade di pezzetti dinglese a loro disposizione, potrebbe risultare persino cos
innovativo
accattivante
farne
ritorno sul of
suolo
inglese sotto
una nuova forma
WorkingeTogether
fordathe
Well-being
Migrants
...........................
119e
con Barry
un nuovo
significato, al punto di spingere allobsolescenza i termini originari.
Halliday
La lingua che si trover pi perdente sar forse linglese stesso [].. Tr. What
69
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The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4
Human Rights
........................................................
58
TheThe
presence
of falseApproach
Anglicisms
may be viewed either as the
nativization
(Knospe
2007: 140), i.e. Italianization, of English 59
or
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
as the Englishization (Kachru 1994: 140) of Italian, a language
Bibliography
60
whose
speakers.........................................................................................
[] digest linguistic material transferred from
English [] freely and creatively.. However, as summarized by
4. The Ethics of Migration.
Fischer:
Reflections on Recent Migration Policies
and foreignization
Non-policiesofinother
Italylanguages
and Europe
...........................................
[]
through
English seems unlikely61
Laura(Fischer
Zanfrini2008: 4)
[].
4.1
Restrictive
and Structural
Demand
ImmigrantofLabour
.. 65
Vice
versa, Policies
since false
Anglicisms
arefor
instances
language
change,
is the for
English
language
endangered by them? As
4.2 Initiatives
Governing
Familyreally
and Humanitarian
forecast
by Simone
(1988:
200), is
witnessing
the.............
birth and
Migration:
Labour
Migration
butthe
notworld
Workers
Migration
73
growth of neoinglese? Obviously, in the age of global English
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
(Salvi 2002, Crystal 2003), world English (Baugh and Cable 1993),
4.4 Selective
the Brain Drain............................................
87
English
as aPolicies
worldandlanguage
(Conrad and Fishman 1977),
international
English
(Ross
1997,
Seidlhofer
2003),
or
English
as
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90a
lingua franca (Mauranen 2005, Seidlhofer 2001, 2007), false
Bibliography
Anglicisms
may.........................................................................................
eventually do more harm to English than Italian.8597
On the one hand, it is interesting to notice how false Anglicisms
5. Colombia:
Theiraccording
Societies oftoOrigin
.......
101
originate
fromIncluding
the sameEmigrants
processes in
which,
Crystal
(2003:
Urs
Watter
160), are typical of the vocabulary features of new Englishes, i.e.
compounding
fromandEnglish
elements, word-class conversion, and
5.1 State Interest
Responsibility
varioustowards
processes
of
abbreviation,
and blending.102
In
their Citizens Living Abroadclipping,
...........................................
addition, Crystal (2003: 160) states that sometimes [] a word or
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
phrase from a well established variety is adopted by a New English
Migration
and Ethics
.........................................................
106
and5.3
given
a newPolicy
meaning
or use,
without undergoing any structural
change.. On the other hand, some word-formation processes which
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
lead to the coinage of false Anglicisms in Italian coincide with the
5.5 Colombia strategies
nos une......................................................................
109
word-formation
which give birth to neologisms in English,
5.6 Alianza Pas .................................................................................. 112
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
foreigners do with the myriad pieces of English available to them may even become
Bibliography
116a
so innovative
and .......................................................................................
intriguing that such words may return to their original soil with
new form and a new meaning, thus making the original words obsolete. The
language
that
will lose more
willWell-being
perhaps be English
itself []..
Working
Together
for the
of Migrants
........................... 119
85
See
McArthur
(2001: 4, 5) for a comprehensive list of labels used to refer to
Barry
Halliday
English as a world language.
70
10
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
been
attested Including
in Italian Emigrants
since 1989.inThe
compound
Slow
Food
5. Colombia:
Their
Societies of
Origin
.......soon
101
became
a registered trademark now used generically and then
Urs Watter
spread to other languages, including English. Therefore, slow food
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility
will not be considered a false Anglicism but a neologism in the
towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
As Scollon and Wong Scollon (2005: 31, 32) state: A world-wide movement in
reaction
to both thePolicy
health in
andColombia
sociopolitical
consequences of producing and eating
5.4 Migration
......................................................
108
fast food has begun in Italy. The name for the movement uses the English words
slow
even when
speaking
and writing in Italian, a move accomplished
5.5food,
Colombia
nos une
......................................................................
109in
part by registering the English words as a brand name, Slow Food.. In addition,
5.6 (2003:
Alianza
Pas
..................................................................................
112di
Bombi
112)
states
that [l]impiego del sintagma in riferimento ad un fatto
civilt tipicamente italiano ci induce a interpretare tale neoformazione come una
5.7 Challenges
114di
creazione
autonoma ....................................................................................
dellitaliano in termini di falso anglicismo. [] la creazione
slow food stata agevolata dalla pregressa integrazione in italiano dei prestiti slow e
.......................................................................................
116
fastBibliography
food [].. Tr.
The fact that the phrase is used to refer to a cultural concept
which is typically Italian leads us to think that this neologism is an autonomous
creation
of the
Italian language,
therefore a false
Anglicism. ...........................
[] the coinage of 119
slow
Working
Together
for the Well-being
of Migrants
foodBarry
was favored
by the integration of the borrowings slow and fast food in Italian
Halliday
[]..
71
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The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
87
3.4 Thelanguage.
Human Rights
Approach
........................................................
58
English
In fact,
the CALD
defines slow food as good
food
is prepared
and cooked carefully.
3.5that
Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
All in all, because of their sporadic nature, false Anglicisms
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
60
should
not be viewed
as a phenomenon that may seriously endanger
the vocabulary of English, at least in the near future.
With
regard to neologisms
in English, Onysko (2007a: 55) notices that 109
[]
5.5 Colombia
nos une......................................................................
dictionaries lag behind in documenting English neologisms, which can be borrowed
Alianza
..................................................................................
112
[]5.6
before
beingPas
registered
in English. [] This emphasizes the fact that possible
pseudo anglicisms need to be confirmed with the help of dictionaries and native
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
speakers..
88
As Fischer (2008: 9, 10) maintains: Another question is whether pseudoBibliography
116
anglicisms
should.......................................................................................
be viewed as anglicisms, since they are not true borrowings.
Nevertheless, most scholars at least deal with pseudo-anglicisms in connection with
anglicisms,
since the influence
of English is
many pseudoWorking Together
for the Well-being
of obvious.
MigrantsMoreover,
...........................
119
formations
lend themselves to study because they are so impressive and
Barry Halliday
extraordinary..
72
10
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4
Therecent
Humanpast,
Rights
Approach
........................................................
In the
when
scholars
approached the complex issue58
of
language
contact......................................................................................
(Haugen 1950, Weinreich 1963, Hope 1971, Klajn
3.5 Conclusion
59
1972, Filipovi 1985, Dardano 1986b, Viereck 1986), a traditional
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
typological
classification
differentiated between borrowings 60
or
loanwords, calques, and hybrids. Under the heading borrowings
4. The
Ethics of Migration.
or
loanwords,
non-adapted or direct borrowings or loanwords
Reflections
Recent Migration
Policies
and adapted on
or indirect
borrowings
or loanwords were identified.
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
As shown in Fig. 1, within this framework and with reference to the
Laura Zanfrini
lexical influence exerted by the English language, false Anglicisms
4.1considered
Restrictive Policies
andkind
Structural
Demand or
for indirect
ImmigrantAnglicisms,
Labour .. 65
were
a special
of adapted
either
morphologically
suited
to
the
rules
of
the
supposed
recipient
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian
language
or semantically
apt for itsbutcultural
context.
Migration:
Labour Migration
not Workers
Migration ............. 73
4.3 From Guest Workers language
to Unwelcome
contact Guests .................................. 82
(lexical influence of English on Italian)
(hybrid Anglicisms)
(Anglicisms)
5. Colombia:
Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
Urs Watter
However,
as shown
by more recent studies (Gusmani 1986, 1989,
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
114
Picone 1996, Iamartino 2001, Busse and Grlach 2002, Humbley
Bibliography
116
2002,
Pulcini .......................................................................................
2002, Onysko 2004, 2007a, 2007b, Gottlieb 2004,
2005, Fischer 2008), false Anglicisms are not to be considered as
Working Together
the Well-being
...........................
Anglicisms
sensufor
stricto
since they of
areMigrants
autonomously
created 119
not
Barry Halliday
73
Table of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
As
(1986: 106) argues:
Una particolare
categoria
di prestiti apparenti
4.5Gusmani
Equal Opportunity
and Denied
Opportunities
................................
90
quella costituita dai cosiddetti falsi esotismi [], parole che hanno tutto laspetto
di forestierismi
o sono
addirittura identiche, in apparenza, ad un termine straniero,
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
ma che in realt sono state create indipendentemente da un preciso modello. Che
non si sia in presenza di un genuino fenomeno di prestito dimostrato o dallassenza
Colombia:
Including Emigrants
instraniera
Their Societies
of esiste,
Origin
di5.un
eventuale corrispondente
nella lingua
o, se questo
dal.......
fatto101
che
Urs
Watter
esso ha un significato affatto diverso.. Tr. A particular category of apparent
borrowings is constituted by the so-called false exoticisms [], words that totally
5.1 State
Interest
and Responsibility
resemble
or are
even formally
identical to foreign words, but that have been in fact
their Citizens
Living model.
AbroadThe
...........................................
102
created towards
independently
from a precise
fact that this is not a genuine
borrowing is demonstrated either by the absence of an equivalent item in the foreign
5.2 Applied
Ethics
104
language
or, if this
exists,..............................................................................
by its totally different meaning..
90
As Gusmani (1986: 99) maintains: [] laspetto straniero di un termine non
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
costituisce in s garanzia sufficiente per considerarlo un forestierismo. []
Determinanti
restano
la presenza
di un modello
alloglotto e la verisimiglianza108
che
5.4 Migration
Policy
in Colombia
......................................................
tra questi e il termine in questione intercorra un rapporto mimetico.. Tr. [] the
foreign
appearance of
word......................................................................
is not by itself sufficient to consider it a borrowing.
5.5 Colombia
nosa une
109
[] The determining factors are the presence of a foreign model and the possibility
Pas ..................................................................................
112
that5.6
the Alianza
word in question
is an imitation of the foreign element..
91
As Gusmani (1986: 114) argues: [] la combinazione, nei processi di
5.7 Challenges
114
derivazione
o anche....................................................................................
di composizione, di elementi linguistici dinflusso straniero,
ormai perfettamente accclimatati in un dato sistema, pu benissimo attuarsi
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
nellambito
di questo
stesso sistema e non rientrare quindi a nessun titolo 116
nella
fenomenologia del prestito.. Tr. [] the combination in the processes of
derivation
compounding
ofWell-being
linguistic elements
of foreign
influence, which119
are
WorkingorTogether
for the
of Migrants
...........................
already
an Halliday
established part of a given linguistic system, may take place within this
Barry
system and lie outside the phenomenology of linguistic borrowings.. Moreover,
74
10
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Iamartino
(2001: 122)
states that [] non sono prestiti nemmeno quelle parole 97
che
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
una lingua crea combinando autonomamente materiali lessicali di origine
alloglotta.. Tr. [] even those words that a language creates by combining lexical
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
material
of foreign
origin cannot
be calledin
borrowings..
92 Urs Watter
By referring to prestiti decurtati, Gusmani (1986: 100) claims that []
composti inglesi che appaiono, soprattutto in francese e in italiano, in una forma
5.1 State
Interest
andcon
Responsibility
abbreviata,
cio
in genere
perdita del secondo elemento: dunque la discrepanza
their
CitizensquiLiving
Abroad ...........................................
rispettotowards
al modello
concerne
il significante..
Tr. clipped borrowings 102
[]
English compounds that are often clipped mainly in French and Italian through
Applied
the 5.2
ellipsis
of theEthics
second..............................................................................
element: so the discrepancy with the model concerns104
the
form of the word.. In addition, Dardano et al. (2000: 41) say that [l]anglicismo
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
tagliato [] una falsificazione della grammatica inglese.. Tr. Anglicisms which
are 5.4
clipped
[are] aPolicy
falsification
of English
grammar..
Migration
in Colombia
......................................................
108
93
Gusmani (1986: 104) remarks that [s]embra poi improprio attribuire la qualifica
di veri
prestiti alle designazioni
di oggetti che traggono spunto dalla provenienza
5.5 Colombia
nos une......................................................................
109
degli stessi dallambiente a cui, a torto o ragione, sono sentiti legati []. [] di
5.6 Alianza
Pas ..................................................................................
112la
prestito
si potr legittimamente
parlare solo a proposito del nome proprio, mentre
creazione dellappellativo, fondata su unassociazione di idee compiuta in ambiente
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
114
esclusivamente
italiano,
avvenuta al di fuori di ogni influsso della tradizione
alloglotta.. Tr. It does not seem appropriate to attribute the status of real
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
borrowings
to those
designations of objects that have been inspired by116
the
environment which they are (rightly or wrongly) believed to be connected to [].
[]
the only
borrowed
is the proper
noun, whereas
the creation 119
of a
Working
Together
forelement
the Well-being
of Migrants
...........................
common
which is based on an association of ideas entirely made in an Italian
Barrynoun,
Halliday
environment, has occurred with no influence on the part of the foreign tradition..
75
Table of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4 The
Approachis
........................................................
generic
in Human
Italian Rights
or a trademark
coined in Italy (or elsewhere) 58
by
combining
real
English
words,
e.g.
Ticket
Restaurant
.
Since
very
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
often generic trademarks are not coined in an English-speaking
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
context,
e.g. Autogrill
, there is no reason to classify these types60
of
false Anglicisms as adapted or indirect Anglicisms.
4. The
Ethics of
As Sanniti
di Migration.
Baja argues:
Reflections on Recent Migration Policies
and
Non-policies
in Italy
andof
Europe
...........................................
A
loan
has to do with
the act
lending,
though here there often61
Laura Zanfrini
remains
very little which is borrowed, and a lot which is taken,
changed and added. (Sanniti di Baja 1992: 159)
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
This
the reason
the graph
Fig.Humanitarian
1 has been drawn anew in
4.2isInitiatives
for why
Governing
Familyinand
order Migration:
to grant false
Anglicisms
the
prominence
they deserve
within
Labour Migration but not Workers Migration
.............
73
the scenario of language contact. In Fig. 2 false Anglicisms
4.3 Froman
Guest
Workers representation
to Unwelcome Guests
..................................
82
constitute
alternative
of language
contact on the
same
level asPolicies
Anglicisms,
calques
from English, and hybrid
4.4 Selective
and the Brain
Drain............................................
87
Anglicisms.
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
language contact
Bibliography .........................................................................................
97
(lexical influence of English on Italian)
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
10
Table of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Electronic
resources
be essential
research instruments 87
for
4.4 Selective
Policiesproved
and thetoBrain
Drain............................................
the study of false Anglicisms and for the compilation of a dictionary
4.5 Equal
Opportunity
and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
of false
Anglicisms
in Italian.
Nowadays, .........................................................................................
there are two stages of dictionary making for which
Bibliography
97
computers are essential: the exploitation of already available
machine-readable
lexicographic
suchof Origin
as electronic
5. Colombia: Including
Emigrants inresources
Their Societies
....... 101
Urs Watter both on-line and in CD-ROM format and the use of
dictionaries
electronic
corpora (Calzolari et al. 1987: 55).1
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility
Thetowards
retrieval
analysis
ofAbroad
false ...........................................
Anglicisms is possible both
theirand
Citizens
Living
102
through dictionaries and through corpora, where textual data may be
5.2 Applied
..............................................................................
104
converted
intoEthics
lexicographic
information. In conjunction with nativespeaker
intuition,
electronic
dictionaries
and computerized corpora
5.3 Migration
Policy
and Ethics
.........................................................
106
provide evidence on the basis of which the lexicographer may
5.4 Migration
Policy
in Colombia
......................................................
108
evaluate
whether
or not
a candidate
item should qualify as a false
2
Anglicism.
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
1
78
10
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4Electronic
The HumanDictionaries
Rights Approach ........................................................ 58
2.1.1
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
Although
they are
secondary sources of linguistic investigation,
existing
dictionaries
constitute
a
valid
starting
point
for
the
making
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
of new dictionaries and assist the lexicographer in drafting a
provisional
listofof
candidate entries.
4. The Ethics
Migration.
Through
the
electronic
medium,
dictionaries have become richer
Reflections on Recent Migration
Policies
andand
more
user-friendly,
and
the
range
of ...........................................
possible uses and users has
Non-policies in Italy and Europe
61
expanded.
Most
recent
on-line
or
CD-ROM
dictionaries are not
Laura Zanfrini
simple transcriptions of paper dictionaries: they are real linguistic
4.1 Restrictive
Policies
Structural Demand
Immigrant
Labourfrom
.. 65
laboratories,
where
theandlanguage
can be for
actively
studied
3
different
perspectives.
Electronic
are convenient tools
4.2 Initiatives
for Governing
Familydictionaries
and Humanitarian
Migration
not Workers
............. 73
whichMigration:
enhance Labour
the scope
of but
linguistic
and Migration
metalexicographic
research and allow scholars to deal with the internal structure of the
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
dictionary far better than printed editions (Marello 1996: 219).
4.4
and advantages
the Brain Drain............................................
OneSelective
of thePolicies
several
of electronic dictionaries 87is
modularity,
i.e.
the
possibility
of
being
partially
modified and adapted
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................
90
in order to better interact with the specific needs of the user. Moreover,
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
electronic
dictionaries
take advantage of multimedia facilities, using
5. Colombia:
Including
in Their
Societies intuition.
of Origin[]
.......while
101
the
relative value
of corpusEmigrants
evidence and
native-speaker
Urs
Watter
intuition is a valuable aid to interpreting the evidence of a corpus, it cannot on its
own form the basis of a reliable still less authoritative account of word meaning
Interest
Responsibility
or 5.1
wordState
usage.
Our and
dependence
on native-speaker intuition is likely to be
towards
their Citizens
Living
Abroad
...........................................
102as
progressively
reduced
as corpora
become
bigger
and more representative, and
automatic analysis tools become more sophisticated. [] whether the role of
5.2 Applied
Ethicsever
..............................................................................
104
intuition
can or should
be eliminated altogether is [] a question that will
be
hotly debated for years to come..
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
3
According to Dodd (2003: 355): It is clear that we are not far from the point at
which
dictionary
will incease
to be ......................................................
merely a product, such as a book, 108
or a
5.4 the
Migration
Policy
Colombia
somewhat more sophisticated substitute for a book, for example a CD-ROM, which
remains
as fixed in its
contents
as a book is, and will also become a service.. In109
fact,
5.5 Colombia
nos
une......................................................................
some dictionaries were not originally conceived as electronic but they have only
Alianza Pas
been5.6transferred
into..................................................................................
electronic format by exactly mirroring paper editions.112
As
Fontenelle (1997: 2) argues, there is a difference between a machine-readable
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
114
dictionary
(MRD), i.e.
a dictionary which had been encoded in machine-readable
form for typesetting purposes and a computerized dictionary, i.e. a dictionary
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
whose
organization
of information is based on a set of explicit and well-defined
conventions.. In addition, Wilks et al. (1993: 9) add the label machine-tractable
dictionary
to for
contrast
machine-readable
dictionary
(MRD): MachineWorking(MTD)
Together
the Well-being
of Migrants
...........................
119
tractability
means [] the conversion of an existing dictionary to a form that is
Barry Halliday
appropriate for further CL tasks..
79
Table of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4 The
Human Rights codes
Approach
........................................................
58
various
communicative
such
as writing, sounds, and images.
Also
and ......................................................................................
tables are often easily obtainable and printable. 59
An
3.5graphs
Conclusion
additional user-friendly feature of electronic dictionaries makes it
Bibliography
60
possible
for the.........................................................................................
user to look up a word just by keying in part of it, thus
saving a great amount of time. By means of Boolean operators, which
4. The Ethics
of Migration.
enable
dictionary
users to combine different parameters, electronic
Reflections
on Recentfull-text
Migration
Policiesvery quickly.4 For instance,
editions also perform
searches
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
etymological
queries allow the user to verify whether the presence of a
Laura Zanfrini
false Anglicism in Italian is mediated by another language. Moreover,
4.1 Restrictive
Policies
Demand
for Immigrant
Labour
.. 65
usage
and register
labelsand
addStructural
frequency
data and
specify the
semantic
field to which a false Anglicism belongs.5
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian
Finally,
theseLabour
types Migration
of customized
be easily
saved
Migration:
but not searches
Workers can
Migration
.............
73
and reused when needed. Therefore, the feasibility of full-text
4.3 From
Workers
to Unwelcome
Guests
..................................
searches
is Guest
the main
reason
for choosing
electronic
dictionaries82to
study
false Anglicisms,
thisDrain............................................
procedure allows the user 87to
4.4 Selective
Policies and since
the Brain
retrieve the precise target entries in the whole dictionary rapidly.
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
2.1.2
Computer.........................................................................................
Corpus Lexicography
Bibliography
97
Technology has revolutionized many areas of linguistics and one of
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
Their Societies
....... 1016
the
tools which
has undergone
the in
greatest
changes of
is Origin
the dictionary.
Urs Watter
5.1 State
Interest
Full-text
searches
areand
alsoResponsibility
defined as multiple searches, cross searches, or complex
towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
searches.
5
Among the several advantages of electronic dictionaries, a word can be searched
Applied
Ethics
..............................................................................
104
for 5.2
even
when the
exact
spelling is unknown (Jackson 2002: 69-72). Indeed,
electronic dictionaries independent from a rigid alphabetical order do not require
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
the user to know the lemma form of the searched word which is being looked up.
Users
look upPolicy
all theinwords
that ......................................................
start, end, or contain a specific string
5.4may
Migration
Colombia
108of
characters using wildcard options, i.e. ? and *. A certain item may be looked up in
different
parts of the
i.e. definition, semantic fields, examples,
5.5 Colombia
nosmicrostructure,
une......................................................................
109
etymology, etc. Complex searches may be carried out using Boolean operators by
5.6 Alianza
Pas ..................................................................................
coordinating,
alternating,
or excluding the desired parameters, i.e. AND, OR,112
and
NOT. The user can also rapidly switch from one entry to another. In addition, it is
5.7possible
Challenges
....................................................................................
114
often
to obtain
information about morphology, e.g. plurals, inflected forms,
and semantics, e.g. synonyms, antonyms, hyponyms. Finally, as argued by Spina
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
(2001:
95) and Marello
(2002: 159), it is possible to listen to the pronunciation116
of a
specific word without necessarily being able to read the symbols used in phonetic
transcription,
such as IPA
Phonetic
Alphabet)............................ 119
Working Together
for(International
the Well-being
of Migrants
6
Dodd
352) argues that [t]extual analysis software has been associated
Barry(2003:
Halliday
mostly with literary studies, but it has become obvious that it is of great value to
4
80
10
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4 though
The Human
........................................................
Even
onlyRights
a few Approach
decades ago
the idea of using computers58to
compile
a dictionary
seemed unfeasible, computational linguistics
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
had already anticipated the wide range of opportunities that
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
60
technology
would
offer. Lexicography has proved to be dynamic and
open to the integration and the enrichment brought about by new
4. The Ethics
Migration.to Dodd:
research
tools.ofAccording
Reflections on Recent Migration Policies
in Italy and
Europe
Itand
is Non-policies
not hard to imagine
a future
in ...........................................
which the production of61
Laura Zanfrini
dictionaries
will be aided to a yet greater extent by computer. A very
large proportion of all texts produced nowadays are at some stage put
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
into computer-readable form []. (Dodd 2003: 354)
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian
Since
the early
1970sMigration
computers
been used
on a large
scale73in
Migration:
Labour
buthave
not Workers
Migration
.............
the production of dictionaries, and over the last few years they have
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
significantly modified the working techniques used to compile
7
4.4 Selective
andinformation.
the Brain Drain............................................
87
dictionaries
andPolicies
to present
As recognized by Biber et al.:
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
Today, advances in computer technology have given corpus-based
lexicographic
research several advantages over earlier work. (Biber et97
Bibliography .........................................................................................
al. 1998: 22)
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
Computer
Urs
Watter corpus lexicography may be viewed as a field of
81
Table of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4 The
Rights Approach
........................................................
58
viewed
asHuman
the making
of dictionaries
with the aid of machine8
readable
corpora.......................................................................................
Halliday in fact argues that:
3.5 Conclusion
59
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
The
effect of
these resources on dictionary-making is already60
apparent: the dictionary can now be founded on authentic usage in
and speech.
(Halliday 2004: 17)
4. writing
The Ethics
of Migration.
Reflections on Recent Migration Policies
Compiling
a dictionary
of false
Anglicisms
with the aid 61
of
and
Non-policies
in Italy and
Europe
...........................................
corpora
has
several
advantages.
First
of
all,
frequency
lists
and
Laura Zanfrini
often
vary
in
spelling
as,
for
instance,
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
longseller, which can also be spelt long seller or long-seller. In
4.4 Selective
Policies
and the
Brain Drain............................................
87
addition,
the most
common
collocations
of each false Anglicism help
to 4.5
distinguish
between and
alternative
senses and determine
the typical
Equal Opportunity
Denied Opportunities
................................
90
contexts in which they appear.
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
Computerized
corpora also prove to be useful for retrieving,
collecting, and storing real citations to be quoted in the example
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
section
of the microstructure (Sherman 1979: 142). According to
Urs Watter
Cowie (1989: 55), examples have two major functions: [] that of
5.1 State aInterest
Responsibility
clarifying
senseandand
that of distinguishing between senses..
towards
their Citizens
Living Abroad
...........................................
102
Examples
extracted
from corpora
as opposed
to made-up examples
show
the
searched
words
in
context
and
grant
the
authenticity
of
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
the false Anglicisms selected and included in the dictionary.
5.3 Migration
Policy and
.........................................................
106
Authentic
examples
alsoEthics
show
the grammatical and semantic
9
properties
that false
in the Italian language. 108
The
5.4 Migration
PolicyAnglicisms
in Colombia have
......................................................
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
8
The
role
of ..................................................................................
corpora in dictionary-making is highlighted by Rundell112
and
5.6pivotal
Alianza
Pas
Stock (1992: 21), who state that [] corpus data must now be regarded as an
5.7 Challenges
114
indispensable
tool in....................................................................................
any serious dictionary venture.. This is confirmed by Tognini
Bonelli and Sinclair (2006: 217), who point out that [] major dictionaries will be
Bibliography
116
based
on corpora in.......................................................................................
the years to come []..
9
As Drysdale (1987: 213) points out: Examples are often overlooked in the
discussion
lexicography,
either
because they
are considered
to be less important
WorkingofTogether
for the
Well-being
of Migrants
...........................
119
thanBarry
definitions,
which may be true, or because they are thought to involve less of
Halliday
the lexicographers skill, which is not true. [] reliance on made-up examples
82
10
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4 microstructural
The Human Rights
Approach
58
only
feature
of ........................................................
the dictionary that most corpora
cannot
provide is......................................................................................
pronunciation.
3.5 Conclusion
59
Finally, even though definitions are not directly supplied by
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
60
corpora,
contexts
of occurrence and collocations are certainly an aid
to the lexicographer who has to create definitions to be included in a
4. The Ethics
of Migration.
dictionary.
According
to Hanks:
Reflections on Recent Migration Policies
and Non-policies
Italya and
Europe analytical
...........................................
[]
any attempt to in
write
completely
definition of any61
Laura Zanfrini
common
word in natural language is absurd. [] What a good
dictionary offers instead is a typification: the dictionary definition
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
summarises what the lexicographer finds to be the most typical
common
features,
in his experience,
in the use, context, and
4.2 Initiatives
for Governing
Family and Humanitarian
collocations
of
the
word.
(Hanks
1979:
38)
Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers Migration ............. 73
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
All4.5
theEqual
lexicographic
resources
consulted
are referred
to by means90
of
Opportunity
and Denied
Opportunities
................................
acronyms or abbreviations which are well-established in the
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
literature. The dictionaries mentioned below electronic editions
were preferred to paper editions in order to carry out a quick and
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
efficient
investigation are listed in chronological order from the
Urs Watter
least recent to the most recent. A comprehensive list is available in
State Interest
and Responsibility
the5.1
reference
section.
towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
2.2.1
Dictionaries
5.2General
Applied Ethics
.............................................................................. 104
The5.3list
of the latest
of.........................................................
the Italian monolingual dictionaries
Migration
Policyeditions
and Ethics
106
consulted in order to detect the presence of false Anglicisms in the
5.4 Migration
Policy
Colombia ...................................................... 108
Italian
vocabulary
is asinfollows:
5.5
Colombia
nos une......................................................................
109
Dizionario
etimologico
della lingua italiana (DELI) published
in
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
2000 and
the supplement Nuove parole italiane delluso116
del
Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
involves
risk of creating some sentences that are forced and artificial, whether
Barrythe
Halliday
awkwardly stilted or inappropriately colloquial..
83
Table of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4 The
Humandizionario
Rights Approach
58
Grande
italiano........................................................
delluso was published in 2003
10
(De Mauro
2003a);
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
11
Il Vocabolario
Treccani (Treccani) published in 2003;
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
60
Il Sabatini Coletti. Dizionario della lingua italiana (DISC)
4. The Ethics
of Migration.
published
in 2007;
Reflections on Recent Migration Policies
Grande dizionario italiano (Gabrielli) published in 2008;
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
Laura
Zanfrini 2010. Vocabolario della lingua italiana (DevotoIl Devoto-Oli
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
in Their
Societies
of Originpublished
....... 101
The New Shorter
Oxford
English
Dictionary
(NSOED)
Urs Watter
in 1997;
84
10
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4
The Human
Rights
Approach
........................................................
58
Websters
Third
New
International
Dictionary Unabridged
15
(Merriam-Webster)
published in 2000;
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
The New Oxford
Dictionary of English (NODE) published 60in
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
2001;
4. The
Ethics
of Migration.
Concise
Oxford
English Dictionary (COED) published in 2004;
Reflections on Recent Migration Policies
Cambridge Dictionary of American English (CDAE) published in
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
2007;
Laura
Zanfrini
used:
4.4 Selective
Policies
and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
published
in 2002;
4.5
Equal Advanced
OpportunityLearners
and Denied Dictionary
Opportunities(OALD)
................................
Oxford
published 90in
2005; ......................................................................................... 97
Bibliography
Collins COBUILD Advanced Learners English Dictionary
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
(COBUILD)
published
in 2006;
Urs Watter
5.1 State
Interest and Responsibility
2008.
towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
15
The
on-line
edition of the Merriam-Webster is available at www.merriamBarry
Halliday
webster.com.
85
Table of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4Dictionaries
The Human Rights
Approach
........................................................
58
2.2.2
of Foreign
Words
and Neologisms
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
Several
dictionaries
of foreign words including Anglicisms and
neologisms
were
also
used
to
extract
false
Anglicisms
not
found
in
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
general dictionaries. Although these dictionaries are more likely to
record
coinages,
they should be consulted with caution since
4. The recent
Ethics of
Migration.
they
are
less
reliable
in
determining
whether a neologism will last
Reflections on Recent Migration
Policies
andand
survive
in
the
language.
Non-policies in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
The main
resource taken into consideration in order to draft a
Laura
Zanfrini
provisional list of false Anglicisms in Italian is the DEA (A
4.1 Restrictive
Policies and
Structural Demand
for Manfred
ImmigrantGrlach
Labour ..and
65
Dictionary
of European
Anglicisms),
edited by
16
published
in 2001.
In addition,
Dizionario degli anglicismi
4.2 Initiatives
for Governing
Family the
and Humanitarian
Migration:
Labour Migration
but by
notGaetano
WorkersRando
Migration
73
nellitaliano
postunitario,
compiled
and.............
published
in 1987, was consulted. Although it is not up to date and does not
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
clearly mention the selection criteria adopted, i.e. adapted
4.4 Selectivecalques,
Policies and
Brain Drain............................................
87
Anglicisms,
andthe
encyclopedic
information are included
along
with
non-adapted
Anglicisms,
this
dictionary
was
used
since
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90it
is the only existing dictionary of Anglicisms in Italian (Pulcini 2007:
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
291).
The complete list of glossaries and collections of foreign words
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
in Their
Societies of Origin
.......
and
neologisms
consulted,
arranged
in chronological
order,
is101
the
Urs
Watter
following: Jacono (1939), Monelli (1943), Panzini (1950), Migliorini
(1963),
Klajn
(1972),
De Felice (1984), Pasquarelli and Palmieri
5.1 State
Interest
and Responsibility
(1987),towards
Pittno
2001), Carpitano 102
and
their(1987),
CitizensQuarantotto
Living Abroad(1987,
...........................................
Csole (1989), Cortelazzo and Cardinale (1989), Cosoli (1989),
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
Schmid (1989, 1992), Vassalli (1989), Amato et al. (1990), Lurati
5.3 Migration
Ethics
.........................................................
106
(1990),
Magni Policy
(1990),and
Zolli
(1991),
Bencini and Citernesi (1992),
Bolelli
(1993),
Mini
(1994),
Verardi
(1995),
Cortelazzo
(1995,
1996,
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
1997), Onorati (1996), Giovenali (1997), Lucarini and Scrofani
5.5 Colombia
nos une
......................................................................
(1999),
Adamo and
Della
Valle (2003, 2005, 2009), De Mauro 109
and
Mancini
(2003),
and Gualdo (2003), Bencini and Manetti
5.6 Alianza
PasGiovanardi
..................................................................................
112
(2005), De Mauro (2006).17
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
As Grlach (1994, 1997, 1998) points out, the DEA was previously conceived as
the
UDASELTogether
(Usage Dictionary
of AnglicismsofinMigrants
Selected European
Languages).
Working
for the Well-being
...........................
119
17
InBarry
addition
to the above list, several lists of Anglicisms and false Anglicisms were
Halliday
retrieved in the following articles: Marri (1988a, 1988b, 1989a, 1989b, 1989c, 1990,
86
10
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
TheLexicographic
Human Rights Approach
........................................................
58
2.33.4
The
Approach
to False Anglicisms
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
1991),
Fanfani
(1991a, 1991b, 1991c, 1992a, 1992b, 1992c, 1993a, 1993b, 1993c,
Barry
Halliday
1994a, 1994b, 1994c, 1995, 1996), and Fazi (1988).
87
Table of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4 footing,
The Human
Approach
58
case,
andRights
free shop.
The........................................................
seven entries registered as false
Anglicisms
in the......................................................................................
DISC are beauty case, beauty hostess, Citymatic59,
3.5 Conclusion
happy end, naziskin, paraflying, and talkman. The thirteen items
Bibliography
60
included
in the.........................................................................................
GDU as false Anglicisms are baby pusher, beauty,
18
beauty-case, far west, gin fizz, helisky, infotainment, nightclubbing,
4. The Ethics
of Migration.
pair-oar,
play-out,
recordman, recordwoman, and Slow-Food. The
Reflections
on Recent
Policies
three
entries which
areMigration
considered
to be false Anglicisms in the
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
Zingarelli are block-notes, flipper, and recordman.
Laura Zanfrini
Except for recordman, which is present in both the GDU and the
4.1 Restrictive
Structural
Labour .. the
65
Zingarelli,
and Policies
beauty and
case,
which Demand
appearsfor
inImmigrant
the Devoto-Oli,
DISC, and the GDU, all the other items vary in each dictionary.
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian
The total
number
of Migration
false Anglicisms
is twenty-three,
which
Migration:
Labour
but not Workers
Migration .............
73
appears to be very limited. Therefore, no definite picture emerges
4.3this
From
Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
from
examination.
Moreover,
three
outDrain............................................
of twenty-three are actually true
4.4
Selectivesince
Policies
and items
the Brain
87
Anglicisms, i.e. infotainment, nightclubbing, and pair-oar, the
4.5 Equal
Denied Opportunities
................................
90
findings
areOpportunity
even more and
contradictory.
Despite the
fact that the GDU
treats
the entries
infotainment, nightclubbing, and pair-oar as false
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
Anglicisms, they can be found in the LDOCE, the NODE, and the
Merriam-Webster.
These
discrepancies
may
lead scholars
have
5. Colombia: Including
Emigrants
in Their
Societies
of Originto.......
101a
biased
picture of the incidence of false Anglicisms on Italian.
Urs Watter
Although there are not very many false Anglicisms in the Italian
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility
vocabulary, there are many more than the ones recorded in the
towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
dictionaries analyzed.
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
18
The form helisky, recorded in the GDU, the Devoto-Oli, and the Zingarelli, is
clearly
a misspellingnos
ofune
heliski,
which derives from the blending of heli-, 109
from
5.5 Colombia
......................................................................
helicopter, and -ski, from skiing. As Fanfani (1991: 14) states: [] risaputo che la
Alianza
Pas ..................................................................................
y, in5.6
quanto
grafema
forestiero, esercita unattrattiva e [] non deve essere 112
stato
estraneo [] a casi di ipercorrettismo [].. Tr. [] it is well-known that y,
5.7a Challenges
....................................................................................
114to
being
foreign grapheme,
is particularly attractive and [] somehow connected
hypercorrection [].. It must be noted that the written variant elisk is also
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116in
attested
in the Zingarelli.
In addition, French etymology is assigned to helisky
both the Devoto-Oli and the Zingarelli, while the GDU considers it voce
pseudoingl..
Finally, for
sincethe
theWell-being
NODE includes
the noun
heli-skiing, meaning
Working Together
of Migrants
...........................
119
skiing
in Halliday
which the skier is taken up the mountain by helicopter, heliski, the
Barry
clipping of heli-skiing, will be considered a false Anglicism.
88
10
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4The
The Limitations
Human Rights
........................................................
58
2.3.2
of Approach
Dictionaries
of Foreign Words and
Neologisms
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
TheBibliography
collections.........................................................................................
of foreign words and neologisms available for the
60
Italian language were analyzed manually: some were very accurate,
as
far as
methodology
was concerned, and exhaustive; others were
4. The
Ethics
of Migration.
simple
miscellanea.
Nonetheless,
all contained false Anglicisms
Reflections on Recent Migrationthey
Policies
thatand
were
not
recorded
in
general
dictionaries.
Non-policies in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
The most
detailed lexicographic resource considered is the DEA
Laura
Zanfrini
(A Dictionary of European Anglicisms). The search for false
4.1 Restrictive
Policies
Demand for Immigrant
.. 65
Anglicisms
in the
DEA and
wasStructural
rather straightforward
since, Labour
as Grlach
(2001:
xxi) clearly
indicates,Family
each entry
followed by an asterisk is
4.2 Initiatives
for Governing
and Humanitarian
Migration:
Labour although
Migrationan
butAnglicism
not Workers
Migration .............
73
not a word
in English,
nevertheless.
The 162
items alphabetically listed below in Tab. 1 are marked with an
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
asterisk in the DEA and labeled It, i.e. attested in Italian.
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
A (15)
eurocity
madison
scout
4.5Afro-look
Equal Opportunity
and class
Denied Opportunities
90
executive
maizena ................................
script-girl
after-ski
F (9)
matchball
self-actor/-ing 97
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
after sun
five-oclock tea
matchwinner
shed roof
airfresh Includingfloating
mediaSocieties
man
shetland
5. Colombia:
Emigrants in Their
of Origin
....... 101
Urs
Watter
antibaby
pill
fly-and-drive
megabit
shirting
antidoping
flying
junior
midrange
six-days
5.1
State Interest and
Responsibility
antidumping
forcing
minibasket
ski
stopper 102
towards their Citizens Living Abroad ...........................................
art director
forechecking
minimarket
skunks
auditing
Fosbury flop
montgomery
skylab
G (5)
N (1)
soft porno
autoscooter
gin-fizz
net (ball)
soft white
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
B (4)
golf
oxford
sonnyboy 116
babydoll
Good Templar
P (13)
star system
hammerless
pay-TV
stockhouse
Working
Together for the
Well-being ofparking
Migrants ...........................
beauty farm
H (8)
stark delicious 119
Barry
Halliday
body-shirt
89
Table of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4 boxer
The Human Rights
Approach
........................................................
handicam
peeling
stop-and-go 58
(13)
hard discount
pershing
stripteaser
3.5 CConclusion
......................................................................................
59
cableman
hard porno
playgirl
stunt girl
carpool
horror show
powersteering
sweating system
I (2)
primaries
taxi-girl
IC
progressive jazz
Bibliography
60
camping-gas .........................................................................................
heavy rock
powerlifting
super-G
4. The Ethics of Migration.
carter
hot jazz
preshave (lotion)
T (13)
Reflections on Recent Migration Policies
cellotape
hydroforming
pressbook
tax-free shop 61
and
Non-policies
in Italy and Europe
...........................................
cinemascope
Laura Zanfrini
cinerama
taylorism/Taylor
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrantsystem
Labour .. 65
clivia
4.2 Initiatives
for investment
Governingfunds
Family andpuddling
Humanitarian toe-loop
compoundJ
(5)
punching
ball Migration
top .............
class
Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers
73
copy-shop
jacket crown
Q (0)
top manager
cowper-
jamming
R (12)
top weight
jet-society
ranking list
travelling matte
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
daltonian
K (2)
record(s)man
trawler-yacht
day hospital
knockdown
reforming
truck (system)
diplexer
Urs
Watter
K-way
relax
tubeless
discman
L (6)
Remington
U (1)
lobbyism
ribs
video art
doubleton
longplay
riding coat
W (0)
M (12)
salvationist
Z (0)
90
10
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4 The
Human
........................................................
58
2001:
xviii)
to Rights
verify Approach
the authenticity
and usage of candidate
Anglicisms,
i.e. to
attest to their presence in the English language,59is
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
limited to The Concise Oxford Dictionary (COD) published in 1995,
.........................................................................................
60
theBibliography
Shorter Oxford
English Dictionary (SOED) published in 1993,
and The Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology (BDE) published in
4. The19Ethics of Migration.
1988.
Reflections
on Recent
Policieswith an asterisk in the DEA
Secondly, some
of theMigration
entries marked
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
and existing in the Italian language were found in English
Laura Zanfrini
dictionaries and/or corpora with the same meaning given in the DEA
Restrictive
Policiesbeandconsidered
Structural Demand
for Immigrant
Labour
.. 65
and4.1should
therefore
real Anglicisms.
For
instance,
reset was recorded in the LDOCE and defined as a control that is
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian
used to
make a Labour
machine
or instrument
ready toMigration
work again.
Also
Migration:
Migration
but not Workers
.............
73
some toponyms which have become generic can be found in English
4.3 From Guest
Unwelcomewas
Guests
..................................
82
dictionaries.
For Workers
example,to Shetland,
defined
in the MerriamWebster
as a Policies
fabric and
or athegarment
made of Shetland wool and
4.4 Selective
Brain Drain............................................
87
Oxford was defined in the LDOCE as a type of shirt made of thick
4.5 Equal
Opportunity
andofDenied
Opportunities
................................
90
cotton.
In addition,
some
the items
marked with
an asterisk in the
DEA
are not .........................................................................................
found in Italian dictionaries and/or corpora, e.g.
Bibliography
97
dressman, soft white.
Finally, other
itemsEmigrants
only appear
in Societies
the Italian
language
as
5. Colombia:
Including
in Their
of Origin
....... 101
translations,
Urs Watter e.g. dopo sole from after sun, renditions, e.g. servo
sterzo from powersteering, or adaptations, e.g. salvazionista from
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility
salvationist. Some of the Anglicisms marked with an asterisk and
towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
attested in Italian are obsolete, e.g. Cinemascope (Pulcini 2008c:
5.2 Conversely,
Applied Ethics
..............................................................................
104
477).
some
items, such as beauty case, flipper, and jolly,
which
are false Policy
Anglicisms,
are.........................................................
not marked with an asterisk in106
the
5.3 Migration
and Ethics
DEA and therefore not included in the list above.
5.4
Policy
in Colombia
108is
TheMigration
exclusion
of some
recent ......................................................
false Anglicisms from the DEA
justified
by the nos
factune
that......................................................................
the DEA word list was collected prior109to
5.5 Colombia
1995. As Grlach explains:
5.6 Alianza Pas .................................................................................. 112
The Dictionary of European Anglicisms is intended as a
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
documentation of the lexical input of English into European languages
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
19
The following remark made by Bailey (2003: 256) is curious: [] some of these
non-English
anglicisms
fact English,ofthough
not included
in the Concise
Working Together
forare
theinWell-being
Migrants
...........................
119
Oxford
Dictionary.,
Barry
Halliday as is his suggestion that [o]ne would be happy to introduce
some of these non-English anglicisms to our language..
91
Table of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4 to
The
Approach
........................................................
up
theHuman
early Rights
1990s (with
a cut-off
date of 1995) []. (Grlach58
2001: xvi)
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Since
more than.........................................................................................
a decade has passed, new false Anglicisms are likely
Bibliography
60
to be in use nowadays.
Another
reason
why some newly attested false Anglicisms are not
4. The
Ethics
of Migration.
recorded
in
the
DEA
the fact Policies
that the dictionary project is not
Reflections on RecentisMigration
based
on
corpus
evidence.
Indeed,
as
Grlach
points out:
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe
...........................................
61
Laura Zanfrini
[] the basic decision as far as the currency of loanwords from
4.1 Restrictive
Policieswas
andnot
Structural
for Immigrant
Labour
.. 65
English
is concerned
to rely Demand
on text corpora.
(Grlach
1997:
68)
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian
Migration:
Labour
Migration
but not
73
Even if
large and
balanced
corpora
are Workers
not easy Migration
or cheap.............
to collect,
many
moreGuest
electronic
shouldGuests
be obtainable
now for the
4.3 From
Workerscorpora
to Unwelcome
..................................
82
languages for which they were not available when the DEA was
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
compiled. If a new corpus-based edition of the DEA is compiled, it
4.5 Equal
Denied Opportunities
................................
would
be ofOpportunity
paramountand
importance
to verify whether
the corpora90to
be used comply with the parameters of representativeness and
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
comparability (Busse 2008a).20 Although it will be very difficult to
achieve,
Hartmann
hopes,
as general
desiderata
in lexicography,
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
in Their
Societies
of Origin .......that:
101
Urs Watter
[]
every European language should have a set of comparable (and
interchangeable)
text Responsibility
corpora, concordances and databases of both
5.1 State Interest and
written
and
spoken
material,
should
be made available to
towards their Citizens Livingwhich
Abroad
...........................................
102
lexicographers, language teachers and students []. (Hartmann 2006:
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
156)
2.45.4
Language
Corpora
Migration Policy
in Colombia ...................................................... 108
5.5 Colombia
nosaune
......................................................................
109
Inevitably,
it takes
certain
amount of time for general dictionaries
and5.6
even
dictionaries
of
foreign
words
and
neologisms
to
record
the
Alianza Pas .................................................................................. 112
latest innovations which take place everyday in the language
5.7 Challenges
114
(Furiassi
2008b: ....................................................................................
153, 154). As Bowker and Pearson argue:
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
20
Humbley Together
(2008b: 103)
[] to continue
the DEA
and to be stricter
on
Working
forsuggests:
the Well-being
of Migrants
...........................
119
the Barry
criteriaHalliday
of inclusion, so that cross-linguistic comparisons can at least be made
with some accuracy..
92
10
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4 The
Rights
Approach
........................................................
One
of Human
the biggest
problems
associated
with dictionaries is their58
inherent incompleteness. [] dictionaries go out of date very quickly.
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
(Bowker
and Pearson
2002: 15)
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
93
Table of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4
Human Rights
Approachoften
........................................................
58
TheThe
language
of newspapers
works as a mediator between
specialized
discourse
and general language (Gotti 2003: 26). The
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
fact that false Anglicisms are often graphically marked and explained
by Bibliography
glosses after.........................................................................................
their occurrence in newspaper texts is likely to 60
fix
them in both the passive and the active lexical competence of Italian
4. The Ethics
of Migration.
newspaper
readers.
According to Gotti (2003: 64), terms coined in a
Reflections
on Recent
Migration Policies
specialized setting
are increasingly
likely to become part of everyday
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
lexis, thus introducing Anglicisms and false Anglicisms, which may
Laura Zanfrini
be initially circumscribed to specialized fields, in general use.
4.1 Restrictive
Indeed,
as Moss Policies
argues:and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
4.2 the
Initiatives
for Governing
and Humanitarian
As
most widely
diffused Family
of the written
media, these [newspapers
buttonot
Workers
Migration
and Migration:
magazines]Labour
are theMigration
most likely
reflect
the majority
of .............
peoples73
exposure to the use of anglicisms in the language. (Moss 1992: 132)
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
Newspaper
language
indeed
highly
receptive and open towards
4.4 Selective
Policiesisand
the Brain
Drain............................................
87
neologisms, loanwords and linguistic creativity in general (Furiassi
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
and Hofland 2007: 349). Italian newspapers as potentially
Bibliography of
.........................................................................................
97
representative
a wide range of registers were chosen because
they are rich in false Anglicisms, which, along with Anglicisms, are
5. Colombia:
in Their connotation,
Societies of Origin
....... 101
very
often Including
used forEmigrants
their positive
strategically
Urs
Watter
communicative features, and intrinsic stile brillante (Marello 1996:
23
32).5.1
By Interest
referring
Italian newspapers, Robinson (2006: 13)
State
andto
Responsibility
towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
cost. The outcome is a corpus which will never be beyond challenge at a theoretical
5.2but
Applied
Ethics
..............................................................................
104
level,
which does
nevertheless
allow us to address with a degree of objectivity
some central questions about the language, where before we could only speculate..
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
Biber (2008: 63, 64) adds that [r]epresentativeness refers to the extent to which a
sample
includes Policy
the fullin Colombia
range of ......................................................
variability in a population. [] 108
the
5.4 Migration
representativeness of a corpus depends on the extent to which it includes the range
of 5.5
linguistic
distributions
in......................................................................
the population. [] linguistic representativeness
Colombia
nos une
109
depends on issues such as the number of words per text sample, the number of
5.6 Alianza
Pas
112
samples
per text,
and..................................................................................
the number of texts per text type..
23
Though referring to the broad phenomenon of foreign words in Italian
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
newspapers,
the following
quotations may also be of significant value for114
the
description of false Anglicisms. By referring to borrowings in the press, Vanvolsem
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
(1985:
162) affirms
that [l]uso delle parole straniere ormai appare a tutti i livelli
della lingua dei giornali [].. Tr. Nowadays the use of foreign words appears at
every
level of
newspaper
Dardanoof(1987b:
61) adds
that [l]anglicismo
Working
Together
forlanguage..
the Well-being
Migrants
...........................
119
[]Barry
spessoHalliday
deborda in ogni settore del quotidiano, come indice di prestigio, di
precisionismo, di rapporto diretto con le fonti dellinformazione.. Tr. Anglicisms
94
10
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4 Thethat
Human
Rights
Approach
........................................................
suggests
[]
English
is being
used as a language of status58to
draw
attention..
The press indeed plays a very important
3.5 readers
Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
role as a primary source for the introduction of Anglicisms and false
Bibliography
60
Anglicisms
in .........................................................................................
the Italian language (Merlini 1986: 19).24 The
connotative meaning associated to real English or simply English4. The Ethics
Migration.
looking
wordsof is
perhaps the main reason why they are used in
Reflections
on
Recent
Migration Policies
newspaper articles
and especially
in eye-catching headlines (Magni
and Non-policies25in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
1968, Proietti 1992). Because of its high receptivity and openness
Laura Zanfrini
Restrictive
and Structural
Demand
Immigrant
Labour
.. 65
[]4.1
often
appear inPolicies
every section
of newspapers
as a for
mark
of prestige,
precision,
and of a direct relationship with information sources.. Finally, Carrera Daz (2000:
Initiatives
for che
Governing
Family
andHumanitarian
19) 4.2
states
that [q]uel
soprattutto
colpisce
la fortissima e peculiare presenza
Migration:integrali
Labournei
Migration
not Workersscritti,
Migration
73
degli anglicismi
mezzi dibut
comunicazione
cio .............
nella stampa
italiana, aspetto che, mi pare, non trova paragone nei mass media di nessuna delle
Fromromanze
Guest Workers
Unwelcome
..................................
82
altre4.3
lingue
[].. Tr.toWhat
is reallyGuests
striking
is the strong and unique
presence of non-adapted Anglicisms in written media, that is, in the Italian press. It
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
seems that this does not happen to the same degree in the mass media of the other
Romance
languages []..
24 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
As for the lexical features of on-line newspapers, Bonomi (2002: 343, 344)
recognizes
[] una
forte componente attualistica (stranierismi, soprattutto angloBibliography
.........................................................................................
97
americanismi, e in minor misura neologismi).. Tr. [] an important present-day
component (foreign words, especially Anglicisms and Americanisms, and, to a
5. Colombia:
Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
lesser
extent, neologisms)..
25 Urs Watter
On the reasons for the spread of English loanwords in the Italian press, Dardano
(1986a: 488, 489) claims that [] prevale senza dubbio il potere connotativo dei
5.1 State
Interest
andResponsibility
vocaboli
stranieri,
il quale
certo un fattore determinante nelle scelte del linguaggio
towards
theirunaltra
Citizensmotivazione
Living Abroad
...........................................
102
dei giornali.
Spesso
dellanglicismo
appare in primo piano:
linglese, ricco di monosillabi e bisillabi, torna utile nei titoli []. Anche per coloro
Applied
Ethics ..............................................................................
che5.2
hanno
una mediocre
conoscenza dellinglese la brevit delle parole e 104
delle
espressioni indice di rapidit e modernit; la stessa plasticit di una lingua, che ha
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
categorie morfosintattiche facilmente intercambiabili e ampie possibilit di
composizione
nominale,
diffusi ......................................................
sentimenti di ammirazione. Rispetto108
alla
5.4 Migration
Policysuscita
in Colombia
complessa grammatica dellitaliano, linglese appare come una lingua facile e
funzionale.
[] sia nos
gli anglicismi
sia i neologismi ubbidiscono ad alcune tendenze
5.5 Colombia
une......................................................................
109
di fondo della scrittura giornalistica: la ricerca della concisione nei titoli, la
5.6 Alianza
Pas
..................................................................................
collocazione
delle
parole
chiave nei luoghi di massima evidenza, lalternanza112
dei
sinonimi, la citazione della fonte.. Tr. [] the connotative power of foreign
5.7 Challenges
114of
words
undoubtedly ....................................................................................
prevails, being a key factor in the linguistic choices
newspapers. There is another important reason for the use of Anglicisms: English,
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
which
is full of oneand two-syllable words, comes in handy in headlines 116
[].
Short words and expressions are a sign of speed and modernity, even for those that
only
have aTogether
limited competence
in English; of
theMigrants
flexibility ...........................
of a language, that119
has
Working
for the Well-being
easily
interchangeable
morpho-syntactic categories and many possibilities of
Barry
Halliday
nominal composition, arouses broad feelings of admiration. In comparison with
95
Table of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4 Theinnovations,
Human Rights
Approachvocabulary
........................................................
58
towards
newspaper
has managed to greatly
affect
Italian usage
in toto (Guia 1981): written texts in fact favor
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
highly motivated vocabulary acquisition and are therefore
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
60
particularly
suitable
for the study of this lexical phenomenon. The
fact that false Anglicisms are contextualized and sometimes directly
4. The Ethics
Migration.
explained
in of
Italian
newspapers may give them more chances to
26
Reflections
on
Recent Migration Policies
survive.
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
Laura Zanfrini
2.4.1
Italian Newspaper Corpora
4.1 RestrictiveaPolicies
and Structural
Immigrant
.. 65
Unfortunately,
large-scale
generalDemand
corpusforsimilar
to Labour
the British
National
Corpusfor(BNC)
is still
unavailable
for the Italian language.27
4.2 Initiatives
Governing
Family
and Humanitarian
Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers Migration ............. 73
Italian
which
is so complex,
English Guests
seems to..................................
be an easy and functional
4.3 grammar,
From Guest
Workers
to Unwelcome
82
language. [] both Anglicisms and neologisms are effective in underlying trends of
4.4 Selective
Policies
and the
Drain............................................
87
newspaper
language:
the quest
forBrain
concise
headings, making key words most
evident, alternating synonyms, quoting sources..
26 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
On the role played by the press in spreading Anglicisms, Dardano (1986a: 485)
argues that [l]a stampa svolge certamente un ruolo di primo piano nel campo del
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
prestito linguistico: il testo scritto permette lapprendimento mediato e formalmente
pi motivato di anglicismi puri e variamente adattati perch in esso le diversit
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
Their Societies
of Origin
101
grafiche,
fonologiche
e morfologiche
cheinseparano
le due lingue
trovano.......
soluzioni
pi Urs
idonee
alla struttura dellitaliano e pi vicine alle aspettative dei lettori
Watter
qualificati. Inoltre il testo scritto, tendenzialmente pi stabile di quello orale, offre
5.1 State
Interestdiand
Responsibility
maggiori
possibilit
accompagnare
con glosse e con collegamenti intratestuali
chiarificatori
gli their
anglicismi..
The press
certainly
has a central role in the 102
field
towards
CitizensTr.Living
Abroad
...........................................
of linguistic borrowing: the written text makes the acquisition of both non-adapted
Appliedadapted
EthicsAnglicisms
..............................................................................
104
and5.2
variously
mediated and more formally motivated, since
orthographic, phonological, and morphological variants, which separate the two
5.3 Migration
and
Ethics
.........................................................
106of
languages,
are morePolicy
suitable
to the
structure
of Italian and match the expectations
the educated reader. In addition, the written text, which is usually more stable than
Migration
Policy
Colombia ......................................................
the 5.4
spoken
one, has
moreinopportunities
to provide Anglicisms with glosses108
and
clarifying intratextual links..
27 5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
The only available corpus of written Italian is the Corpus di Italiano Scritto
(CORIS),
which, Pas
however,
is not rich in false Anglicisms. The CORIS was compiled
5.6 Alianza
..................................................................................
112
at the Centro Interfacolt di Linguistica Teorica e Applicata (CILTA) of the
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
114
Universit
di Bologna,
Italy. It was devised in 1998 and is available on-line on
an
experimental basis. According to Rossini Favretti et al. (2002: 27): The project
aimsBibliography
to create .......................................................................................
a representative and sizeable general reference corpus116of
contemporary Italian []. CORIS contains 100 million running words and will be
updated
every
two years
of a built-in
monitor ...........................
corpus. It consists 119
of a
Working
Together
forby
themeans
Well-being
of Migrants
collection
of
authentic
texts
in
electronic
form
considered
to
be
representative
of
Barry Halliday
written Italian []. Besides the defined model, a dynamic model (CODIS) was
96
10
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
97
Table of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
29
3.4 The
Human(CQP)
Rights(Evert
Approach
........................................................
Query
Program
2005).
The La Repubblica corpus58is
considered
a pioneer
project in the compilation of a large-scale
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
corpus more than 100 million words of Italian newspaper
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
language.
4. The Ethics
of Corpus
Migration.
2.4.1.b
The HF
Theand
HFNon-policies
corpus was implemented
at the ...........................................
Bergen Advanced Training
in Italy and Europe
61
SiteLaura
in Multilingual
Tools
(BATMULT)
of
the Universitetet i Bergen,
Zanfrini
Norway.30 The corpus was named HF after the initials of the
4.1 Restrictive
Policies and Knut
Structural
Demand
Immigrant
Labour ..The
65
surnames
of its compilers,
Hofland
andfor
Cristiano
Furiassi.
acronym
also recalls
the nameFamily
of a building
at the university campus
4.2 Initiatives
for Governing
and Humanitarian
whereMigration:
the projectLabour
startedMigration
(Furiassibut
and
350).............. 73
notHofland
Workers2007:
Migration
The HF corpus contains texts gathered along a ten-month span
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
from August 2003 to May 2004 from the web sites of three Italian
4.4 SelectiveLaPolicies
and the Brain
Drain............................................
87
newspapers:
Repubblica,
Corriere
della Sera, and La Stampa.
The4.5method
used
to
select
articles
and
include
them
in
the
HF
corpus
Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
employed enhanced Unix scripts combined with w3mir software,
Bibliography
which
was used.........................................................................................
to copy and mirror HTML texts from the web sites97
of
the newspapers considered. The texts collected amount to about
5. Colombia:
Emigrants
Their from
Societies
of Origin .......about
101
24.34
million Including
tokens (about
13.44 in
million
La Repubblica,
Urs
Watter
6.51 million from Corriere della Sera, and about 4.39 million from
La 5.1
Stampa)
and 384,414
types. The software used to search the
State Interest
and Responsibility
towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
29
98
10
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4 The
Humanon
Rights
Approach
........................................................
58
corpus
is based
Corpus
Workbench
(CWB) and each newspaper
may
be searched
individually.
3.5also
Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
The HF corpus, which has been accessible on-line since 2004
Bibliography
60
exclusively
for.........................................................................................
research purposes, is available for future work, not
only to find instances of false Anglicisms but also to retrieve
4. The Ethicsneologisms,
of Migration.and other features of Italian newspaper
Anglicisms,
Reflections
on Recent Migration Policies
language.
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
Laura Zanfrini
2.4.2
English Corpora
4.1 Restrictive
and Structural
Demand
for Immigrant
Labour
.. 65
English
corporaPolicies
were mainly
analyzed
in order
to verify
whether
candidate
items,for
i.e.Governing
words likely
to be
Anglicisms, were indeed
4.2 Initiatives
Family
andfalse
Humanitarian
31
false Migration:
AnglicismsLabour
or real
English
words.
English
corpora
were
Migration
but not
Workers
Migration
.............
73
looked up any time an English-looking word extracted from either
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
lexicographic resources or Italian newspaper corpora was absent
4.4the
Selective
Policies
and the Brain
Drain............................................
87
from
English
dictionaries
consulted.
In addition, English corpora
were
searched
in
order
to
find
instances
of
real
English
equivalents
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
of false Anglicisms.
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
The following
is the alphabetically-ordered list of the English
corpora and/or corpus collections utilized: the British National Corpus
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
in Their
....... 101
(BNC),
the Bank
of English
(BoE),
the Societies
Corpus of
of Origin
Contemporary
Urs
Watter
American English (COCA), the International Computer Archive of
Modern
andInterest
Medieval
(ICAME), and the International Corpus
5.1 State
and English
Responsibility
32
of English
(ICE).
towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
The BNC is a corpus of about 100 million words of British
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
English of which 90 % is constituted by written texts and 10 % by
5.3 Migration
Policy
and Ethics of
.........................................................
spoken
texts. The
compilation
the BNC started in 1991 and106
the
latest
edition
was
released
in
2007.
The
BNC
project
was
carried
out
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
and is managed by an industrial/academic consortium which includes
Colombia
une......................................................................
109
the5.5
University
of nos
Oxford
and Lancaster University, UK.33
31
As Aston and Burnard (1998: 48) state: One of the most widespread uses of large
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
114
corpora
of contemporary
language is to identify changes in vocabulary. Many
recently-published dictionaries of English have used corpora to hunt for neologisms,
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
or for
evidence that
words or senses have fallen into disuse, in order to decide 116
what
words and senses they should include..
32
See Hockey
(1998) for
comprehensive
electronic ...........................
resources and databases
Working
Together
fora the
Well-beinglistofofMigrants
119
available
for
research.
Barry
Halliday
33
See Leech et al. (2001) for further information on the BNC.
99
Table of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4
Human
Rights
Approach
........................................................
TheThe
BoE
project
was
launched
in 1991 at the University 58of
Birmingham,
UK.
The BoE is a monitor corpus, i.e. constantly
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
updated, which has now reached over a billion words of both spoken
.........................................................................................
60
andBibliography
written registers.
The BoE is mostly made of British English
34
texts but also American and Australian English texts are included.
4. The
Migration.
The Ethics
COCA,ofcompiled
at Brigham Young University, Utah, USA, and
Reflections
on
Recent
Migration
first released in 2008,
contains
morePolicies
than 400 million words, including
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
approximately 20 million words each year from 1990 to 2009. The
Laura Zanfrini
COCA is a collection of American English texts equally divided among
35
4.1 Restrictive
Policiesmagazines,
and Structural
Demand forand
Immigrant
Labour
.. 65
spoken,
fiction, popular
newspapers,
academic.
The ICAME is a collection of corpora which resides at the
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family
and Humanitarian
36
Universitetet
i Bergen,
Only
following
corpora
included
Migration:
LabourNorway.
Migration but
notthe
Workers
Migration
.............
73
in the archive were used: the Lancaster-Oslo-Bergen Corpus of British
4.3 From
Guestincluding
Workers toapproximately
Unwelcome Guests
..................................
82
English
(LOB),
1 million
words of written
British
English,Policies
started and
in 1970
and Drain............................................
completed in 1978; the Freiburg4.4 Selective
the Brain
87
Lancaster-Oslo-Bergen Corpus of British English (FLOB), including
4.5 Equal
Opportunity
Opportunities
90
about
1 million
wordsandofDenied
British
English, ................................
started in 1991 and
completed
in 1998;
the Brown Corpus of American English (BROWN),
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
including nearly 1 million words of written American English, started
in
1964 and Including
completed
in 1979;in the
Corpus
of
5. Colombia:
Emigrants
TheirFreiburg-Brown
Societies of Origin
....... 101
American
English (FROWN), including about 1 million words of
Urs Watter
American English, started in 1992 and completed in 1998.37
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility
Finally, the ICE is a corpus collection that accounts for different
towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
geographical varieties of both written and spoken English. The ICE
5.2 Applied
Ethics
..............................................................................
104
project
began in
1990
and includes several components corresponding
to different
varieties
English:
Great Britain, Ireland, Canada, New
5.3 Migration
Policyofand
Ethics .........................................................
106
Zealand, Jamaica, East Africa, India, Hong Kong, Singapore, and the
5.4 Migration
Policy
Colombia ......................................................
108
Philippines.
Each
ICE incomponent
amounts to about 1 million words.
For5.5
theColombia
present analysis,
only the British English component of109
the
nos une......................................................................
ICE, i.e. ICE-GB, was considered. The ICE-GB, released in 1998 and
5.6 Alianza Pas .................................................................................. 112
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
34
Only the sample version of the BoE was consulted. See Hunston (2001) for a
Bibliography
116
detailed
analysis of.......................................................................................
the BoE.
35
See Davies (2009) and Davies et al. (2008) for a complete description of the COCA.
36
See Hofland
et al. (1999)
for aWell-being
description of
ICAME collection.
Working
Together
for the
ofthe
Migrants
........................... 119
37
See
Hofland
and Johansson (1982) for a detailed description of the BROWN
Barry
Halliday
corpus included in the ICAME collection.
100
10
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Although
newspaper
archives are not proper corpora, they were
4. The Ethics
of Migration.
considered
foron
analysis
they include
Reflections
Recentsince
Migration
Policies the latest articles published
to and
date.Non-policies
The archivesin of
the
best-selling
Italian newspapers, i.e.
Italy and Europe ...........................................
61
Corriere
della
Sera,
La
Repubblica,
and
La
Stampa, were exploited
Laura Zanfrini
in order to retrieve examples of false Anglicisms attested in Italian
4.1 Restrictive
Policies and
Structural
for Immigrant
Labour
.. 65
monolingual
dictionaries
but
absent Demand
from Italian
newspaper
corpora,
i.e.4.2
theInitiatives
La Repubblica
corpus Family
and theand
HFHumanitarian
corpus.
for Governing
ForMigration:
instance, Labour
doomwriting,
attested
the DEA,
the Gabrielli,
Migration
but notinWorkers
Migration
.............and
73
the GDU, was only found in Italian newspaper archives but not in
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
Italian newspaper corpora. The false Anglicism doomwriting may be
4.4 Selective
Policies and
the Brain
Drain............................................
87
defined
as pessimistic
style
of writing,
affected by an apocalyptic
vision
of
the
future,
which
consists
in
describing
and
prophesizing
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
disasters.
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
Corpora,
as well as dictionaries, may not be totally reliable in
Urs Watter
recording the latest changes in the use of language. For this reason it
State Interest
and Responsibility
was5.1necessary
to resort
to web corpora in order to extend the range
39 their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
towards
of analysis. Web corpora were analyzed when items that might be
considered
were found neither in English
5.2 Appliedfalse
Ethics Anglicisms
..............................................................................
104
dictionaries nor in English corpora. Eventually, the presence of such
5.3 Migration
Policy
and Ethics
.........................................................
106
items
in a certain
number
of different
English texts extracted from
the5.4
Web
would Policy
lead the
researcher
to consider them as very recent
Migration
in Colombia
......................................................
108
neological formations in the English language, i.e. real Anglicisms.
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
5.6Greenbaum
Alianza Pas
..................................................................................
112
See
(1991a,
1991b, 1996) for a description of the ICE.
On the issue of considering the Web as a corpus, Grefenstette (2002: 214) states
Challenges
....................................................................................
that5.7
[t]he
future lexicographer
will not only master his or her language, but will114
also
master the computer. Lexicography will be performed by computational
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
lexicographers
rather
than by language artisans.. In addition, Carr (1997: 116
209)
suggests the term Cyberlexicography, which is definable as employing the
Internet
to compile
or create
dictionary. See
Aristar Dry...........................
and Rodrigues Aristar
Working
Together
for thea Well-being
of Migrants
119
(1998)
for Halliday
more information on how the Web can contribute to both linguistic and
Barry
lexicographic research.
38
39
101
Table of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4
The Human
Rightsby
Approach
........................................................ 58
However,
as noticed
Grefenstette:
3.5 Conclusion
[]
the WWW......................................................................................
is big, but it is obviously not as clean as a corpus of59
newspaper
texts
[]. (Grefenstette 2002: 206)
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
60
Therefore,
theof only
reliable resources used were WebCONC and
4. The Ethics
Migration.
WebCorp.
WebCONC
WebCorp
are systems employed to extract
Reflections
on Recentand
Migration
Policies
andand
customize
concordances
from
texts
included in web sites.
Non-policies in Italy and Europe
...........................................
61
WebCorp
is
a
set
of
tools
which
allows
access
to the Web as a corpus
Laura Zanfrini
(Morley 2006, Renouf et al. 2007). WebCONC is a single tool used to
4.1 Restrictive
Policies
and Structural
Demand
for Immigrant
Labour
65
generate
Key Word
in Context
(KWIC)
concordances
based
on ..web
pages.
Both systems
allow theFamily
researcher
to limit the analysis to one
4.2 Initiatives
for Governing
and Humanitarian
language
English
or Migration
Italian inbut
thisnotcase
either
by selecting
the
Migration:
Labour
Workers
Migration
............. 73
language in which web sites are written (WebCONC) or by specifying
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
the web site domain (WebCorp), e.g. .it for Italy, .uk for United
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
Kingdom.
Along
with
considering
corpora,
Word Spy
was also employed
4.5
Equal
Opportunity
andweb
Denied
Opportunities
................................
90
for further investigation on false Anglicisms. According to McFedries
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
(2004:
x), Word
Spy is a web site devoted to lexpionage, 97
the
sleuthing of new words and phrases in the English language. It does
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
in Their but
Societies
Originthat
.......have
101
not
include stunt
words
or singlets,
newofterms
Urs
Watter
appeared multiple times in newspapers, magazines, books, Web sites,
and5.1
other
sources.
Word Spy also provides a definition of the
Staterecorded
Interest and
Responsibility
items collected
and
shows
the
context
of occurrence.
towards their Citizens Living
Abroad
........................................... 102
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
5.4 Migration
Policyapproach
in Colombia
......................................................
108
In the
corpus-based
to false
Anglicisms, Italian newspaper
corpora,
i.e. the La Repubblica corpus, were analyzed in order to
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
gather usage instances of false Anglicisms which had already been
5.6 Alianza
..................................................................................
112
attested
in thePas
lexicographic
resources consulted.40 The corpus-based
approach
highlights
the instability of false Anglicisms in Italian 114
and
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
40
102
10
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4degree
The Human
Rights Approach
........................................................
58
their
of orthographic
complexity
and morphological variation.
It also
makes it possible
to detect different degrees of prototypicality.
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
Bibliography
60
2.5.1
Exploring.........................................................................................
the La Repubblica Corpus
A4. list
false of
Anglicisms
TheofEthics
Migration.obtained from lexicographic resources was
compiled
and on
then
the La
Repubblica
corpus was consulted in order
Reflections
Recent
Migration
Policies
to and
verify
whether
they
were
all
present.
However, not all false
Non-policies in Italy and Europe ...........................................
61
Anglicisms
extracted
from
the
dictionaries
were
found. Vice versa,
Laura Zanfrini
the La Repubblica corpus contains false Anglicisms which are not on
and Structural resources.
Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
the4.1
listRestrictive
compiledPolicies
from lexicographic
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian
2.5.1.aMigration:
Orthographic
LabourComplexity
Migration but not Workers Migration ............. 73
With
to punctuation,
false Anglicisms
encountered in press
4.3 regard
From Guest
Workers to Unwelcome
Guests ..................................
82
articles may be marked with single quotation marks, e.g.
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
recordman,
double inverted commas, e.g. beauty farm, double
angle
brackets,
e.g. food
valley,
or italicized
orthography, e.g.
4.5 Equal
Opportunity
and Denied
Opportunities
................................
90
beauty case. However, false Anglicisms which are frequently used
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
are not always graphically marked, e.g. footing. Sometimes false
Anglicisms
generic
trademarks,
and
5. Colombia: derived
Including from
Emigrants
in Their
Societies of eponyms,
Origin ....... 101
toponyms
are
written
with
an
initial
capital
letter,
e.g.
Autogrill.
Urs Watter
However, it is also important to add that misspellings are frequent in
5.1 State texts,
Interestespecially
and Responsibility
newspaper
in connection with the use of Anglicisms
towards
their
Citizens
Living
Abroad ...........................................
102
and false Anglicisms. Rothenberg advanced
the following justification:
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
Some pseudo-English must be due to the difficulty of printing foreign
terms
correctlyPolicy
[]. (Rothenberg
1969: 151)
5.3 Migration
and Ethics .........................................................
106
5.4 Migration
Colombia whether
......................................................
108
Although
it is Policy
still in
uncertain
misprints are occasional
mistakes
due to nos
haste
errors, there are numerous examples109
of
5.5 Colombia
uneor
......................................................................
misspelling made by the authors of newspaper articles, e.g. breafing
5.6 Alianza
Pas ..................................................................................
112
or breefing
instead
of briefing, pull instead of pool, spyder instead
of
spider,
streap(tease)
or streep(tease) instead of striptease, and wisky
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
114
instead of whisky or whiskey.41
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
41
AccordingTogether
to Hall (1957:
Lesistenza
di queste alternanze
comprovata
Working
for the24):
Well-being
of Migrants
...........................
119
dagliBarry
sbagliHalliday
di ortografia che si manifestano un po dappertutto nella trascrizione di
nomi e di parole straniere. Si trovano principalmente in scritti di persone incolte o
103
Table of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4
The Human
Rights Approach
Although
misspellings
do not........................................................
qualify as false Anglicisms, 58at
times
this lack ......................................................................................
of precision may affect frequency counts. For
3.5 Conclusion
59
instance, skimann was also found in the La Repubblica corpus as
60
theBibliography
erroneous .........................................................................................
transcription of skiman. In addition, the false
Anglicism pull is used fortunately only very few times as the
4. The Ethics of
Migration. variant of the authentic Anglicism pool,
inappropriate
orthographic
Reflections
on
Recent
Migration
in cases where the
context
would Policies
have required the real Anglicism
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
pool, e.g. C un pull di investigatori distaccato dalle indagini
Laura Zanfrini
tecniche per lavorare soltanto sul testamento politico dellex
4.1 Restrictive
and1988).
Structural
Demand
Immigrant
Labour
.. 65
sindaco.
(LR 15Policies
gennaio
Finally,
thefor
false
Anglicism
water,
which is the compound ellipsis of the real Anglicism water-closet,
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian
was sometimes
associated
to thebutitem
closed instead
of .............
closet, i.e.
Migration: Labour
Migration
not Workers
Migration
73
water-closed, e.g. In particolare, lattentatore ha collocato
4.3 Fromnel
Guest
Workers
to Unwelcome
Guestsclosed,
..................................
lordigno
piccolo
vano,
sopra il water
dove si trova82il
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
senza solide conoscenze di altre lingue []. Ma di tali inesattezze non sono scevre
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
neanche
pubblicazioni
di livello superiore; [] anche nei giornali delle citt
principali [] e nelle opere di professori universitari.. Tr. The presence of
orthographic
variants
is witnessed
by spelling
mistakes
which of
areOrigin
widespread
the
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
in Their
Societies
.......in101
transcription of proper nouns and foreign words. They are mainly found in the
Urs Watter
writings of the unlearned or people without a good knowledge of foreign languages
[].5.1However,
such and
mistakes
are also evident at higher levels; [] in the
State Interest
Responsibility
newspapers
of
the
main
cities
[]
and Abroad
in works...........................................
written by university professors.
towards their Citizens Living
102
As Erasmi (1983: 241) notices: Per le parole prese tali e quali si noteranno a volte
incertezze
ortografiche;
sar possibile leggere spyder, wisky dove il primo
5.2 Applied
Ethics ..............................................................................
104
senzaltro un errore e dove nel secondo sarebbe possibile vedere un inizio di
5.3 Migration
Ethicswords
.........................................................
106
adattamento
graficoPolicy
[].. and
Tr. When
are taken just as they are, some spelling
mistakes may occur; words such as spyder or wisky may be encountered: the former
5.4 Migration
Policy mistake
in Colombia
is undoubtedly
a spelling
while ......................................................
the latter might show that there has 108
been
some kind of initial attempt at graphic adaptation [].. In addition, Bonomi (2002:
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
160, 161) argues that [i]nteressante e significativa , poi, la presenza di molte grafie
errate
Innanzitutto
si hanno casi di semplici errori di grafia di fonemi o grafemi
5.6[].
Alianza
Pas ..................................................................................
112
estranei allitaliano [] e casi di errori di flessione []; poi si hanno casi di
5.7 Challenges
114la
ipercorrettismo
[];....................................................................................
la terza possibilit, che la pi frequente, si ha quando
grafia errata segno di un parziale adattamento, pi o meno consapevole [].. Tr.
.......................................................................................
116
TheBibliography
numerous cases
of wrong spelling are interesting and revealing []. There
are
cases of simple mistakes due to foreign phonemes and graphemes [] and cases of
mistaken
are also cases
of hypercorrectness
[]; the 119
third
Workinginflections
Together[];
for there
the Well-being
of Migrants
...........................
case,Barry
whichHalliday
is the most frequent one, occurs when wrong orthography is a sign
more or less conscious of partial adaptation []..
104
10
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
42
The
onlyHalliday
false Anglicisms longer than two graphic words are coast to coast, fly
Barry
and drive, and stop and go.
105
Table of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4 Theonce.
Human
Rights Approach
........................................................
appeared
Therefore,
the form
longseller will be selected as 58
the
entry
of
the
dictionary
since
it
is
the
most
frequent
in
the
corpus.
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
60
2.5.1.b
Morphological
Variation
The
morphological
variants of false Anglicisms are particularly
4. The
Ethics of Migration.
interesting
in on
theRecent
formation
of plurals
(Rando 1970: 136-138). Like
Reflections
Migration
Policies
most
Anglicisms,
when
they
become
plural,
false Anglicisms may add
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe ...........................................
61
the Laura
inflection
-s,
e.g.
il
free
shop
becomes
i
free shops, form irregular
Zanfrini
plurals with -men endings, e.g. il recordman becomes i recordmen, or
4.1 Restrictive
Policies
and Structural
for Immigrant
.. 65
maintain
invariable
plurals,
e.g. il Demand
personal
remains iLabour
personal.
Therefore,
plurals
searched
forand
in the
La Repubblica corpus by
4.2 Initiatives
forwere
Governing
Family
Humanitarian
addingMigration:
the morpheme
to the singular
of the
false Anglicism
or
Labour-sMigration
but notform
Workers
Migration
............. 73
by changing the suffix -man into -men.
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
In the majority of cases, false Anglicisms as well as real
4.4 Selective
Policies and
Brain Drain............................................
87
Anglicisms
maintain
thethe
invariable
singular form even in contexts
which
would
require
a
plural
form.
For
example,
the
following
items
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
were only found in the singular: i beauty, i blob, i dancing, i golf, i
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97i
jolly,
i lift, i mister,
i peeling, i personal, i pocket, i pull, gli slip,
topless, i trench, i water.
5. Colombia:
in TheirisSocieties
of Originplural,
....... 101at
Although Including
the most Emigrants
frequent choice
the invariable
Urs
Watter
times false Anglicisms add the inflection -s in plural contexts, e.g. i
cocktails,
flippers,and
i free
shops, i nights, i sexy shops, i testimonials,
5.1 Statei Interest
Responsibility
i tickets.
It
seems
that
the
insertion
of the...........................................
inflectional morpheme 102
-s is
towards their Citizens Living Abroad
used to reinforce the English authenticity of a term which is not in
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
fact English. Moreover, the addition of -s does not always mean that
5.3 Migration
Ethics
106
a plural
form isPolicy
beingand
used:
for .........................................................
instance, block notes, which is only
orthographically
found
in
the
plural,
maintains
the
suffix
-s
even
in
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
contexts which would require a singular form, e.g. il block notes.
5.5
une......................................................................
TheColombia
irregularnos
English
plural -men is applied only to the 109
few
false
Anglicisms
ending in -man. However, of the false
5.6 Alianza
Pas ..................................................................................
112
Anglicisms ending in -man found in the La Repubblica corpus, e.g.
5.7 Challenges
114
adventure
man, ....................................................................................
clergyman, recordman/record man/record-man,
recordwoman/record-woman,
skiman, only a few, e.g. adventure
Bibliography .......................................................................................
116
men, recordmen/record men/record-men, skimen, change the
suffix
-man
into -men
according
to of
theMigrants
inflectional
rules proper119
of
Working
Together
for the
Well-being
...........................
the Barry
English
language. It must be noted that skimen may appear with
Halliday
106
10
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4 Theorthography
Human Rights
Approach
a plural
even
when ........................................................
it is used in the singular, e.g.58
lo
skimen.
The
plural
form
clergymen
is
also
used
in
contexts
which
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
would regularly require the singular form, e.g. un clergymen.
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
2.5.1.c Prototypicality
When
searching
corpora,
particular
attention must be paid to the
Reflections
on Recent
Migration
Policies
context
of
occurrence
since
some
false
may also be used
and Non-policies in Italy and EuropeAnglicisms
...........................................
61
either
as
real
Anglicisms
or
as
part
of
real
Anglicisms.
An example
Laura Zanfrini
of the former is the semantic shift poker, which is a real Anglicism
4.1 used
Restrictive
Policies
Structural
Demand
Immigrant
Labour
.. 65
when
to denote
theand
card
game itself,
e.g.for[]
impara
a giocare
a poker
[] (LR
giugno 1985),
it is a false Anglicism when
4.2 Initiatives
for1Governing
Familywhile
and Humanitarian
it indicates
a combination
of fourbutcards
of the same
kind,.............
e.g. []
Migration:
Labour Migration
not Workers
Migration
73
ha un poker [] (LR 24 febbraio 1991). An example of the latter is
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
the word cocktail, which is a real Anglicism if used with the meaning
4.4 Selective
Policies
thebere
BrainunDrain............................................
87
of alcoholic
drink,
e.g. and
[]
cocktail con gli amici [] (LR
2 dicembre
1987).
Conversely,
cocktail
is
a
false
Anglicism
if
used
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
as the elliptic form of cocktail party, e.g. [] ha partecipato a un
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
cocktail
[] (LR
4 maggio 1990).
In addition, the retrieval of false Anglicisms is further complicated
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants inhomographs.
Their SocietiesFor
of Origin
.......when
101
by
the existence
of Italian-English
instance,
Urs
Watter
searching the word pile, the output will include both the false
Anglicism
meaning
fleece or fleece jacket, e.g. [] indossando il
5.1 Statepile,
Interest
and Responsibility
pile []
(LR
17
febbraio
1998),Abroad
and the
Italian word pile, meaning
towards their Citizens Living
...........................................
102
stacks, e.g. [] pile di lettere [] (LR 18 settembre 1991) or
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
batteries, e.g. [] le pile del mangianastri [] (LR 26 ottobre
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
1985).
The procedure for distinguishing between real and false Anglicisms
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
was carried out manually and required a long process of observation of
5.5 word
Colombia
nos uneThis
......................................................................
each
in context.
phenomenon led to the definition109
of
different
degrees
prototypicality of false Anglicisms, which can112
be
5.6 Alianza
Pasof
..................................................................................
determined by calculating the number of times a certain item was
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
114
concretely
used as
a false Anglicism compared to the total number
of
times
it
occurred
in
the
La
Repubblica
corpus.
Some
false
Anglicisms
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
are always used as such, e.g. far west, block notes, recordman,
autostop,
telequiz, footing,
sexyshop, of
skiman,
longseller,
food valley,
Working Together
for the Well-being
Migrants
...........................
119
beauty-case,
baby-pusher, peeling, adventure man, record-woman,
Barry Halliday
107
Table of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Laura Zanfrini
2.5.2
Advantages and Limits of the Corpus-Based Approach
Restrictive Policies
and of
Structural
for Immigrant
.. 65
A 4.1
corpus-based
analysis
the LaDemand
Repubblica
corpusLabour
provided
insights
on theforgreat
deal Family
of orthographic
and morphological
4.2 Initiatives
Governing
and Humanitarian
variation
which Labour
characterizes
Anglicisms
in Italian.............
(Furiassi
Migration:
Migrationfalse
but not
Workers Migration
73
2005: 282-295). This variation clearly shows how false Anglicisms
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
do not constitute a stable and well-defined phenomenon, but are
4.4 Selective
Policies
and the Brain Drain............................................
87
complex
and hard
to circumscribe:
the problematic nature of false
Anglicisms
forces
the
linguist
to
pay
close
attention
to
the
context
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
of occurrence.
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
The main disadvantage
of using a corpus-based approach to study
false Anglicisms consists in not being able to find new ones: only
5. Colombia:
Including
in Theirselected
Societiesfrom
of Origin
....... 101
false
Anglicisms
whichEmigrants
were previously
lexicographic
Urs
Watter
resources could be searched for in the La Repubblica corpus.
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility
towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
As Tognini Bonelli (2002: 75) points out: The corpus-driven approach [], in
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
contrast
to the corpus-based
approach, constitutes a methodology that uses a corpus
beyond the selection of examples to support linguistic argument or to validate a
theoretical
of the of
scholar
is to the
integrity of the data
Workingstatement.
TogetherThe
forcommitment
the Well-being
Migrants
...........................
119as
a whole
The theoretical statements [] arise directly from, and reflect, the
Barry[].
Halliday
evidence provided by the corpus..
108
10
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
2.6.1.a
Intersecting
Word
Lists ......................................................... 106
5.3 Migration
Policy
and Ethics
By5.4
intersecting
list ofin English
forms and a list of Italian word
Migration aPolicy
Colombiaword
......................................................
108
forms with the HF corpus word list, it was possible to detect and
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
The self-expansion of the HF corpus mirrors the procedures developed for the
Norwegian
Corpus
Norsk Aviskorpus
(NNC-NA).
See Hofland (2000)
Working Newspaper
Together for
the -Well-being
of Migrants
...........................
119
for aBarry
detailed
description of the automatic collection of newspaper articles from the
Halliday
Web and their inclusion in a corpus.
109
Table of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
See
Furiassi and
Hofland
(2007: 352-355)
for a detailed description of108
the
5.4 Migration
Policy
in Colombia
......................................................
computational techniques implemented in order to extract a list of potential false
Anglicisms
from thenos
HF corpus.
5.5 Colombia
une...................................................................... 109
46
N-grams are recurrent combinations of items of various kinds, e.g. graphemes,
5.6 Alianza
Pasphrases,
..................................................................................
morphemes,
words,
sentences, which may be customized according to112
the
users needs. N-grams are useful for several linguistic functions including finding
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
114
collocations
for machine
translation and automatic tagging of texts and provide
insights into language usage. See Krenn and Samuelsson (1997) and Caropreso et al.
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
(2000)
for a comprehensive
definition of n-grams and their use in computational116
and
corpus linguistics.
47
As Onysko
(2007b: 223)
affirms:
Since language
is accessible
through form
(as
Working
Together
for the
Well-being
of Migrants
...........................
119
sounds
or Halliday
symbols), the recognition of anglicisms [] is dependent on formal
Barry
salience of English units []..
110
10
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
which
do
not
exist
in
the
English
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
language and words equal to or shorter than three letters, in order
.........................................................................................
60
to Bibliography
exclude acronyms,
abbreviations, and prepositions, the final list
was reduced to 3,751 items.
4. The Ethics of Migration.
Reflections
on the
Recent
Migration Policies
2.6.1.c
Merging
Methods
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
TheLaura
two word
lists generated from the first method (6,137 items) and
Zanfrini
the second method (3,751 items) were merged and a new word list of
4.1 Restrictive
and Structural
Demand
for were
Immigrant
Labourto.. the
65
9,888
items wasPolicies
obtained.
Since 1,541
words
common
first4.2and
the second
method, Family
the combined
word list was reduced to
Initiatives
for Governing
and Humanitarian
8,347 Migration:
items.
Labour Migration but not Workers Migration ............. 73
This refined list was intended to eventually include words which
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
are merely English-looking but neither English nor Italian, i.e. false
4.4 Selective
Policies it
and
thebeen
Brainrefined,
Drain............................................
87
Anglicisms.
Although
had
this list of English-looking
words
still
included
along
with
false
Anglicisms
real
English
and
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
real Italian words that could not be eliminated automatically: manual
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
selection
of false
Anglicisms proved necessary.
The search for new false Anglicisms was carried out by manually
5. Colombia:
Including
of Origin
101
checking
the context
ofEmigrants
occurrenceinofTheir
eachSocieties
single item
in the.......
refined
Urs
Watter
word list. This list proved to be useful mainly to find instances of
false
do not have a formal equivalent in English,
5.1Anglicisms
State Interestwhich
and Responsibility
i.e. autonomous
compounds
in Abroad
the form
of solid compounds 102
and
towards their Citizens Living
...........................................
autonomous derivatives.
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
Some of the new false Anglicisms detected by means of the
5.3 Migration Policy
and Ethics
.........................................................
106
corpus-driven
approach
described
are barwoman, stripman,
stripwoman,
and
infopoint.
The
false
Anglicism
barwoman,
e.g.
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
Studia Scienze delle Comunicazioni ma nel weekend fa la
5.5 Colombia
......................................................................
barwoman.
(LRnos
22une
gennaio
2004), which in Italian refers to109a
woman
who serves
beverages at a bar, corresponds to the English
5.6 Alianza
Pas ..................................................................................
112
words barmaid or bartender. Italian speakers may not be aware of
Challenges
the5.7
fact
that in ....................................................................................
English maid is used instead of woman for 114
the
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
48
See
Furiassi
and Hofland (2007: 355-358) for a detailed account of the n-gram
Barry
Halliday
based methodology applied to the HF corpus word list.
111
Table of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4 Theof
Human
Rights
Approach
........................................................
58
feminine
barman,
whereas
bartender
is invariable for male and
female.
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Similarly to barwoman, the appropriate substitute for stripman,
.........................................................................................
60
e.g.Bibliography
Con buffet,
animazione intrigante e numerosi show e stripman.
(CS 28 gennaio 2004), and stripwoman, e.g. il piatto forte del
4. The Ethics
Migration.
locale:
la tableofdance
che ogni sera viene proposta agli ospiti da sexy
Reflections
on
Recent
Migration Policies
stripwoman. (CS
17 novembre
2003), is simply stripper, since
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
English does not differentiate between male and female strippers.
Laura Zanfrini
Other appropriate English equivalents are striptease artist and strip
4.1 Restrictive
Policies
and Structural
Demand
for Immigrant
Labour
.. 65
teaser.
It must be
noticed
that the plural
stripmen
was also
found,
e.g. I partecipanti sono gli stripmen che vengono votati dal pubblico
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian
del locale.
(CS 9Labour
febbraio
2004).but not Workers Migration ............. 73
Migration:
Migration
Finally, infopoint is the compound of info(rmation) which is
4.3 From
Guest of
Workers
to Unwelcome
Guestse.g.
..................................
already
a form
clipping
and point,
Ci sar anche 82
un
infopoint
per
aggiornare
i
cittadini
sul
recupero
dellanfiteatro.
(CS
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
13 settembre 2003). In this case, several English equivalents are
4.5 Equal help
Opportunity
Denied Opportunities
90
available:
desk, and
information
booth, ................................
information bureau,
information
center/centre,
and information desk.
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
2.6.2
Advantages
and Limits
of the
Approach
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
inCorpus-Driven
Their Societies of
Origin ....... 101
Watter of false Anglicisms in any corpus cannot rely upon
TheUrs
retrieval
automatic
processing
exclusively.49 Undoubtedly, computational
5.1 State Interest
and Responsibility
linguistic
tools
proved
toLiving
be extremely
useful for saving time102in
towards
their
Citizens
Abroad ...........................................
building a corpus, in retrieving specific items, and in collecting a list
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
likely to contain false Anglicisms. Despite the advantages, the
5.3 Migrationtechniques
Policy and employed
Ethics .........................................................
106
computational
still do not seem to be sufficient
to handle
the
complex
and
manifold
phenomenon
of
false
Anglicisms:
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
even though some pre-processing may be carried out automatically,
5.5 Colombia
une......................................................................
instances
of falsenos
Anglicisms
can only be extracted manually.50 109
49
Indeed, according to Leech (1991: 14, 15): [] the machine can discover some,
....................................................................................
114
but 5.7
not Challenges
all, of the truth;
[] successful analysis depends on a division of labour
between the corpus and the human mind..
50 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
According to Rundell (2002: 152, 153): The wonderful thing about technology is
that it can supply us with the volume of data that we need [] in order to uncover
and
describeTogether
linguisticfor
behaviour
[]. Butofthe
idea that...........................
the interpretative119
and
Working
the Well-being
Migrants
synthetic
parts of lexicography can be automated to any significant degree seems
Barry Halliday
to me unlikely and possibly misguided. For the foreseeable future, tasks like this will
112
10
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4
Human Rights analysis
Approach ........................................................
58
TheThecorpus-driven
applied to a corpus of Italian
newspaper
language,
i.e. the HF corpus, made it possible to retrieve
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
up-to-date examples of false Anglicisms of any type if they appeared
60
as Bibliography
autonomous.........................................................................................
compounds written as solid compounds. Although
some automatic filters were added in order to polish the final word
4. The
Ethics of
Migration.
list,
further
time-consuming
manual scanning of the list was
Reflections
on
indispensable forRecent
tracingMigration
instances Policies
of new false Anglicisms.51
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
Laura Zanfrini
Initiatives forofGoverning
Family corpus-based,
and Humanitarian
The4.2combination
lexicographic,
and corpus-driven
Migration:
Migration but
Migration
73
procedures
led toLabour
the compilation
of not
a setWorkers
of criteria
which .............
are crucial
for4.3
an From
operational
definition
of
false
Anglicisms.
Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
Along with the theoretical definition of false Anglicisms
4.4 Selective
Policiesitand
the Brain
87
previously
provided,
is useful
to Drain............................................
list a set of specific features that
items
must Opportunity
possess in and
order
to qualify
as false
Anglicisms. The
4.5 Equal
Denied
Opportunities
................................
90
following criteria inferred from both lexicographic evidence (1.a,
.........................................................................................
97
1.b,Bibliography
1.c) and corpus
data (2.a, 2.b, 2.c) determine the procedures
for selecting false Anglicisms and establish whether a candidate item
5. Colombia:
Emigrants
Their
Societies of Origin ....... 101
should
qualifyIncluding
as an entry
in an adinhoc
dictionary:
Urs Watter
5.3 Migration
PolicyEnglish
and Ethics
.........................................................
106
monolingual
dictionaries,
it must have a different
meaning in Italian;
113
Table of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4
Human
Rights Approach
58
1.cThe
a false
Anglicism
must be ........................................................
found either in Italian monolingual
dictionaries
or in collections of foreign words and neologisms
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
in the Italian language;
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
4.1 Restrictive
corpora.52Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
4.2 Initiatives
for 1.b,
Governing
Family
and Humanitarian
While
criteria 1.a,
2.a, and
2.b must
all be true at the same time,
Labour
Migration
not Workersi.e.
Migration
73
criteriaMigration:
1.c and 2.c
can be
appliedbut
alternatively,
a false .............
Anglicism
must
found
in Workers
dictionaries
or corpora.
Moreover,
criteria 1.a and
4.3be
From
Guest
to Unwelcome
Guests
..................................
82
2.a only apply to autonomous compounds and autonomous
4.4 Selective
Policies
and formally
the Brain Drain............................................
87
derivatives,
which
do not
exist in English, whereas criteria
1.b4.5
and
2.bOpportunity
concern all
types
of false ................................
Anglicisms. Finally,
Equal
andother
Denied
Opportunities
90
criteria 1.c and 2.c apply to all types of false Anglicisms.
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
2.8
The Final
Word List
Urs Watter
In general, the advice provided by Cortelazzo (2000: 188, 189) was followed:
[]
viene pubblicato
tutto quello che si viene via via raccogliendo, ma112
solo
5.6non
Alianza
Pas ..................................................................................
quelle parole che mostrano in s le premesse per potersi consolidare (il che significa
5.7riscontrate
Challenges
....................................................................................
114
averle
in almeno
due fonti diverse, meglio se distanziate nel tempo)..
Tr.
Not everything which was gathered is going to be published but only those words
.......................................................................................
thatBibliography
seem to be consolidating
(which means that they were found in at least116
two
different sources, preferably distant in time).. Indeed, as Norling-Christensen (1995:
35)
argues: Together
[] the occurrence
of a linguistic
phenomenon
in one single random
Working
for the Well-being
of Migrants
...........................
119
sample
is
no
indication
of
the
distribution
of
this
phenomenon
in the language at
Barry Halliday
large..
114
10
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4 The
Human
Rights
........................................................
lexical
items
which
will Approach
become the
headwords of the Dictionary58of
53
False
in Italian (DFAI).
3.5 Anglicisms
Conclusion ......................................................................................
59
A (20)
cocktail
L (10)
revolving
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
60
account
colossal
leasing
Rimmel
adventure
comic
liberty
roller
4. The Ethics of Migration.
adventure manon Recent
compact
S (38)
Reflections
Migration Policieslift
after
dinner
crack
lifting
scotch
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
afterhour
crash movie
live
self bar
Laura
Zanfrini
after show
cross
living
self service
4.1after
Restrictive
Policies and
Labour
tea
cult Structural Demand
loft for Immigrant
sexy
bar .. 65
custom Family andlongseller
4.2ambient
Initiatives for Governing
Humanitarian sexy party
antiage
D
(12)
look
maker Migration
sexy.............
shop 73
Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers
antidoping
dancing
Luna Park
sexy show
4.3antismog
From Guest Workers
to Unwelcome Guests
..................................
82
dark
M (11)
sexy star
mail
skibus
4.4aquagym
Selective Policiesdark
andlady
the Brain Drain............................................
87
aquapark
discount
match ball
skiman
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
aquascooter
doomwriter
minibar
skin
Bibliography
97
assist man .........................................................................................
doomwriting
minibasket
skipass
autocaravan
dread
minimarket
skiroll
5. Colombia:
Emigrants in Their
Societies of Origin
....... 101
autogoal Includingdribbling
minivolley
ski stopper
Urs
Watter
Autogrill
drink
miss
slip
autoreverse
drive in
mister
slot
5.1
State Interest and Responsibility
autostop
duty
mobbing
slowfox
towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
B (38)
duty free
mobility manager
smart bar
5.2 Applied
Ethics ..............................................................................
baby
E (1)
montgomery
smart shop 104
boss
eurogoal
N (10)
smile
5.3baby
Migration
Policy and
Ethics .........................................................
106
baby box
F (17)
naziskin
smoking
5.4
......................................................
babyMigration
business Policy in
farColombia
west
new jersey
social card 108
baby
dance
fast......................................................................
food
new opening
soft air 109
5.5
Colombia
nos une
baby doll
fiction
next opening
soft core
5.6baby
Alianza
Pas ..................................................................................
112
gang
fidelity card
night
speaker
killer
film cult
no global
Spider 114
5.7baby
Challenges
....................................................................................
Atkins and Rundell (2008: 163) state that [a] lexical item is any word,
abbreviation,
partial word,
or phrase
which can
figure in a ...........................
dictionary (often as119
the
Working Together
for the
Well-being
of Migrants
headword
of
an
entry)
as
the
target
of
some
form
of
lexicographic
description,
Barry Halliday
most commonly a definition or a translation..
115
Table of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4baby
Thepark
Human Rightsflash
Approach ........................................................
58
no profit
spot
baby parking
flat
no stop
starter
baby pusher
flipper
notes
step
Bibliography
backstage .........................................................................................
flirt
nude look
stockhouse 60
badge
fly and drive
O (7)
stop
4. TheBarbie
Ethics
of Migration.
food valley
off
stop and go
Reflections
Migration Policies
barwoman on Recentfooting
office
stopper
andbasket
Non-policies inforcing
Italy and Europe
61
open...........................................
space
strip
Laura
Zanfrini
Baywatch
franchising
optional
stripman
beach
basket Policies
free
shop
organizer
stripwoman
4.1
Restrictive
and
Structural Demand
for Immigrant
Labour .. 65
beach volley
full
outing
super
4.2 beauty
Initiatives for Governing
Family andoversound
Humanitarian
full optional
surf
Migration:
Labour
Migration
but
not
Workers
MigrationT.............
73
beauty case
G (10)
P (23)
(21)
beauty
farm
gadget
palmer ..................................
taxi girl
4.3
From
Guest Workers
to Unwelcome Guests
82
beauty hostess
garden
parking
telefilm
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................
87
beep
gas killer
peeling
Telepass
personal ................................
telequiz
4.5bermuda
Equal Opportunityginger
and Denied Opportunities
90
big
gin lemon
petting
tennisman
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
bisex
gin tonic
phone center
testimonial
bite
girl
pick up
ticket
5. Colombia:
Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
Blob
global
pile
Ticket Restaurant
Urs Watter
block notes
golden
plaid
tie break
5.1 State
body Interest and Responsibility
golf
play
tight
towards their Citizens
Living Abroadplayback
...........................................
102
bomber
H (9)
tilt
book
happy
end
playmaker
toast
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
bowling
hard discount
playout
top
5.3 Migration
Policy and
Ethics .........................................................
box
heliski
pocket
topless 106
boxer
hit
poker
total body 108
5.4 Migration
Policy in Colombia
......................................................
break
hitball
pole
training
5.5 Colombia
nos une
......................................................................
109
brick
holding
pony
trench
116
10
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4 carving
The Human Rights
Approach
........................................................
internet
bar
quad
VibraCall 58
casting
internet point
quiz
volley
catch
J (5)
R (11)
W (4)
Bibliography
60
Caterpillar .........................................................................................
jersey
reality
wafer
champions
jet
recordman
water
4. The
Ethics of Migration.
charleston
jet society
recordwoman
windsurf
Reflections
on Recent jolly
Migration Policies
chat
regimental
Wonderbra
andcheck-in
Non-policiesjumbo
in Italy
...........................................
61
tramand Europerelax
X (0)
Laura
chillZanfrini
out
K (2)
residence
Y (1)
restyling
yorkshire
4.1clergyman
Restrictive Policies killer
and Structural Demand
for Immigrant
Labour .. 65
coast to coast
K-Way
revival
Z (0)
Despite the methodology that has been applied and the selection
towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
criteria that have been established, the resulting word list might not
Applied
Ethics ..............................................................................
104
be 5.2
totally
replicable
since the final decision on whether to include
or
exclude
a falsePolicy
Anglicism
depends
to a certain extent on 106
the
5.3 Migration
and Ethics
.........................................................
lexicographers intuition.55
5.4
Migration
in Colombia
......................................................
Finally,
sincePolicy
updated
lexicographic
resources may come into108
the
market,
more
elaborate
computational
tools
and
techniques
may
be
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
developed, and new corpora may be created, the number of false
5.6 Alianza Pas .................................................................................. 112
5.7Atkins
Challenges
....................................................................................
114
As
and Rundell
(2008: 162) recognize: The headword list is a list of
the
words that are the headwords of entries in the dictionary..
55 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
With regard to scientific replicability, Kilgarriff (1997: 147) asks the following
questions: Would another team, working in the same framework, with the same
goals,
arriveTogether
at the samefor
list?
[]
This then breaks
down into
two questions: firstly,
Working
the
Well-being
of Migrants
...........................
119
would
it beHalliday
the same list if they used the same corpora, and secondly, how similar
Barry
would it be if they did not?.
54
117
Table of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Although
several
scholarsMigration
have already
tried to quantify the incidence
Reflections
on Recent
Policies
of and
Anglicisms
in
Italian
(Rando
1969,
Antonelli 2005, 61
De
Non-policies in Italy and Europe 1973b,
...........................................
Mauro
and
Ferreri
2005,
Gualdo
and
Scarpino
2007,
Furiassi
2007,
Laura Zanfrini
2008a, Bistarelli 2008), no thorough quantitative study on false
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
Anglicisms is yet available.
4.2
for of
Governing
Family and Humanitarian
TheInitiatives
incidence
false Anglicisms
on the Italian vocabulary is
Migration:
not Workers
represented
by Labour
how Migration
many arebutincluded
in Migration
the word.............
lists 73
of
56
dictionaries.
The
frequency
of
false
Anglicisms
in
the
Italian
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
language is determined by how often they are used in corpora.57
4.4
Policieschosen
and the Brain
Drain............................................
87
TheSelective
dictionary
to analyze
the incidence of false
Anglicisms
on the Italian
vocabulary
is the ................................
GDU, which can 90
be
4.5 Equal Opportunity
and Denied
Opportunities
considered to include a valid approximation of the total number of
Bibliography
97
words
existing.........................................................................................
in the Italian language. The main problem
encountered in ascertaining the number of false Anglicisms in the
5. Colombia:
Their
Societies
of Origin .......
101
GDU
the Including
same is Emigrants
valid for inany
other
lexicographic
source
Urs Watter
considered is that false Anglicisms are not always clearly
identifiable
due toand
theResponsibility
different labels assigned. However, since the
5.1 State Interest
towards their detected
Citizens Living
...........................................
false Anglicisms
in theAbroad
present
analysis are 286 and102
the
entries
in
the
GDU
are
251,209
(De
Mauro
2000,
2003b),
it
is
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
possible to estimate that the incidence of false Anglicisms on the
5.3 Migration
Policy
and Ethics .........................................................
106
Italian
vocabulary
is approximately
0.1 %.
With
regard
to
corpora,
orthographic
complexity,
morphological
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
variation, misspellings, and the different degrees of prototypicality of
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
5.6 Alianza
Pasthe
..................................................................................
112
When
measuring
incidence of false Anglicisms on the Italian vocabulary,
type frequency must be considered. As Bybee (2007: 9) states: Only patterns of
5.7 Challenges
language
have type ....................................................................................
frequency, because this refers to how many distinct items114
are
represented by the pattern..
57 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
When measuring the frequency of false Anglicisms in the Italian language, token
frequency must be considered. As Bybee (2007: 9) writes: Token frequency counts
the
number Together
of times a unit
appears
in runningoftext..
In addition,
Bybee (2007:119
16)
Working
for the
Well-being
Migrants
...........................
points
out that
[w]hen one is studying token frequency, there is an inherent problem
Barry
Halliday
in determining the point at which high should be distinguished from low..
56
118
10
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4 Anglicisms
The Human Rights
Approach
........................................................
false
must all
be carefully
considered in order not 58to
affect
frequency ......................................................................................
counts. A recent analysis, which was carried out
3.5 Conclusion
59
using the La Repubblica corpus, showed that there are about 83 false
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
Anglicisms
every
1,000,000 words, i.e. approximately 0.08 60
58
10
Table of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.1 Introduction
The5.3Dictionary
of False
in Italian (DFAI) is addressed
to
Migration Policy
andAnglicisms
Ethics .........................................................
106
an educated Italian readership who is familiar with the language of
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
the mass media and is also competent or desires to become proficient
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
Pas ..................................................................................
Tr.5.6
AAlianza
little italiese-inglese
dictionary [] would perhaps be instructive []..112
Martin et al. (1983: 78) define macrostructure as an ordered series of lexical
5.7 entries
Challenges
....................................................................................
items,
or lemmata
(the ordering principle often being the alphabet)114
and
microstructure as linguistic information contained inside the entry.. Accordingly,
Bibliography
116
Bjoint
(2000: 11, .......................................................................................
12) defines macrostructure as a result of the selection of words
through the use of various criteria and microstructure as the result of the
application
a pre-established
in each entry..119
See
Working of
Together
for the programme
Well-beingofofinformation
Migrantsgiven
...........................
Furiassi
(2006b,
2007) for the drafting of provisional criteria to be adopted in order
Barry
Halliday
to compile a dictionary of false Anglicisms in Italian.
1
2
120
10
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4 The
Human
Rights Approach
........................................................
58
in the
English
language
(Pulcini 2006:
316). However, the scenario
of possible
target......................................................................................
users is multifaceted.
3.5 Conclusion
59
First of all, a dictionary focused on such a limited area of Italian
Bibliography
60
lexis
will meet .........................................................................................
the scholarly needs of linguists interested in defining
and classifying false Anglicisms and in ascertaining the difference
4. The Ethics
of Migration.
between
real Anglicisms
and false Anglicisms.
Reflections
onand
Recent
Migration
Policies will also benefit from the
Monolingual
bilingual
lexicographers
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
DFAI. Although it is often difficult to reconcile the demands of
Laura Zanfrini
lexicographers with those of publishers, Italian monolingual dictionaries
4.1be
Restrictive
and Structural
Demand for
Labour .. 65
may
extendedPolicies
by including
an inventory
of Immigrant
false Anglicisms.
In
addition, providing the appropriate English translation equivalents of
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian
those Migration:
words which
are Migration
to be considered
false Anglicisms
in Italian
Labour
but not Workers
Migration .............
73
would eventually improve the compilation of Italian-English bilingual
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
dictionaries.
A lexicographic
product
this Drain............................................
kind will also be useful to Italian
4.4
Selective Policies
and theofBrain
87
speakers, Italian EFL learners, translators, and native speakers of
4.5 Equal
Opportunity
and advantage
Denied Opportunities
................................
90
English,
who
may take
of the information
provided
3
according
to their
specific needs.
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
Italian speakers may benefit from the use of this dictionary to
extend
the lexical
knowledge
of the
linguistic
milieu
in which
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
in Their
Societies
of Origin
....... they
101
liveUrs
and
to understand the ambiguities created by the use of false
Watter
Anglicisms in written and spoken Italian. In particular, Italian EFL
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility
learners and teachers will find this dictionary helpful to verify the
towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
identity of words which look and/or sound English. In fact, some
5.2Anglicisms
Applied Ethics
..............................................................................
104
false
might
seem awkward or even embarrassing if used
in an
environment.
5.3English-speaking
Migration Policy and
Ethics ......................................................... 106
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
3
As5.5
Lepschy
(1989:nos
189,
190)
states: [] in un buon vocabolario la persona
Colombia
une
......................................................................
109di
media cultura si aspetta di trovare ragguagli [] almeno sommari, a cui sono
5.6 Alianza
Pas ..................................................................................
dedicati
separatamente
i vocabolari specializzati []; dunque legittimo112
che
lautore di un vocabolario destinato al pubblico colto e alle scuole si proponga di
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
rispondere
a questo complesso
di esigenze, e conciliarle in maniera coerente 114
anzi
proprio una delle difficolt che si presentano al lessicografo.. Tr. [] in a good
Bibliography
116
dictionary
the user.......................................................................................
of average education expects to find at least some information
[] which is usually included in specialized dictionaries []; the compiler of a
dictionary
to for
an expert
audience andoftoMigrants
schools should
try to achieve these
Workingaddressed
Together
the Well-being
...........................
119
goals;
meeting
these needs coherently is one of the difficulties the lexicographer has
Barry
Halliday
to face..
121
Table of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4
Human
Approach
58
TheThe
DFAI
is aRights
reference
and ........................................................
pedagogical tool for scholars and
students
inasmuch
as it deals with and clarifies the phenomenon59
of
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
interference between Italian and English vocabularies and problems
.........................................................................................
60
of Bibliography
[] synchronic
irregularities [] of phonologic, orthographic,
morpho-syntactic, or lexical nature (Iamartino 2001: 126).
4. The
Ethics
of Migration.
Since
Italian
synonyms and English translation equivalents of
Reflections
on Recent
false Anglicisms
are Migration
included, Policies
the dictionary may also assist
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
translators and help English native speakers understand the meaning
Laura Zanfrini
of English-looking words which have been creatively manipulated by
Restrictive Policies
Structural
Demandand
for culture.
Immigrant Labour .. 65
the4.1
speakers/writers
of aand
different
language
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian
Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers Migration ............. 73
3.3 Macrostructure
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
122
10
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4 explicit
The Human
Rights Approach
58
have
etymological
aims.6........................................................
However, information about the
origin
of false Anglicisms,
the mediating languages involved, the
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
linguistic processes employed in their coinage, and the date of first
Bibliography
......................................................................................... 60
attestation
is provided.
Another essential feature closely related to the audience to which
4.
The
Ethics of
the dictionary
is Migration.
addressed is bidirectionality.7 Necessarily, the DFAI
on Recent
Migration
Policies
willReflections
also contain
information
typical
of bilingual dictionaries, such as
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
phonetic transcriptions and translation equivalents, i.e. real English
Laura Zanfrini
words that Italian EFL learners are supposed to use instead of false
4.1 Restrictive
andor
Structural
for Immigrant Labour .. 65
Anglicisms
whenPolicies
speaking
writing Demand
in English.
Contrary to expectations, a dictionary of false Anglicisms in
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian
ItalianMigration:
is neitherLabour
a dictionary
-isms
(Filipovi
1984: .............
73), i.e.73a
Migrationofbut
not Workers
Migration
dictionary of loanwords in a language in contact with another, nor a
4.3 From Guest
Workers
to Unwelcome
82
dictionary
of foreign
words
(LandauGuests
2001:..................................
41), since the items
included
are pseudo-foreign.
False Drain............................................
Anglicisms are indeed authentic
4.4 Selective
Policies and the Brain
87
Italian creations, which prevent lexicographers from classifying a
4.5 EqualofOpportunity
Denied Opportunities
90
dictionary
this kind asand
a collection
of foreign ................................
words sensu stricto.
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
3.4 Microstructure
Urs Watter
Each
headword listed in the dictionary in bold type and small print
complies
with the
and criteria employed to select false
5.1 State Interest
andparameters
Responsibility
towards
theirlexicographic
Citizens Livingresources
Abroad ...........................................
102
Anglicisms
from
and corpora.8
Although
eponyms
and
toponyms
were
originally
written
with
an
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
initial capital letter, the false Anglicisms derived from them having
As
(2003:
173)inargues:
[]......................................................
una ricognizione storica del lessico
5.4Fanfani
Migration
Policy
Colombia
108di
influenza inglese non pu fare a meno di esercitarsi entro un ben circoscritto
spaccato
sincronico []..
Tr. ......................................................................
[] a historical overview of the influence of English
5.5 Colombia
nos une
109
vocabulary cannot exist without a well-circumscribed synchronic view..
7
5.6 Alianza
112at
Marello
(2003: Pas
337,..................................................................................
338) maintains that [w]hen bidirectionality is only hinted
(by indication of grammatical gender, phonetic transcription of pronunciation, style
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
marking
or other translated
labels), it often serves merely to weigh down114
the
microstructure with indicators that are not at all useful to one of the two
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
communities
and not
useful enough to the other..
8
According to Cowie (1983: 100): The basic structural component of the dictionary
isWorking
the entry, Together
or article, afor
block
informationof
(grammatical,
semantic, stylistic,119
etc.)
theofWell-being
Migrants ...........................
having
theHalliday
appearance of a paragraph and headed in boldface print by the aptly
Barry
named headword..
123
Table of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4 Thegeneric
Humannouns
RightsApproach
........................................................
become
are listed
in the dictionary by means of58a
lower-case
initial......................................................................................
letter.
3.5 Conclusion
59
Conversely, all false Anglicisms that are believed to originate from
Bibliography
60
trademarks
are .........................................................................................
included in the dictionary with an initial capital letter
and marked with the symbols and , even if they are often written
4. The
Ethics of Migration.
with
a lower-case
initial letter in the newspaper texts considered. The
Reflections
on Recent
Migration
Policiestrademarks; the symbol
symbol indicates
Italian
registered
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
indicates
English or American registered trademarks. However, the
Laura Zanfrini
unintentional omission of capitalization or the absence of the labels
Policies
and Structural
Demand for
Labour
65
and4.1Restrictive
should not
be regarded
as affecting
theImmigrant
legal status
of ..any
trademark or any company owner of the trademarks mentioned.9
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian
Finally,
acronyms
and abbreviations
are excluded
from the
Migration:
Labour Migration
but not Workers
Migration .............
73
dictionary since they deserve separate treatment. An instance of this
4.3isFrom
Workers
to Unwelcome
Guests
..................................
82
kind
the Guest
Italian
acronym
sms, whose
English
equivalent is text
message.
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
In line with the criteria set out by Jackson (2002: 26), each article
4.5 Equal
and the
Denied
Opportunities
................................
includes
14Opportunity
features of
headword,
whose
metalanguage 90is
10
described
below:
spelling, pronunciation, grammar, typology, date,
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
mediating language, frequency, usage domain, definition,
collocation,
synonym,
English
translation
equivalent,
5. Colombia:Italian
Including
Emigrants
in Their
Societies of
Origin .......cross
101
reference,
and example.
Urs Watter
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility
towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
3.4.1 Spelling
124
10
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4Pronunciation
The Human Rights Approach ........................................................ 58
3.4.2
Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
The3.5Italian
pronunciation
of false Anglicisms is indicated by IPA
transcription
between
square
brackets.
If
multiple
pronunciations
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
exist, they are all indicated and separated by a comma.
4. The Ethics of Migration.
3.4.3
Grammar
Reflections
on Recent Migration Policies
and Non-policies
in false
Italy and
Europe ...........................................
61
A striking
factor is that
Anglicisms,
as well as real Anglicisms,
Zanfrini
are Laura
almost
all nouns, with rare exceptions such as antismog, full
optional,
and off,Policies
which and
mayStructural
only be Demand
used as for
adjectives,
giornata
4.1 Restrictive
Immigrante.g.
Labour
.. 65
antismog, vettura full optional, spettacolo off. Although the false
4.2 Initiatives
for Governing
Family and are
Humanitarian
Anglicisms
recorded
in the dictionary
mostly nouns, traditional
Migration:
Labour
Migration
but
not
Workers
Migration
73
grammatical tags for parts of speech are used and
placed.............
after the
phonetic
i.e. nome
(noun),
and agg., i.e.
4.3 Fromtranscription:
Guest Workersn.,
to Unwelcome
Guests
..................................
82
aggettivo (adjective).11 When false Anglicisms function as both
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
nouns and adjectives, the label n./agg. is used and the definition of
Equal
Opportunity
and Denied
................................
90
the4.5
false
Anglicism
is preceded
by Opportunities
riferito a (referred
to).
In addition, the labels m., i.e. maschile (masculine), and f., i.e.
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
femminile (feminine), signal the grammatical gender which is
attributed
to Including
each falseEmigrants
Anglicism
in Italian,
usually
the.......
natural
5. Colombia:
in Their
Societies
of Origin
101
gender
(Clyne
2003:
147).
If
both
genders
are
possible,
this is
Urs Watter
indicated by m./f..12
5.1
State Interest
and Responsibility
Finally,
morphological
variants regarding the formation of plurals
towards
their
Citizens
Livingmail,
Abroadskiman
...........................................
102
are shown, e.g. mail remains
may become skimen,
cocktail
may become
cocktails. The inflectional ending -s signals
5.2 Applied
Ethics ..............................................................................
104
that the morpheme -s may be added to form the plural, whereas
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
-men
signals that a false Anglicism ending in -man may switch to
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
11
This
grammatical nos
feature
also shared by real Anglicisms may be due to109
the
5.5 Colombia
une......................................................................
fact that false Anglicisms are coined to lexicalize objects, concepts, and phenomena
which
thought
to be
more stylish if characterized by a certain resemblance 112
with
5.6are
Alianza
Pas
..................................................................................
English. With regard to the word classes of Anglicisms, Pulcini (2002: 159-161)
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
recognizes
that in Italian
there are very few adjectives borrowed from English,114
e.g.
trendy, there are no adverbs, and verbs must necessarily be adapted to the Italian
Bibliography
116
system,
preferably .......................................................................................
by assigning the morphological ending of the first conjugation -are.
12
With regard to gender assignment, false Anglicisms as well as Anglicisms are
likely
to be Together
used in Italian
as masculine
nouns.
However,...........................
some false Anglicisms
Working
for the
Well-being
of Migrants
119
mayBarry
be alternatively
used
as
masculine
or
feminine,
e.g.
autocaravan,
happy end,
Halliday
Spider.
125
Table of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4 in
Thethe
Human
Rights
Approach
........................................................
58
-men
plural.
When
a false
Anglicism displays an invariant
form,
abbreviation
inv., i.e. invariabile (invariable), is used. 59
3.5 the
Conclusion
......................................................................................
Bibliography
3.4.4
Typology ......................................................................................... 60
Typological
are assigned to each lemma according to the
4. The Ethicslabels
of Migration.
different
typesonofRecent
false Anglicisms
recognized. As shown in Tab. 3,
Reflections
Migration Policies
acronyms
mirror
the
Italian
labels
assigned
to each type.
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe ...........................................
61
Laura Zanfrini
acronym
(Italian)
acronym
(English)
example
accorciamento
clipping
happy end
compound
(record + man)
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests ..................................
82
DA
derivato
AD
autonomous
footing
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
EC
ellissi di
CE
compound
basket
composto
ellipsis
(from basketball)
generic
trademark
ticket restaurant
Urs Watter
marchio
generico
GT
slittamento
SS
semantic shift
mister
5.1SS
State Interest
and Responsibility
semantico
towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
T
toponimo
toponym
new jersey
126
10
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4
The Human
Rights Approach
........................................................
58
When
it is complicated
to decide
what the linguistic process
involved
in the ......................................................................................
creation of false Anglicisms is, more typological
3.5 Conclusion
59
labels are used, e.g. bermuda.
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
3.4.5 Date
TheReflections
date provided
afterMigration
the typological
on Recent
Policies label indicates the earliest
attestation
of
each
false
Anglicism.
prior to 1984 were
and Non-policies in Italy and EuropeDates
...........................................
61
obtained
from
the
dictionaries
consulted,
i.e.
DELI, Devoto-Oli,
Laura Zanfrini
GDU, DISC, Gabrielli, Treccani, or Zingarelli. For false Anglicisms
Restrictive
Policies
and Structural
Demandresource
for Immigrant
Labour ..first
65
not4.1yet
included
in any
lexicographic
or whose
appearance
is subsequent
to Family
1984, and
the Humanitarian
date of first attestation was
4.2 Initiatives
for Governing
extracted
from the
Italian
newspapers
analyzed,Migration
i.e. Corriere
della
Migration:
Labour
Migration
but not Workers
.............
73
Sera, La Repubblica, or La Stampa.
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
4.4Mediating
Selective Policies
and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
3.4.6
Language
The4.5 mediating
language
that Opportunities
contributed ................................
to introduce false
Equal Opportunity
and Denied
90
Anglicisms in Italian, if any, is specified using fr., i.e. francese
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
(French), ol., i.e. olandese (Dutch), sp., i.e. spagnolo (Spanish),
sved.,
i.e. svedese
(Swedish),
andinted.,
tedesco
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
Their i.e.
Societies
of (German).
Origin ....... 101
Urs Watter
3.4.7 Frequency
Each entry
is supplied with the symbols , , , or , which102
are
towards their Citizens Living Abroad ...........................................
13
used to mark the relative frequency of false Anglicisms. Frequency
5.2 Applied Ethics
..............................................................................
104
considerations
are based
on the data provided by the La Repubblica
corpus:
since thePolicy
La Repubblica
corpus consists of about 380,000,000
5.3 Migration
and Ethics .........................................................
106
tokens, false Anglicisms with a raw frequency below 38 (below 1 per
5.4 Migration
Policy
Colombia
......................................................
million
words), i.e.
theinleast
frequent,
are assigned only one dot ,108
e.g.
wafer;
false
Anglicisms
with
a
raw
frequency
between
39
and
380
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
(between 1 and 10 per million words), i.e. frequent, are assigned two
..................................................................................
112
dots5.6,Alianza
e.g. tiePas
break;
false Anglicisms with a raw frequency between
3815.7and
3,800 (between
10 and 100 per million words), i.e. very
Challenges
....................................................................................
114
frequent, are assigned three dots , e.g. slip; false Anglicisms with a
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
13
As
Kiefer
and van Sterkenburg (2003: 359) advise: [] it may be useful to indicate
Barry
Halliday
the relative frequency of a word or phrase..
127
Table of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
The Human
Rights
Approach
........................................................
raw3.4frequency
above
3,801
(above
100 per million words), i.e. 58
the
14
most
frequent,
are
assigned
four
dots
,
e.g.
basket.
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
However, since the La Repubblica corpus contains articles up to
60
theBibliography
year 2000, .........................................................................................
some false Anglicisms which were coined afterwards
are obviously not included. For this reason, frequency data of false
4. The Ethicscoined
of Migration.
Anglicisms
after the year 2000 are based on the La
Reflections
on Recent
Migration
Policies
Repubblica archive,
which
includes
all articles published in La
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
Repubblica from 1984 to the present. In this case, frequency
Laura Zanfrini
considerations are calculated by estimating that the La Repubblica
4.1 Restrictive
Policies
Structural
Demand
Immigrant Labour
.. 65is
archive,
which is
not aand
proper
corpus
but isforconstantly
updated,
likely to contain about 580,000,000 tokens.15 Therefore, false
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian
Anglicisms
withLabour
a rawMigration
frequency
58 (below
1 per
million
Migration:
but below
not Workers
Migration
.............
73
words), i.e. the least frequent, are assigned only one dot , e.g. self
4.3false
FromAnglicisms
Guest Workers
to Unwelcome
Guests ..................................
82
bar;
with
a raw frequency
between 59 and 580
(between
1 andPolicies
10 per and
million
words),
i.e. frequent, are assigned two
4.4 Selective
the Brain
Drain............................................
87
dots , e.g. chill out; false Anglicisms with a raw frequency between
Equal
Opportunity
and10
Denied
................................
90
5814.5and
5,800
(between
and Opportunities
100 per million
words), i.e. very
frequent,
are assigned
three dots , e.g. reality; false Anglicisms
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
14
it is Including
difficult to establish
a clear-cut
threshold
frequency
on the
basis
5.Although
Colombia:
Emigrants
in Their
Societies
of Origin
.......
101of
which
Anglicisms should be included in or excluded from an ad hoc
Ursfalse
Watter
dictionary, a well-meditated decision is particularly important since at times
frequency
dataInterest
provided
byResponsibility
corpus evidence are in contrast with the lexicographers
5.1 State
and
view oftowards
the language.
For
instance,
the lexicographer
would have the impression102
that
their Citizens Living
Abroad ...........................................
a false Anglicism is quite common in the Italian language and therefore should be
included
in the dictionary
in spite of its very low frequency in newspaper corpora.
5.2 Applied
Ethics ..............................................................................
104
As Pulcini (2008b: 193) argues: [] corpus data are an important index of currency
Migration
and with
Ethics
but 5.3
figures
must bePolicy
balanced
the.........................................................
criteria set up for the dictionary []106
and
possibly with additional information from other sources [] and in some cases the
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
opinions of Italian experts in certain fields. Last and most importantly, the native
lexicographers
judgement
will......................................................................
weigh up the different bits of information and make
5.5 Colombia
nos une
109
a final decision.. Pulcinis argument is supported by Summers (1996: 266), who
maintains
that [f]requency
is a powerful tool in the lexicographers arsenal
5.6 Alianza
Pas ..................................................................................
112of
resources []. However, in dictionary-making editorial judgment is of paramount
5.7 Challenges
importance,
because ....................................................................................
blindly following the corpus, no matter how carefully, can114
lead
to oddities..
15 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
Although the number of tokens in the La Repubblica archive is not provided, an
approximate figure can be determined. If the number of tokens in the La Repubblica
corpus,
i.e. about
380,000,000,
divided by 17
i.e. the years included
Working
Together
for the isWell-being
of (1984-2000),
Migrants ...........................
119
in the
La Repubblica
Barry
Halliday corpus, and then multiplied by 26 (1984-2009), i.e. the years
included in the La Repubblica archive, the result is about 580,000,000.
128
10
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4a The
Rights
Approach
58
with
rawHuman
frequency
above
5,801........................................................
(above 100 per million words), i.e.
the3.5
most
frequent,......................................................................................
are assigned four dots , e.g. no global.
Conclusion
59
In the case of polysemous or homonymic false Anglicisms,
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
frequency
considerations
are provided for each single meaning, 60
by
checking all occurrences manually in both the corpus and the archive.
4. The Ethics of Migration.
Reflections
on Recent Migration Policies
3.4.8
Usage Domain
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
Usage
labels
are assigned to each lemma according to the domain in
Laura
Zanfrini
which each false Anglicism is likely to be used.16 Although based on
Restrictivejudgment,
Policies and
Demand
Immigrant
Labour
.. 65
the4.1
compilers
theStructural
indication
of theforusage
domain
is meant
to be
help tofor
theGoverning
user andFamily
possibly
significant statistical
4.2 of
Initiatives
and provide
Humanitarian
data on
domainLabour
distribution
(Grlach
1999: 154).
The number
of
Migration:
Migration
but not Workers
Migration
............. 73
domains is limited to 16 labels, which are explained in detail in Tab.
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
4. If more semantic fields can be assigned to a false Anglicism, a
4.4 SelectiveofPolicies
the Brain
Drain............................................
87
combination
usageand
labels
is indicated,
e.g. skibus. If a false
Anglicism
is
used
with
a
general
meaning,
no
usage
domain
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90is
specified, e.g. relax.
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
abbreviation
Italian
English
abb.
abbigliamento
e moda
clothing
fashion
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
in Their Societies
of and
Origin
....... 101
Ursalim.
Watter
alimentazione
food
arch.
architettura e arredamento
cin.
cinema e televisione
economia e finanza
gioc.
giochi
games
The semantic fields in which false Anglicisms occur are heterogeneous and tend
5.7 Challenges
114
to coincide
with the ....................................................................................
usage domains of real Anglicisms (Caretti 1951a, 1951b, 1954,
Rando 1973a, Fiori 1990, Gianni 1994, Perotto 2001, 2010, Pulcini 2008a). As
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
Filipovi
(1985: 253,
254) argues: [] most of those using pseudoanglicisms116
are
young people interested in entertainment of various types: sports, popular music,
film,
TV, etc.
[] Pseudoanglicisms
are of
used
in the ...........................
vocabulary of political
Working
Together
for the Well-being
Migrants
119
journalists
and other commentators. International jargon is sometimes responsible
Barry Halliday
for the use of pseudoanglicisms..
129
Table of Contents
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4mus.
The Human Rights
Approach
58
musica
e ballo ........................................................
music and dance
professioni e lavoro
professions and job
3.5prof.
Conclusion ......................................................................................
59
ses.
sesso
sex
tecn.
tecnologia
technology
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
60
sport
sport
sport
4. The Ethics of Migration.
trasp.
trasporti
transports
Reflections on Recent Migration Policies
turismo
viaggiEurope ...........................................
tourism and travel
andtur.
Non-policies in
Italye and
61
Laura Zanfrini
Table 4. Usage Domains
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
3.4.9
4.2Definition
Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian
Migration:
Migration
but not Workers
.............and
73
The types
of Labour
definitions
provided
both Migration
intensional
extensional
(Geeraerts
89) areGuests
intended
as definitions that
4.3 From Guest
Workers2003:
to Unwelcome
..................................
82
communicate (Ayto 1983: 98), that is a balanced mixture of
4.4 Selective
Policies and thefeatures.
Brain Drain............................................
87
17
linguistic
and extralinguistic
Definitions,
written in
collocated................................
in a new paragraph,
4.5
Equal Opportunity
andItalian
Deniedand
Opportunities
90
were made up from scratch. Definitions in English are not provided
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
since the target audience of the dictionary is mainly Italian and the
English
speaker consulting the dictionary is expected to have
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
adequate
knowledge of the Italian language.
Urs Watter
In the case of homonymic false Anglicisms false Anglicisms
5.1 State
Interest and Responsibility
with
etymologically
unrelated meanings, e.g. spot as spot
towards their
Abroad...........................................
advertisement
andCitizens
spot asLiving
spotlight
the different definitions102
for
18
each
are identified
by a number written in bold, e.g. 1. 104
In
5.2homonym
Applied Ethics
..............................................................................
the case of polysemous false Anglicisms false Anglicisms with
5.3 Migration related
Policy and
Ethics .........................................................
106
etymologically
meanings,
e.g. jolly the different definitions
for5.4
each
meaning
are identified
by......................................................
a letter written in small bold print,
Migration
Policy
in Colombia
108
e.g. a, and arranged according to their usage frequency, i.e. putting
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
5.6 Alianza
Pas7)
..................................................................................
112
Hartmann
(1983a:
argues that [l]exemes [] can be described and explained
only by reference to the context in which they are used. For the same reason, it is not
5.7 Challenges
always
possible to ....................................................................................
draw a clear dividing line between the dictionary and114
the
encyclopaedia.. However, a dictionary of false Anglicisms is not intended as a mere
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
alphabetical
encyclopedia
(Bjoint 2000: 26).
18
The meaning of polysemous false Anglicisms was disambiguated manually since,
as
Zgusta (2003:
79) points
out:
[] semantic
effects which
are unsupported
by
Working
Together
for the
Well-being
of Migrants
...........................
119
nonambiguous
distinctions in the linguistic form cannot be resolved by the
Barry Halliday
computer..
17
130
10
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Thefrequently
Human Rights
........................................................
58
the3.4
most
usedApproach
senses first
(Kipfer 2003: 182). In the case
of 3.5
entries
which
comprise homonymic false Anglicisms with
Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
multiple meanings, e.g. box, the different definitions are identified by
Bibliographyof
.........................................................................................
a combination
a number and a letter, e.g. 1a (Furiassi 2006a). 60
4. The Collocation
Ethics of Migration.
3.4.10
Forand
some
false Anglicisms,
collocations
are included in italics
Non-policies
in Italytypical
and Europe
...........................................
61
after
the
example,
e.g.
fare
footing,
and
preceded
by coll., i.e.
Laura Zanfrini
collocazione (collocation).
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
3.4.11
Italian Synonym
4.2 Initiatives
for Governing Family and Humanitarian
Migration
but not were
Workers
Migration
.............
ItalianMigration:
synonymsLabour
of false
Anglicisms
added
to each
entry73in
order
to show
whether tofalse
Anglicisms
could be effectively
4.3 From
Guest Workers
Unwelcome
Guests ..................................
82
substituted by Italian domestic competitors (Laviosa 2006: 270).
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
Italian
synonyms of false Anglicisms, if available, are preceded by
the4.5abbreviation
sin.,andi.e.
sinonimo
(synonym).
At times, the
Equal Opportunity
Denied
Opportunities
................................
90
synonym of a false Anglicism, e.g. footing, is a real Anglicism used
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
in Italian, e.g. jogging. Whenever multiple synonyms are available,
they
are all Including
included Emigrants
and separated
by Societies
a comma.
If no.......
Italian
5. Colombia:
in Their
of Origin
101
synonym
exists,
sin.
is
followed
by
the
empty-set
symbol
.
Urs Watter
5.1 State
Interest
and Responsibility
3.4.12
English
Translation
Equivalent
131
Table of Contents
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
translation,
e.g.
K-Way
and
Windbreaker
.
At
times,
real
Anglicisms
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
used in Italian are indicated as translation equivalents of false
Bibliography
60
Anglicisms,
e.g..........................................................................................
personal computer or PC for personal. In some cases
there is more than one plausible option, as for the false Anglicism
4. The which
Ethics of
Migration. to coach or trainer in English. Whenever
mister
corresponds
Reflections
on
Recent
Migration
multiple translation
equivalents
are Policies
available, they are all included and
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
separated by a comma. If no authentic English equivalent can be
Laura Zanfrini
traced, tr. is followed by the empty-set symbol .
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
If a false
Anglicism
givenbut
rise
is semantically
related 73to
Migration:
Labourhas
Migration
notor
Workers
Migration .............
another false Anglicism included in the dictionary, e.g. beauty and
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
beauty case, smoking and tight, an arrow followed by the related
4.4in
Selective
Policies
andused,
the Brain
87
entry
bold type
will be
e.g. Drain............................................
beauty case.
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
3.4.14 Example
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
5.2 Applied
Ethics ..............................................................................
104
In addition,
Shermann
states that:
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
[] computer-retrieved citations can fill important gaps in our
knowledge
of Policy
the complete
semantic
range of lexical items [].
5.4 Migration
in Colombia
......................................................
108
(Shermann 1979: 142)
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
Examples
in the dictionary are taken from the newspaper
5.6
Alianza quoted
Pas ..................................................................................
112
corpora/archives analyzed. The example, written in a separate
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
114
independent
paragraph
collocated at the bottom of each entry, is written
in Bibliography
smaller print;
the source newspaper and the date of attestation,
.......................................................................................
116
Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
20
As
Bjoint
(1994: 219, 220) states: If word meanings can be described only in
Barry
Halliday
context, the definitions should indicate the typical contexts..
132
10
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Acronyms,
abbreviations,
and symbols
used to describe the different
Reflections
on Recent Migration
Policies
microstructural
features
are
summarized
in Tab. 5.
and Non-policies in Italy and Europebelow
...........................................
61
Laura Zanfrini
acronym,
abbreviation,
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structuraldescription
Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
symbol
4.2Initiatives
for Governing Family and Humanitarian
signals that a false Anglicism has given rise or is semantically
Migration:
Labour
Migration
but not Workers
............. 73
related
to another
false Anglicism
included inMigration
the dictionary
includes
spelling
4.3()
From Guest
Workers
tovariants
Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
,
4.4 Selectivecollocations,
Policies and
the synonyms,
Brain Drain............................................
Italian
and English translation equivalents 87
includes IPAand
phonetic
transcription
4.5[]
Equal Opportunity
Denied
Opportunities ................................ 90
Bibliography
......................................................................................... 97
Urs Watter
5.1AState Interest
Responsibilityi.e. clipping (C)
standsand
for accorciamento,
towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
5.2abb.
Applied stands
Ethicsfor
..............................................................................
104
abbigliamento e moda, i.e. clothing and fashion
alim.
stands
for alimentazione,
i.e. food
5.3
Migration
Policy
and Ethics .........................................................
106
arch.
5.4 Migration
Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
furniture
stands for bevande, i.e. drinks
5.5bev.
Colombia
nos une...................................................................... 109
CA
5.6cin.
Alianza Pas
.................................................................................. 112
stands for cinema e televisione, i.e. cinema and television
cosm.
stands
for cosmesi e bellezza, i.e. cosmetics and beauty
5.7
Challenges
....................................................................................
114
crim.
stands for criminalit, i.e. crime
Bibliography
....................................................................................... 116
CS
Barry Halliday
133
Table of Contents
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
60
f.
signals
feminine gender
fr.
m.
ol.
English translation
equivalent
4.5 Equal Opportunity
and Denied
Opportunities ................................ 90
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
prof.
svedese
5.4 Migration
Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
T
tecn.
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
tur.
stands
for turismo e viaggi, i.e. tourism and travel
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
10
Table of Contents
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
DFAI
10
137
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
adventure man (adventure-man)
[advntur mn, advntr mn]
4. The Ethics of Migration.
Reflections on Recent Migration Policies
n. m. inv./-men CA 1985
amante
di vacanze avventurose
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe
...........................................
61
specialmente
in luoghi lontani e
account
[akkaunt] n. m./f. inv.
Laura Zanfrini
difficilmente raggiungibili
EC: account executive 1984
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand
sin. for Immigrant Labour .. 65
prof.
tr. adventure lover
solitamente
allinterno
di unagenzia
4.2 Initiatives
for Governing
Family and Humanitarian
di pubblicit,
persona
che siMigration
occupa but not Workers Migration ............. 73
Migration:
Labour
Certo, non basta il mezzo o
di trovare i clienti e di gestire i fondi
laccessorio per trasformarsi in
di una
pubblicitaria
4.3campagna
From Guest
Workers to Unwelcomeadventure-man.
Guests ..................................
82
(LR 3 maggio 1985)
sin.
4.4 Selective
Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
tr. account
executive
after dinner (after-dinner,
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
afterdinner) [afterdin(n)er] n. m.
Se un tempo i protagonisti erano oscuri
artigiani,
oppure .........................................................................................
artisti prestati
Bibliography
97
inv. EC: after-dinner party 1985
temporaneamente
al
messaggio
festa che si tiene dopo cena
promozionale, nel nuovo corso essi
sin. dopocena
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their
Societies of Origin ....... 101
sono i manager delle agenzie, i creativi,
tr. after-dinner party
Urs
Watter
gli account. (LR 19 ottobre 1994)
adventure
[advntur,
advntr]
tempo
erano diventati i massimi
towards
their Citizens
Living Abroad
...........................................
102
.......................................................................................
116
La Bibliography
trama, vera forza
del videogioco
afterhour (after hour, after-hour)
quasi un film interattivo pi che un
m. inv./-s 119
vero
adventure
, ha for
le sue
Working
Together
the radici
Well-being of[afterawar]
Migrants n./agg.
...........................
nellomonimo
fumetto
che
da
Barry Halliday
qualche anno conta sempre pi
138
10
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
sin.
after tea (after-tea) [afterti] n.
4. The
Ethics of
Migration.
tr.
after-hours
party,
rave, rave
m. inv. EC: after-tea party 1996
Reflections on Recent Migration Policies
party
festa organizzata solitamente in
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe
...........................................
61
discoteca
che inizia nel tardo
A Laura
mattinaZanfrini
inoltrata i migranti
pomeriggio
dellafterhour, ormai in pista da 15 ore,
sin.
4.1 Restrictive
Policies
and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
addentano
cornetti caldi,
strabuzzano
tr.
come gli occhi nella luce e poi,
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian
creature della notte, savviano verso il
che cos
un after
tea? 73
una
Migration:
Labour Migration but notSapete
Workers
Migration
.............
mare. (LR
2 agosto 1997)
domenica sera e 82
va
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcomecinque
Guestsdella
..................................
b EC: after-hours club 1996
avanti fino a notte inoltrata. (LR 24
(riferito
a) luogo Policies
di svago and
che the
apreBrain Drain............................................
4.4 Selective
87
marzo 1997)
allalba quando le normali discoteche
4.5 Equal
Opportunity
and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
solitamente
chiudono
per prolungare
ambient [mbjent, ambjent]
il divertimento notturno
Bibliography .........................................................................................
97
n./agg. f. inv. EC: ambient music
sin.
1995
mus.
tr. after-hours club
(riferito
a) tipo diofmusica
caratterizzato
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their
Societies
Origin
....... 101
da ritmi naturali, particolarmente adatti
Urs Watter
Un ritrovo
che assomiglia quasi a un
a creare unatmosfera rilassante
after hour, si balla infatti da
5.1
State
Interest
and
Responsibility
sin. musica dambiente
mezzanotte alle dieci di mattina. (CS
towards
102
tr............................................
ambient music
14 agosto
2003) their Citizens Living Abroad
chill out
5.2 Applied Ethics ..............................................................................
104
in Colombia
......................................................
108
movimenti pacati accolgono il cliente,
DFAI
10
139
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
ringiovanisce
la pelleRights
del visoApproach
e del
3.4 The Human
........................................................
58
aquagym (aqua-gym, aqua
corpo
sport
tr. anti-ageing
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
sin............................................
ginnastica acquatica
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe
61
tr.
aqua
aerobics, aquarobics,
antidoping
(anti doping, antiLaura Zanfrini
Aquacise , Aquafit
doping)
[antidpin(g)]
n. and
m. inv.
4.1 Restrictive
Policies
Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
EC: anti-doping test 1962
Torna laquagym, perfetta per
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family andrecuperare
Humanitarian
sport
il peso giusto dopo gli
Migration:
Labour sottoposti
Migration but noteccessi
Workers
Migration
alimentari
delle .............
feste. (CS73
11
analisi clinica
a cui vengono
gennaio 2006)
atleti o animali per verificare la
4.3 From
Guest Workers
to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
presenza
nellorganismo
di sostanze
stupefacenti o psicofarmaci che
aquapark (aqua park, aqua4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................
87
possono migliorare le prestazioni
park)
[akkwapark]
n.
m.
inv.
CA
durante
sportive
4.5 gare
Equal
Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
1997
sin.
parco di divertimenti acquatico, 97
con
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
tr. anti-doping
test,
anti-dope test,
piscine, scivoli, onde artificiali,
dope test, drugs test, drug test
servizi di ristorazione e attivit
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their
Societies of Origin ....... 101
ricreative
Unaltra
decisione importante: dal
Urs Watter
sin. parco acquatico
140
10
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
previste
per Human
ogni altraRights
barca. (LR
28
3.4 The
Approach
........................................................
58
a CA 1908 sport
luglio 1994)
specialmente nel calcio, punto a favore
3.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................
59
della squadra avversaria segnato
mandando
il
pallone
nella
propria
rete
assist
man (assistman,
assist-man)
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
60
involontariamente
[assistmn, assistmn] n. m. inv./
auto-caravan) [autokaravan] n.
coll. fare un autogoal, mettere a
m./f. inv. CA 1974 trasp.
segno
un autogoal,
realizzare
un
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants in Their
Societies
of Origin
....... 101
veicolo
di grandi
dimensioni
autogoal,
segnare
un
autogoal,
Urs Watter
attrezzato
ad abitazione e solitamente
subire un autogoal
usato per trascorrere le vacanze
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility sin. autogol, autorete, gaffe
sin. camper
tr............................................
blunder, fumble, gaffe
towards
their Citizens
Living Abroad
102
tr. camper,
camper
van, motor
caravan,
motorhome,
5.2 Applied
Ethics recreational
..............................................................................
Se il governo mantiene pi 104
alta
vehicle, RV
linflazione programmata, rischia di
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics .........................................................
106
fare autogoal. (LR 5 gennaio 1994)
Autogrill
(autogrill)
[autogril]
struttura
propria chenos
si sposa
con il
5.5 Colombia
une......................................................................
n. m. inv. MG 1963 tur. 109
telaio cabinato di un veicolo
struttura, solitamente collocata lungo
commerciale)
per..................................................................................
Giugiaro un
5.6 Alianza Pas
112
lautostrada, dotata di servizi,
lavoro appassionante quasi come
ristorante e distributore di benzina
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
114
disegnare
un nuovo
modello di
sin. area di servizio
automobile. (LR 2 febbraio 1985)
Bibliography .......................................................................................
116
tr. motorway restaurant, motorway
service station
Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
[autogl, autogol] n. m. inv.
Barry Halliday
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Ora3.4 vogliono
un
The Humanraggiungere
Rights Approach
........................................................ 58
autogrill per telefonare a casa. (LR 4
3.51985)
Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
aprile
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
reverse)
[autorevrs,
autorivrs]
4. The Ethics
of Migration.
n./agg.
m.
inv.
CA
1992
tecn.
Reflections on Recent
Migration Policies
(riferito a) dispositivo che permette
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
di cambiare automaticamente il lato
Zanfrini
dellaLaura
cassetta
senza estrarla da
registratori
o riproduttori
audio
4.1 Restrictive
Policies
and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
sin.
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian
tr. playback
Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers Migration ............. 73
autostop
(auto
stop, auto-stop)
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
[autostp]
n. m. inv. CA 1951 fr.
Urs Watter
tur.
5.1 State
Interest
and gratuito
Responsibility
richiesta
di un
passaggio
a
Citizens
Living Abroad ........................................... 102
veicoli towards
in transitotheir
effettuata
da parte
di una persona che viaggia a piedi
142
10
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
inv.4.1
SSRestrictive
1987 sport
sin. ruota
degli innocenti,
Policies and Structural Demand
for Immigrant
Labourruota
.. 65
impianto di risalita o pista di livello
salva-bimbi
4.2 Initiatives
for Governing
Family andtr.Humanitarian
elementare
particolarmente
indicati per
foundling wheel, revolving crib,
Labour Migration
Workers
sciatori Migration:
principianti, specialmente
i pi but notsafe
havens Migration ............. 73
piccoli
sin.4.3
From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
Stefano, il primo bimbo depositato
tr. 4.4
beginners
ski-lift
forBrain Drain............................................
nella baby box, sabato sera, qui87
da
Selectiveski-lift,
Policies
and the
beginners
qualche parte e sta benissimo. (CS
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities
90
26 febbraio................................
2007)
econ.
2 dicembre
2005)
Urs Watter
produzione e commercio di prodotti
5.1 boss
State (baby-boss,
Interest andbabyboss)
Responsibility specifici per bambini e adolescenti
baby
sin.
towards
theirn.Citizens
[bbibs,
bebibs]
m. inv.Living
CA Abroad ........................................... 102
tr.
1991
5.2 crim.
Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
gang
5.5leader
Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
baby dance (baby-dance)
Alianza Pas ..................................................................................
112
Le 5.6
specializzazioni
dei baby-boss
[bbidns, bebidns] n. f. inv.
erano diverse: furti, rapine, incendi,
5.7 Challenges ....................................................................................
114
CA 1995 mus.
intimidazioni oltre al traffico di
DFAI
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Migration:
Labourfemminile
Migration but notCos
Workers
Migration
73
indumento
intimo
laltra sera,
quando.............
i carabinieri
costituito da camiciola corta e
si sono visti sgusciare dalle mani
4.3 From
Guest Workers to Unwelcomequesto
Guestsragazzo,
..................................
82
mutandine
coordinate
magro, biondino,
sin.4.4
Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................
hanno temuto che fosse lennesimo
87
babykiller. (LR 21 ottobre 2001)
tr. babydoll nightdress, babydoll
4.5 Equal
Opportunity
pajamas,
babydoll
pyjamasand Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
baby park (baby-park, babypark)
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
Al di
l delle divagazioni
letterarie il
[bbipark, bebipark] n. m. inv. CA
baby doll di nuovo sulla cresta
1997Societies
arch. of Origin ....... 101
dellonda
perch
simboleggia
un
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
in Their
area attrezzata con giochi di vario
ritorno
alla freschezza e a una
Urs Watter
genere, solitamente situata presso
pseudoinnocenza che pu fare di una
luoghi di lavoro, villeggi turistici e
5.1 State
Interest laandpi
Responsibility
teenager
bambolina
scaltra
centri commerciali, nella quale i
delle sex
symbol.
(LR
20
novembre
towards their Citizens Living Abroad
........................................... 102
genitori, prima di dedicarsi ad altre
2006)
attivit,
possono affidare i propri
5.2 Applied Ethics ..............................................................................
104
figli a personale specializzato
baby
(baby-gang,
5.3gang
Migration
Policybabygang)
and Ethics .........................................................
106
sin.
144
10
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
[bbiparkin(g),
bebiparkin(g)]
n.
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
sin. dietro le quinte
m. inv. CA 1995 arch.
tr. making of
.........................................................................................
60
areaBibliography
attrezzata con
giochi di vario
genere, solitamente situata presso
A raccontare i segreti del set sono i
luoghi
lavoro,ofvilleggi
turistici e
4. ThediEthics
Migration.
backstage, ovvero piccoli film nel
centri
commerciali,
nella quale
i
Reflections
on Recent
Migration
Policies
film dedicati al lavoro dietro le
genitori, prima di dedicarsi ad altre
quinte.
(LR 14 luglio 2001)
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe
...........................................
61
attivit, possono affidare i propri
Laura
Zanfrini
figli a personale specializzato
Bibliography
97
(magnetica)
baby
pusher.........................................................................................
(baby-pusher)
tr. 5.2
juvenile
drug
dealer,
teenage
Applied
Ethics
..............................................................................
104
5.6 Alianza
Pas ..................................................................................
112
backstage
(back
stage, backtr. Barbie doll, Barbie girl
stage)
[bksteid,....................................................................................
bksteid] n.
5.7 Challenges
114
Emma, la barbie del gruppo, aveva
m. inv. SS 1995 cin.
Bibliography .......................................................................................
116
cercato di rispondere alla provocazione
documentario relativo alla preparazione
apparendo da sola su un paio di
di un film, di un evento mondano, di
meno...........................
prestigiosi. (LR 1 giugno
Working
Together
fornethe
Well-being
ofperiodici
Migrants
119
uno
spettacolo
teatrale, che
illustra
i
1998)
Barry Halliday
DFAI
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
woman)
[barwman,
barvuman]
m./f. inv. EC: Beach Basketball
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
1990 sport
n. f. inv./-men CA 2004 prof.
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
60
versione
modificata
della
addetta
alla preparazione
di bevande
4. The
Ethics of Migration.
sin.
barista
sin. pallacanestro da spiaggia
tr. barmaid,
bartender
Reflections
on Recent Migration Policies
tr. beach
basketball
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe
...........................................
61
Studia
Scienze
delle
Comunicazioni
basket,
beach volley
Laura Zanfrini
disciplina
di squadra,
4.3 Fromsportiva
Guest Workers
to Unwelcomebeach
Guests ..................................
82
volley (beach-volley)
ognuna di cinque giocatori, che
consiste
nel Policies
realizzareand punti
[bitvllei] n. m./f. inv. EC:
4.4 Selective
the Brain Drain............................................
87
lanciando la palla nel canestro della
beach volleyball 1987 sport
4.5 Equal
Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
squadra
avversaria
versione modificata della pallavolo
sin.Bibliography
pallacanestro.........................................................................................
giocata sulla spiaggia o su campi97di
tr. basketball
sabbia
sin. spiaggiavolo
minibasket
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
tr. beach volleyball, sand
OggiUrs
chiWatter
viene qui fa una scelta di
volleyball
vita5.1
e trova
il posto and
pi Responsibility
bello per
beach basket, minivolley,
State Interest
giocare a basket. (LR 30 settembre
volley
towards
their
Citizens
Living
Abroad
........................................... 102
2003)
5.3 Migration
Policy
and Ethics
106
quattrini sono arrivati subito. (LR
17
watch,
bay watch)
[beiwt]
n. .........................................................
luglio
1988)
m./f.
MG 1999
prof.
5.4inv.
Migration
Policy
in Colombia ...................................................... 108
146
10
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
fisica
attraverso
particolari
The Human
Rights Approach
58
tr. 3.4
cosmetic
bag, cosmetic
box, ........................................................
infrastrutture e trattamenti
cosmetic case, dressing case,
3.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................
59
sin. beauty center, beauty centre,
make-up case, toilet kit, vanity
centro benessere, terme
bag,Bibliography
vanity box, vanity
case
.........................................................................................
60
tr. beauty center, beauty centre,
beauty case
health farm, health spa, spa, spa
4. The Ethics of Migration.
center, spa centre, spa hotel,
Anche i vari pezzi che abbiamo
Reflections on Recent Migration Policies
trovato sembrano esplosi, come se
wellness center, wellness centre
andleNon-policies
and Europe ........................................... 61
dentro
valigie, dentro ini Italy
beauty,
Zanfriniogni cosa fosse
sottoLaura
i sedili
Ma per contrastare lo stress e
.........................................................................................
n. f. inv. CA 1986 cosm. prof.97
sin.Bibliography
beauty, ncessaire,
trousse
rappresentante,
dimostratrice
o
tr. cosmetic bag, cosmetic box,
venditrice
di cosmetici
a domicilio
5.
Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
in
Their
Societies
of
Origin
.......
101
cosmetic case, dressing case,
sin.
Urs Watter
make-up
case, toilet kit, vanity
tr. beauty product(s) representative,
bag,5.1
vanity
vanity
Statebox,
Interest
andcase
Responsibility cosmetics demonstrator
beauty
towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
Beauty hostess offrono borsette con
Come
il suo
nome,
il beauty5.2 dice
Applied
Ethics
..............................................................................
kit di cosmetici naturali. (LS104
19
case fatto per ospitare prodotti di
dicembre 1997)
5.3 Migration
and Ethics
bellezza,
ma anchePolicy
piuttosto
usato ......................................................... 106
per portare in viaggio monili dai
beep [bip] n. m. inv. SS 1972
5.4non
Migration
in Colombia
......................................................
108
quali
si intendePolicy
separarsi.
(LR 4
cin.
gennaio 2008)
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
suono elettronico utilizzato per
sostituire parole volgari o nomi
beauty
farm
(beauty-farm,
5.6 Alianza
Pas ..................................................................................
112
propri allinterno di trasmissioni
beautyfarm)
[bjutifarm]
n. f.
radiofoniche
o
televisive
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
114
inv./-s CA 1987 fr. cosm. tur.
preregistrate
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
struttura
alberghiera,
solitamente
coll. coprire con il beep, mettere
associata a un centro termale,
il beep
specializzata
in cure for
mediche
ed
Working Together
the Well-being
ofsin.
Migrants
........................... 119
Barry Halliday
tr. bleep
DFAI
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
La 3.4
scelta
quellaRights
di mandare
Lui era bisex e aveva lAids senza
The fu
Human
Approach ........................................................
58
comunque il programma, ma pieno
saperlo. (LR 12 marzo 1989)
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
di beep.
(LR 21 novembre
2008)
A:
bermudas
bermuda shorts
4. The
EthicsEC:
of Migration.
T: Bermuda
1952
giornali
femminili,
ormai
caotico
(riferito
a) persona
che prova
sin.
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
attrazione sia di natura eterosessuale
tr.
che omosessuale
Working
Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
sin.
bisessuale
Dopo quattro giorni di bufera,
Barry
Halliday
tr. bisexual
polemiche, scomuniche, anatemi e
148
10
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
rivendicazioni,
il caso
abitazioni
3.4 The Human
Rights
Approach ........................................................
tr. striker, top goal-scorer, 58
top
agli omosessuali si gonfia nel pi
scorer
3.5 Conclusion
59
incredibile
dei blob. ......................................................................................
(LR 30 gennaio
1992)
Dopo la rete in Montenegro60il
Bibliography .........................................................................................
bomber cerca una maglia da titolare.
block
notes (block-notes,
(CS 30 marzo 2009)
con
fogli
4.2 Initiatives
for Governing
Humanitarian
notepad,
pad, tablet,
writing padFamily andsin.
Un
brigadiere
minaccia
di
Sta l in disparte, jeans e bomber
sequestrare
un
block-notes,
un
altro
verde, a guardarsi il match, e c87
un
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................
invita tutti a non prendere appunti.
pellegrinaggio continuo di persone
(LR4.5
8 dicembre
1985)
Equal Opportunity
and Denied Opportunities
90
che vanno ................................
a salutarlo e fotografarlo.
(LR 7 marzo 2008)
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
body
[bdi] n. m.
inv. EC: body
book [buk] n. m. inv. SS 1987
stockings, body suit 1966 abb.
5. Colombia:intimo
Including
Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
indumento
femminile,
prof.
Urs
Watter
utilizzato anche per la danza e altre
cartella contenente le fotografie che
attivit sportive, costituito da
il
curriculum
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility costituiscono
corpetto e mutandine in un unico
professionale di un artista e che
towardsaltheir
Living Abroad ........................................... 102
pezzo aderente
bustoCitizens
e sgambato
vengono utilizzate per partecipare a
sin.5.2
Applied Ethics ..............................................................................
provini o selezioni
104
tr. body stockings, body suit,
sin. portfolio
5.3 Migration
Policy and Ethics .........................................................
106
corselet,
corset, leotard
tr. portfolio
5.4 Migration
in body
Colombia
......................................................
108
Madonna
indossa ilPolicy
famoso
di
Una volta raccolte le circa 300
raso5.5
nero,
quello delle
che
ragazze (schedate come si usa109
fare
Colombia
nosfotografie
une......................................................................
i giornali non cessano di pubblicare
nel mondo della moda con un book
da giorni.
(LR 5 settembre
1987)
che ne esalta i pregi personali)
5.6 Alianza
Pas ..................................................................................
112e
avviate allattivit di facciata,
5.7 Challenges
114
arrivava la sorpresa. (LR 30 aprile
bomber
[bmber]....................................................................................
n. m. inv./-s
1988)
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
1 SS 1983 sport
bowling [bulin(g), boulin(g)]
specialmente nel calcio, giocatore
Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
che segna molte reti
n. m. inv./-s EC: bowling alley
Halliday
sin.Barry
cannoniere,
goleador
1963 gioc.
DFAI
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
locale
cuiHuman
si pratica
il bowling,
a causa di un violento temporale.
3.4 in
The
Rights
Approach ........................................................
58
gioco che consiste nellabbattere con
(LR 22 gennaio 1985)
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
grosse
bocce, dotate
di fori per
inserire le dita, dei birilli che un
2a
SS
1984
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
sistema meccanizzato sistema a
recinto, solitamente in legno,
forma di triangolo al fondo di corsie
collocato allinterno di una scuderia
The Ethics of Migration.
in4.legno
per tenere i cavalli separati tra loro
sin.
tr. bowling
alley
and Non-policies
in Italy and Europe
........................................... 61
tr. stall
Laura Zanfrini
2b SS 1994
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................
87
spazio recintato collocato allinterno
1a SS 1934 arch.
4.5 Equal
Denied Opportunities
................................
90
di un canile
dove vengono ospitati
garage
coperto,Opportunity
solitamente and
annesso
cani o gatti
a una
villa o un condominio,
per il
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
sin. gabbia, recinto
parcheggio
di
autoveicoli
o
tr. cage
motoveicoli
5. Colombia:
Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
sin.
garage
I box per cani devono essere a norma
Urs
Watter
tr. garage, lock-up garage
di legge e le gabbie per gatti
parking
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility abbastanza ampie. (LR 21 giugno
towards their Citizens Living Abroad
........................................... 102
2001)
collocate
le officine
per mettere a
5.6 Alianza
Pas ..................................................................................
112
tr. playpen
punto i mezzi e assistere i piloti
sin.5.7
Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Scendendo con let c il problema
tr. pits,
pit box .......................................................................................
Bibliography
del piccolo di poco pi di un 116
anno
che non ha nessuna intenzione di
Dopo pochi giri per le macchine
nel box,
mentre la madre
Working
Together
for theaiWell-being
ofstare
Migrants
...........................
119
sono
state costrette
a rientrare
box
impegnata in faccende domestiche
Barry Halliday
irrimandabili. (LR 1 dicembre 2001)
150
10
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4 1993
The Human
58
4a SS
arch. Rights Approach ........................................................
sin. cabina (della) doccia, vano
postazione di lavoro, separata da
(della) doccia
3.5oConclusion
......................................................................................
59
pareti
vetri, collocata
allinterno di
tr. shower bath, shower cubicle,
uffici o laboratori
shower stall, shower unit
Bibliography .........................................................................................
60
sin. cabina, postazione
tr. cubicle, unit
La bambina stata trovata priva di
4. The Ethics of Migration.
vita dentro il box della doccia. (LR
Reflections
oncio
Recent
Policies
Verranno
eliminati
tutti iMigration
box, la
20 luglio 2001)
Non-policies
in Italy
Europe ........................................... 61
zonaand
ricezione
radio e lo spazio
per and
il
capoLaura
turno.Zanfrini
E la sala si trasformer in
6 EC: box set 1985 cin. mus.
.........................................................................................
97
sin.Bibliography
infopoint,
ufficio
libro per la quale si pagano 40
informazioni
sterline e che verr spedita in tutto il
5. Colombia:
Including Emigrants
in Their
Societies
Origin
....... 101
tr.
information
booth,
mondo
a partireofdal
3 dicembre.
(CS
Urs
Watter
2
ottobre
2007)
information bureau, information
center,
centre,
5.1 Stateinformation
Interest and Responsibility
boxer [bkser] n. m. inv./-s
information desk, information
towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
point
a A: boxers EC: boxer shorts
5.2 Applied Ethics ..............................................................................
104
infopoint
1986 abb.
5.3 Migration
Policy and
Ethics .........................................................
Il sistema
di verifica
semplice:
mutande da uomo lunghe fino a 106
met
basta recarsi al box per lassistenza
coscia che ricordano i calzoncini
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ......................................................
108
clienti allinterno del supermercato e
indossati dai pugili
mostrare
la lettera
di ......................................................................
cassa
sin.
5.5 Colombia
nos une
109
integrazione a zero ore assieme alla
tr. boxer shorts, boxers
busta
e alla
didentit.
5.6paga
Alianza
Pascarta
..................................................................................
112
slip a
(LR 5 febbraio 2003)
DFAI
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and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
breakMigration:
[brk, breik]
n. Migration
m. inv. but not Workers Migration ............. 73
Labour
EC: service break 1968 sport
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
152
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
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4 settembre 2003)
tr. AirTanker
, water-dropping
cameracar)
[kamerakar]
f. inv.
4.1 Restrictive
Policiesn.and
Structural Demand
for Immigrant
Labour .. 65
aircraft,
water-dropping
airplane
SS 1990 sport
4.2
Initiatives
for
Governing
Family
and
Humanitarian
videocamera montata su di unauto o
Sono dovuti intervenire due canadair e
Migration:
Labour
una moto
in movimento
perMigration
riprese but not Workers Migration ............. 73
camping
[kampin(g), kmpin(g)]
lelenco delle offerte proposte104
da
5.2 Applied
Ethics ..............................................................................
varie aziende e universit
n. m. inv./-s EC: camping ground,
sin.
5.3 Migration
and Ethics .........................................................
106
camping
site 1911 Policy
fr. tur.
tr.
area appositamente dedicata dove si
5.4 Migration
Policy
in Colombia ...................................................... 108
possono
montare tende
e parcheggiare
Barry Halliday
DFAI
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
nelle
biciclette
motociclette,
3.4 The
Humane Rights
Approach ........................................................
b EC: carver ski 2000 sport 58
copertura di metallo o plastica che
tipo di sci di forma sciancrata, con la
3.5 Conclusion
59
racchiude
la catena ......................................................................................
e gli ingranaggi
punta larga a spatola e coda larga,
di trasmissione
che ha maggiore tenuta su tutti i tipi
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
sin. copricatena
di neve e permette di affrontare
curve ampie con minor sforzo
tr. chain guard
Reflections
Recentil Migration
Policies
Il telaio
tubolare on
avvolgeva
motore
tr. carver ski, carving ski, parabolic
orgogliosamente
esposto in
allaItaly
vista,
and Non-policies
and Europe
61
ski,...........................................
shaped ski
per Laura
evidenziare
la bellezza del carter
Zanfrini
cromato e dei radiatori. (LR 22
Erano nati i carver, gli sci a
4.1 Restrictive
Policies and Structural Demand
forvariabile
Immigrant
.. 65
gennaio
2003)
geometria
cheLabour
oggi si fanno
guidare docili da tutti gli sciatori del
Initiatives
Governing
Humanitarian
b E:4.2
J.H.
Carter fr.for1905
trasp.Family andmondo.
(CS 31 gennaio 2009)
Migration:copertura
Labour metallica
Migration but not Workers Migration ............. 73
negli autoveicoli,
che racchiude le parti mobili del
[karvin(g)] n. m. inv.82
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcomecarving
Guests ..................................
motore e il circuito di lubrificazione
sin.4.4
scatola
motore
Selective
Policies and the Brain Drain............................................
a EC: carving skiing 1997 87
tr. crank case, gear case, oil
sport
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities
................................ 90
sump
pratica
sciistica
che
consiste
sin.
che ha maggiore tenuta su tutti i tipi
5.6 Alianza
112
tr. carving
skierPas ..................................................................................
di neve e permette di affrontare
curve ampie con minor sforzo
5.7 Challenges
114
I carver
con le loro ....................................................................................
tavole sono stati
sin. sci sciancrato
protagonisti
anche
di
un
tr. carver ski, carving 116
ski,
Bibliography .......................................................................................
appassionante slalom con boe a punti
parabolic ski, shaped ski
al meglio di quattro manche con in
Working
Together
thediWell-being
of Migrants ........................... 119
palio
la vittoria
nella for
prova
fun
Barry(LS
Halliday
carving.
20 gennaio 2003)
154
10
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Adesso,
in coda
agli Rights
skilift fanno
un
persona dal carattere forte 58e
3.4 The
Human
Approach
........................................................
figurone quelli che hanno ai piedi i
determinato che non si ferma davanti
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
carving.
(LR 4 gennaio
1998)
agli ostacoli
Watter
lottaUrs
libera
in cui ammesso ogni
genere di colpo a patto che non
5.1 lavversario
State Interest and Responsibility
ferisca
tr. 5.2
catch
wrestling,
catch-asApplied
Ethics ..............................................................................
104
catch-can wrestling, freestyle
charleston [tarleston] n.106
m.
5.3 Migration
Policywrestling,
and Ethics .........................................................
wrestling,
professional
inv.
T:
Charleston
1926
mus.
wrestling
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ......................................................
108
elemento della batteria composto
da
sin.
5.7 Challenges ....................................................................................
114
tr.
cymbal,
hi-hat
Caterpillar
(caterpillar)
Bibliography .......................................................................................
116
[katerpillar] n. m./f. inv. MG
Diverte, strabilia, sorprende per la
con...........................
cui fa rimbalzare
1990
Working
Together for the Well-being ofmaestria
Migrants
119le
Barry Halliday
DFAI
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
charleston
mille. Approach
(LR 4
3.4 The vanno
Humana Rights
........................................................
58
sin.
accettazione,
banco
gennaio 2009)
accettazione
Bibliography .........................................................................................
Niente amarcord, anzi: tendenze97in
b EC: chat line 1990 ses. tecn.
passerella, su tutte la chill out, la
linea telefonica a pagamento,
musica
tranquilla
di gran.......
moda
5. Colombia:
Including
in Their
Societies
of Origin
101a
solitamente
vietata
ai minoriEmigrants
di et,
Ibiza e Parigi. (LR 27 luglio 2001)
Watteragli utenti di accedere
che Urs
permettere
a servizi particolari
sin.
5.6 Alianza Pas .................................................................................. 112
tr. clergymans dress, clergymans
check-in (check in, checkin)
suit
5.7 Challenges ....................................................................................
114
[t(k)kin, te(k)kin] n. m. inv.
.......................................................................................
116
Poi ci ha pensato il Concilio
EC:Bibliography
check-in desk
1985 tur.
Vaticano secondo a introdurre toni e
banco
dellaeroporto
o
della
pi rilassati,
il clergyman
da
compagnia
aerea
adibito
alle
Working Together for the Well-being ofritmi
Migrants
...........................
119
viaggio e le vacanze sulla neve. (LR
operazioni
di
accettazione
del
Barry Halliday
29 febbraio 2004)
passeggero e dimbarco dei bagagli
156
10
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
solitamente
di
lunga
durata,
3.4 The
Human(coast-to-coast)
Rights Approach ........................................................
58
coast
to coast
realizzata
con
considerevole
[ks(t)
tu kst] n.
m. inv. EC:
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
impegno di risorse, grandiose
coast-to-coast trip, coast-to-coast
ricostruzioni
scenografiche
e
60
tourBibliography
1985 tur. .........................................................................................
numerosi attori di alto livello
viaggio, solitamente a scopo
sin.
4. The Ethics of
turistico,
cheMigration.
consiste
tr. big-budget film, big-budget
nellattraversare
stato
da
Reflections onuno
Recent
Migration
Policies
movie, epic film, epic movie,
occidente
a oriente o viceversa,
con
and Non-policies
in Italy
and Europe
...........................................
61
high-budget
film, high-budget
speciale riferimento agli Stati Uniti
Laura Zanfrini
movie
dAmerica
sin.4.1
costa
a costa Policies and Structural Demand
Restrictive
forricorder
Immigrant
Labour
.. 65
Qualcuno
il caso
di quella
tr. coast-to-coast trip, coast-tocomparsa di un colossal biblico che,
4.2tour
Initiatives for Governing Family andperHumanitarian
coast
diffidenza o indifferenza, aveva
Migration: Labour Migration but nottenuto
Workers
73
il suoMigration
orologio da.............
polso sotto
5.6 Alianza
Pas
112
compact [kmpakt, kompakt]
Appena
trasferita
in..................................................................................
una periferia
chic, una famiglia invita i vicini a un
n. m. inv. EC: compact disc 1982
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
114
cocktail
di autopresentazione.
(LR
mus. tecn.
15 aprile 1998)
disco con una superficie a specchio
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
colossal
[klossal, kolssal] n.
digitale
Working Together for the Well-being offorma
Migrants
........................... 119
m. inv.
SSHalliday
1986 ted. cin.
Barry
produzione
cinematografica,
DFAI
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Sono
alla masterizzazione
le cui gare si svolgono su terreni
3.4contrario
The Human
Rights Approach ........................................................
58
industriale, mentre non colpevolizzo
sterrati e accidentati
3.5fatta
Conclusion
......................................................................................
quella
dal ragazzino
che non ha
sin. motocampestre, motocross59
i venti euro per comprarsi un
tr. motocross, motorcross, MX60
Bibliography .........................................................................................
compact. (CS 29 agosto 2003)
Un medico lha raggiunto su una
crack
n. m. inv. SS
4. The[krak,
Ethicskrk]
of Migration.
moto da cross. (LR 30 aprile 1987)
Reflections
on Recent Migration Policies
1963
ted. econ.
crollo
che solitamente
andfinanziario
Non-policies
in Italy and Europe
...........................................
61
cult
[kalt] n. m. inv. EC: cult
portaLaura
al fallimento
di
Zanfrini unazienda
object 1986
sin.
bancarotta,
crollo,
oggetto for
o Immigrant
fenomeno Labour
culturale.. 65
che
4.1
Restrictive
Policies
and
Structural
Demand
fallimento, tracollo
gode di notevole popolarit ed
tr. crash,
bankruptcy,
collapse Family andparticolarmente
dal
4.2 Initiatives
for Governing
Humanitarian ricercato
pubblico degli appassionati
Migration:
Labour
Migration
La vicenda
del crack
era gi
stata but not Workers Migration ............. 73
sin. oggetto di culto
affrontata lanno passato nel
4.3 From contro
Guest venticinque
Workers to exUnwelcometr.Guests
.................................. 82
cult object
dibattimento
film cult
collaboratori
del finanziere.
(LRthe17Brain Drain............................................
4.4 Selective
Policies and
87
marzo 1985)
La sua invenzione
della camminata
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities
................................
90
crash movie (crash-movie)
sui carboni ardenti come esercizio di
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
affermazione della volont 97
[kramuvi,
krmuvi]
n. m. inv.
diventata subito un cult. (LR 24
EC: car-crash movie, plane-crash
febbraio
2009) of Origin ....... 101
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their
Societies
Urs Watter
produzione
cinematografica ricca di
custom [kastom] n. f. inv. EC:
effetti speciali che includono scontri
5.1
State
Interest
and
Responsibility
spettacolari tra vari mezzi di
custom bike, custom motorcycle
towards their Citizens Living Abroad
...........................................
102
trasporto
1984
trasp.
sin.
motocicletta di grossa cilindrata,
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
dotata di ampia sella e manubrio di
tr. car-crash movie, plane-crash
grandi dimensioni, studiata 106
per
movie
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics .........................................................
lunghi viaggi su strada
Il cinema
si omologato
del
5.4 Migration
Policysulintono
Colombia
......................................................
108
sin.
crash movie, spesso adrenalinico
tr. custom bike, custom motorcycle
Colombia
nos une......................................................................
109
oltre5.5
ogni
limite di tolleranza,
in cui
la sceneggiatura ormai soltanto un
La moto riprende le caratteristiche
5.6 Alianza Pas ..................................................................................
112
optional e quindi tornano le paure
delle custom classiche: manubrione
delle
dellaltro....................................................................................
mondo. (CS 3
alto, passo lungo, sella bassa,
5.7cose
Challenges
114
dicembre 1997)
posizione di guida con gambe
allungate in avanti. (CS 7 marzo
Bibliography .......................................................................................
116
cross [krs] n. m. inv. EC:
1998)
motocross,
motorcross
Working Together
for 1948
the Well-being
of Migrants ........................... 119
sport
Barry Halliday
158
10
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Bibliography .........................................................................................
60
del mitico Pulp Fiction, interpreta in
questo ultimo film una ex-killer di
Migration:
Migration ............. 73
sin. balera,
sala daLabour
ballo Migration but nottr.Workers
discount outlet, discount shop,
tr. ballroom, dancehall, dancing
store, hard discount
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcomediscount
Guests ..................................
82
room
shop, hard discount store
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................
hard discount, stockhouse87
Invece che passeggiare si va in moto,
magari
fino alOpportunity
dancing delandpaese
4.5 Equal
Denied Opportunities
................................ 90
Gli ingredienti per la rosticceria li
vicino. (LR 7 giugno 1991)
compriamo al discount. (LR977
Bibliography .........................................................................................
novembre 2008)
sin. rovinografo
sin.
tr.
5.4
Migration
Policy
in
Colombia
......................................................
108
tr. goth
dark
lady [darkldi,
darkleidi]
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
doomwriting [dum(v)raitin(g)]
n. f. inv. CA 1989
m. inv. CA
1982 cin.
donna
fataleTogether
e spregiudicata
cheWell-being
usa
Working
for the
ofn.Migrants
...........................
119
in
letteratura
e cinematografia,
il proprio
fascino
per
sottomettere
Barry Halliday
luomo
DFAI
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
consiste
nel Human
prevedere
e descrivere
dribbling inutili. (LR 20 settembre
3.4 The
Rights
Approach ........................................................
58
imminenti catastrofi
1985)
Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
sin.3.5
rovinografia
b DA 1990
tr.
Bibliography .........................................................................................
60
tipica
acconciatura
ottenuta
4.4 Selective
Policies
and theinBrain Drain............................................
lasciando
crescere
i capelli
ricevimento informale durante87il
quale vengono servite anche bevande
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities
................................ 90
alcoliche
coll. avere i dread, farsi i dread,
coll. invitare a un drink,
portare
i dread .........................................................................................
Bibliography
97
prendere parte a un drink
sin. dreadlocks, dreads, rasta
sin. Societies
cocktail,of Origin
cocktail.......party,
tr.
locks
5. dreadlocks,
Colombia: dreads,
Including
Emigrants in Their
101
ricevimento,
rinfresco
Urs Watter
Entrano nella Facolt da cui escono i
tr. cocktail party
primi
di studenti
i
5.1branchi
State Interest
andassonnati,
Responsibility
cocktail
dread ancora
dritti
in Citizens
testa. (LR
16 Abroad ........................................... 102
towards
their
Living
ciocche attorcigliate
novembre 2008)
Visitato
il
suggestivo
cortile
sin. scarto
SS 1985 alim.
Bibliography .......................................................................................
116si
tr. dribble
servizio di ristorazione del quale
pu
usufruire,
ordinando
e
IWorking
campioni Together
dItalia impareranno
a
for the Well-being
ofasportando
Migrantsil...........................
119
cibo, rimanendo seduti
preservare
gli stinchi evitando
nella propria automobile
Barry Halliday
160
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
4.1[djuti]
Restrictive
and
Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
duty
n. m.Policies
inv. EC:
dutyfree4.2
shop
1984 tur.
Initiatives
for Governing Family and Humanitarian
negozioMigration:
situato in posti
di Migration
frontiera but not Workers Migration ............. 73
Labour
come porti e aeroporti che vende
merci
tasse doganali
4.3esenti
FromdaGuest
Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
97
PuBibliography
cos accadere.........................................................................................
che un vasetto di
caviale russo comprato a Parigi
possa
alla fine risultare
menoEmigrants
costoso
5. Colombia:
Including
in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
dello stesso prodotto acquistato al
Urs Watter
duty dellaeroporto Charles De
Gaulle,
che Interest
tra laltro
5.1 State
andconsiderato
Responsibility
uno deitowards
meno convenienti
del mondo
their Citizens
Living Abroad ........................................... 102
rispetto ai prezzi che si trovano
normalmente
in citt.
(LR
8 maggio
5.2 Applied
Ethics
..............................................................................
104
1987)
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
duty
(duty-free, dutyfree)
5.4 free
Migration
Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
[djutifri] n. m. inv. EC: duty-free
5.51984
Colombia
shop
tur. nos une...................................................................... 109
negozio
situato
posti
di frontiera
5.6 Alianza in
Pas
..................................................................................
112
come porti e aeroporti che vende
merci
da tasse....................................................................................
doganali
5.7esenti
Challenges
114
DFAI
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sin.4.3
From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
tr.
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
162
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1982 cin.
3.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................
59
Bibliography .........................................................................................
trasmissione televisiva e articolato60in
puntate con continuit narrativa
telefilm
Laura Zanfrini
far4.1west
(far-west,
Quello for
cheImmigrant
infatti si chiede
una
Restrictive
Policiesfarwest)
and Structural Demand
Labourad.. 65
il disordine e la violenza
4.5 Equal
and Denied
Opportunities
................................
fidelity card
[fideliti kard]90n.
Questa
unaOpportunity
brutta legge
che
accentua il far west. (LR 9 dicembre
f. inv./-s CA 1997 econ.
Bibliography .........................................................................................
97
2003)
tessera riportante le indicazioni
anagrafiche del cliente che permette
5. Colombia:
Includingfastfood)
Emigrants in Their
Societies
of Origin
....... 101o
di accedere
a offerte
promozionali
fast
food (fast-food,
Urs
Watter
servizi
particolari
in
supermercati
e
[fas(t)fud] n. m. inv./-s EC: fastgrandi magazzini
food
place,
fast5.1joint,
State fast-food
Interest and
Responsibility
sin. carta fedelt
food restaurant
1982Citizens
alim.Living Abroad
towards their
102
tr............................................
club card, discount card,
ristorante in cui si servono pasti
loyalty
card,
membership
card
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
rapidi, specialmente a base
hamburger e patatine fritte
di
Barry Halliday
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164
10
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
addosso
al Human
nuovo Rights
flirt, o Approach
nuovo
e
suini
stanno
alla
base
3.4 The
........................................................
58
fidanzato,
un
passato
di
delleconomia di una provincia che
3.5 Conclusion
59
videocassette,
hard ......................................................................................
se ho capito
ha
fondato
sullagroalimentare
bene. (CS 8 maggio 1993)
unimmensa fortuna a partire dai
Bibliography .........................................................................................
60
consorzi del Parmigiano reggiano e
del prosciutto. (LR 29 giugno 2002)
fly and drive (fly-and-drive)
joggingMigration ............. 73
Workers
sin. Migration: Labour Migration but notsin.
tr.
jogging
tr. fly and drive holiday, fly and
4.3package,
From Guest
Workers
Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
drive
fly and
drive to
tour,
In ogni caso, se non si forza troppo e
fly-drive
holiday,
fly-drive
4.4 Selective
Policies and
the Brain Drain............................................
si alternano la corsa e la marcia,87si
package, fly-drive tour
pu continuare a fare footing fino a
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities
................................ 90
tr.
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
b DA 1984
Ma il valore aggiunto della facolt
iniziativa
intensa
e prolungata119
che
Working
Together
for
the
Well-being
of
Migrants
...........................
parmense lessere al centro della
mira a ottenere determinati risultati
Barry Halliday
cosiddetta
food valley dove bovini
DFAI
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Theforcing
Human Rights Approach ........................................................
58
coll.3.4
fare
full [ful] s. m. inv.
sin. pressing, pressione
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
tr. pressure
a EC: full house 1948 gioc.
pressing
b .........................................................................................
Bibliography
nel gioco del poker, combinazione60di
carte costituita da un tris e da una
Le
polemiche
della
vigilia
e
il
coppia
4. The Ethics of Migration.
forcing dei produttori di petrolio per
sin.
Reflections
on Recent
Migration
Policies
smussare
lallarme
sembrano
gi
tr. full
house
and (LR
Non-policies
in Italy and Europe
...........................................
61
lontani.
17 dicembre 1995)
Laura Zanfrini
poker a
franchising
[frantaizin(g)]
n.
Al mio for
tavolo
esco soltanto
io: perdo
4.1 Restrictive
Policies and Structural
Demand
Immigrant
Labour
.. 65
Bibliography .........................................................................................
97
poker b
optional
Challenges
114
sin.5.7
duty,
duty free....................................................................................
tr. duty-free shop, duty-free store
Tutte le vetture sono full optional,
Bibliography .......................................................................................
116
duty, duty free
con navigatore, cambio automatico e
166
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
5. Colombia:
Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
negozio
di
grandi
dimensioni
Urs Watter
specializzato
nella vendita di sementi,
piante
attrezzature
da giardino
5.1e State
Interest
and Responsibility
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
gin
lemon
(gin-lemon)
a CA
1989
tipo di gas inquinante, particolarmente
[dinlmon] n. m. inv. CA 1980
Working
Togetherche
forcontribuisce
the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
nocivo
per lambiente,
bev.
Barry Halliday
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
bevanda
alcolica
a base
di gin,Approach
succo
culturale, economica e politica
3.4 The
Human
Rights
........................................................
58
di limone e acqua frizzante
sin.
......................................................................................
59
sin.3.5
ginConclusion
fizz
tr. globalist
tr. gin
fizz
no global
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
60
gin tonic
Urs Watter
Ho 5.5
ancora
negli occhi
meraviglia
Colombia
noslaune
...................................................................... 109
Fra ventanni un golf di cachemere
di quelle due serate fantastiche, con
potrebbe diventare un oggetto112
da
5.6
Alianza
Pas
..................................................................................
tutti quei ballerini bravissimi, le girl
museo. (LR 10 marzo 1988)
stupende, le scenografie sfarzose e la
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
114
musica.
(LR 7 maggio
1992)
SS
2001 Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
Working
(riferito
a) Halliday
chi accetta, condivide o
Barry
inserito nel processo di globalizzazione
168
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
sin.
4. The Ethics of Migration.
tr. heli-skiing, helicopter skiing
Reflections on Recent Migration Policies
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
happy
end (happy-end, happyend)
In Italia ci sono diverse scuole di sci
Laura Zanfrini
che organizzano escursioni in heliski.
[(h)ppi nd] n. m./f. inv. A: happy
(CS 29 gennaio
2004) Labour .. 65
4.1
Restrictive
Policies
and
Structural
Demand
for Immigrant
ending 1940 fr. cin.
specialmente in romanzi e film, lieto
Humanitarian
[(h)it] n. f. inv./-s EC: hit
fine4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family andhit
Migration:
Labour Migration but notparade
Workers
sin. lieto
fine
1967Migration
mus. ............. 73
classifica
relativa
alle vendite 82di
tr. happy
ending
4.3 From
Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests ..................................
Barry Halliday
DFAI
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Ho 3.4
conosciuto
lhitball
nella
mia
ascoltare messaggi o effettuare
The Human
Rights
Approach
........................................................
58
scuola media allet di 11 anni. (LS
conversazioni erotiche
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
20 agosto
2009)
sin. linea erotica
fr. mus.
Citizens
Living
circolo towards
o locale their
pubblico
in cui
si Abroad ........................................... 102
tr. house music
suona musica jazz
sin.5.2
jazzApplied
club Ethics .............................................................................. 104
Discoteca, musica, qualche cocktail
tr. jazz
club
5.3 Migration
Policy and Ethics .........................................................
106e
allungato con il succo di frutta,
sulla via del ritorno, la macchina
Ma 5.4
la sua
prima occupazione
era
Migration
Policy in Colombia
......................................................
108
lanciata a velocit altissima, come
proprio la musica: ascoltatore vorace
quel ritmo che resta nel corpo 109
dopo
5.5 Colombia
une......................................................................
e scrittore
copioso, nos
per decenni
non
una
notte
passata
a
muoversi
a
tempo
perse un concerto, vide nascere e
5.6 Alianza
Pas (LR
..................................................................................
112
di house e di rock. (LR 16 febbraio
morire
gli hot club.
29 giugno
1993)
2004)
Bibliography
116
hotline
(hot .......................................................................................
line, hot-line)
[(h)tlain, (h)tlain] n. f. inv./-s
Working
Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
SS
1992 ses.
Barrytelefonico
Halliday a pagamento per
servizio
170
10
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Bibliography .........................................................................................
60
partita. (CS 18 luglio 1994)
Migration:
Labour
Migration but not Workers Migration ............. 73
struttura,
solitamente
prefabbricata,
tr. instant best-seller
adibita a centro informazioni e
4.3 From
Workers
to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
collocata
in Guest
edifici
di grandi
instant
DFAI
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
sin.and
internet
caf
Non-policies
in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
tr. cybercaf,
internet caf
Laura Zanfrini
internet bar, phone center
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
I nomadi digitali si danno
4.2 Initiatives
forinternet
Governing
Family and Humanitarian
appuntamento
dagli
point
Migration:
Labour
Migration
disseminati
nel globo
attrezzati
di but not Workers Migration ............. 73
mappe, e-mail e siti Web. (LS 24
4.3 From
febbraio
2004)Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
172
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
sin.
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
tr. jet-helmet
b EC: jolly joker 1923
colpo di fortuna
Integrale
o jet,
entro la fine
dellanno
Working
Together
for the
Well-being ofcoll.
Migrants
...........................
119il
pescare
il jolly, trovare
il casco
obbligatorio per tutti i
Barrysar
Halliday
jolly
DFAI
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
The Human
Rights
Approach
58
sin.3.4carta
vincente,
colpo
di ........................................................
e EC: jolly joker 1988
persona particolarmente socievole e
fortuna
3.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................
allegra che anima feste ed eventi 59
tr. lucky break, lucky strike
coll. essere il jolly
Bibliography .........................................................................................
60
sin. burlone
Questa volta, per, aveva pescato il
jolly, il calciatore capace di fare la
tr. buffoon, joker, practical joker,
4. The Ethics
Migration.
differenza.
(LR 1of
agosto
1989)
prankster, trickster
Reflections on Recent Migration Policies
Sono i due jolly della serata,
andjolly
Non-policies
...........................................
61
c EC:
joker 1949 in Italy and Europe
divertenti,
irriverenti, di grande
Laura
Zanfrini
persona
capace
di svolgere funzioni
effetto scenico. (LR 3 maggio 1996)
Challenges
....................................................................................
114
dei principali motori di ricerca
La 5.7
stanzetta
del bambino
piena di
italiani
e
internazionali,
i
termini
giochi
e pupazzi,.......................................................................................
ma non ha la
Bibliography
116
tecnici
come
gli
operatori
finestra; alle pareti le sue foto di
booleani,
i
caratteri
jolly
e
le
metacarnevale: questanno mascherato da
tipo di motore119
da
Working
Together
the Well-being
ofricerche,
Migrantsil ...........................
principe,
lanno
scorso for
da jolly.
(LR
Barry Halliday
12 novembre
1995)
174
10
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
utilizzare
e la
gestione
dei risultati.
3.4 The
Human
Rights
Approach ........................................................ 58
(CS 14 agosto 2001)
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
Urs Watter
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
1934
crim. Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
4.1
Restrictive
Initiatives
Governing Family and Humanitarian
coll.4.2
assoldare
unfor
killer
Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers Migration ............. 73
sin. sicario
tr. 4.3
hitFrom
man,
hired
assassin,
Guest
Workers
to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
hatchet man
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
Urs Watter
K-Way
(K-way, k-way, Kway,
kway)
[kiwei,
kiwi,
keiwei,
5.1 State
Interest
and Responsibility
keiwi]towards
n. m./f.their
inv.Citizens
MG 1981
Abroad ........................................... 102
Living
abb.
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
une......................................................................
109
tr., 5.5 Colombia
cagoule, nos
Pac-a-Mac
,
Windbreaker
windcheater
5.6 Alianza, Pas
.................................................................................. 112
5.7zaino
Challenges
....................................................................................
114
Nello
non devono
mancare una
k-way per fronteggiare una pioggia
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
improvvisa,
un cappellino
per evitare
colpi di sole e biancheria di
ricambio.
14 agostofor
2003)
Working(CS
Together
the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
Barry Halliday
176
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
leasing
[lizin(g)]Policies
n. m. inv.
4.1 Restrictive
and DA
Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
1970 econ.
[liftin(g)] n. m. inv.
4.2 Initiatives
for Governing
Family andlifting
Humanitarian
contratto
di locazione
di un bene
Migration:diLabour
Migration
dietro pagamento
un canone,
con but not Workers Migration ............. 73
a EC: face lifting 1946 cosm.
possibilit di riscatto del bene stesso
di chirurgia estetica 82
per
4.3 From
Guest Workers to Unwelcomeintervento
Guests ..................................
al termine
del contratto
eliminare
le
rughe
del
viso
e
del
coll.4.4fare
un leasing,
comprare
Selective
Policies
and theinBrain Drain............................................
collo mediante innalzamento 87e
leasing
tensione della pelle
................................ 90
sin.4.5
Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities
sin. ritidectomia
tr. lease
tr. face lift, face lifting
Bibliography .........................................................................................
97
Per noleggiare quei benedetti tappeti
Lattrice, reduce da un miracoloso
5. Colombia:
in Their
Societies of Origin ....... 101
abbiamo
fatto Including
un leasingEmigrants
di 36
lifting, aveva concesso un ballo ad
milioni.
6 agosto 1993)
Urs (CS
Watter
entrambi. (LR 10 settembre 1989)
5.1 State
Interest
and m./f.
Responsibility
liberty
[liberti]
n./agg.
inv.
108
sin.5.4
artMigration
nouveau Policy in Colombia ......................................................
tr. restyle, restyling
tr. art
modern
style
restyling
5.5nouveau,
Colombia
nos une
......................................................................
109
Ne 5.6
nacque
una bella
cittadella tra il
Alianza
Pas ..................................................................................
112
Questa Italia di plastica ha bisogno
liberty e il moresco, con un elegante
di lifting finanziari continui, o
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
114
stabilimento
balneare
e
un
almeno di specchi che ingigantiscano
lungomare di discreti villini. (CS 6
le dimensioni, un po come quelli
Bibliography .......................................................................................
116
agosto 2003)
delle toilette di Harrods. (LR 11
aprile 2005)
Working
for the
of Migrants ........................... 119
lift
[lift] n.Together
m. inv. EC:
liftWell-being
boy
Barry Halliday
1902 prof.
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and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
The Human
58
longseller (long seller, longlive3.4[laiv]
n. m. Rights
inv. EC:Approach
live ........................................................
seller) [lon(g)sller] n. m. inv./-s
concert
1975 mus.
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
CA 1980
60
sin.Bibliography
concerto (dal.........................................................................................
vivo)
prodotto che si vende in grandi
tr. live act, live concert
quantit e per un periodo di tempo
molto lungo
4. The Ethics of Migration.
Per Reflections
invogliare laon
gente
ad
andare
ai
sin.
Recent Migration Policies
concerti, bisogna darle spazi
tr. long-term
best seller
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe
...........................................
61
adeguati dove un live si possa vedere
Laura
Zanfrini
e ascoltare bene. (LR 12 ottobre
concerto dal vivo
4.2 Initiatives
Family and Humanitarian
living
[livin(g)] for
n. Governing
m. inv. EC:
Migration:
Workers
Migration(look-maker,
............. 73
maker
living room
1986 Labour
arch. Migration but notlook
[ luk meiker, 82
luk
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcomelookmaker)
Guests ..................................
sin. soggiorno
mker] n. m./f. inv./-s CA 1986
tr. 4.4
living-room,
lounge,and
lounge
Selective Policies
the Brain Drain............................................ 87
abb. prof.
room, sitting room
chi si occupa
di curare limmagine90di
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities
................................
soggiorno
()
()
un personaggio pubblico
Vorrei
un appartamento
con un bel
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
sin. consulente dimmagine 97
living arioso. (LS 28 marzo 2003)
Urs Watter
apartment loft, converted loft,
ignorano la magia del palco e
loft5.1
conversion
SS 1974
arch.
State Interest
and
Responsibility
tralasciano quel pizzico di teatralit
elegantetowards
appartamento
o ufficio
che
invece indispensabile. (LS
25
their Citizens
Living Abroad
...........................................
102
178
10
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
4.1 Restrictive
Policies1991
and Structural
Demand
servicefor Immigrant Labour .. 65
tecn.
4.2 Initiatives
Governing
Family andI Humanitarian
messaggio
inviatofortramite
posta
viaggiatori si troveranno cos
Migration: Labour Migration but notsprovvisti
WorkersdiMigration
73
elettronica
ristorante.............
e carrelli
minibar. (LR 8 marzo 1986)
sin.
messaggio
(di
posta
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
elettronica)
minibasket (mini basket, minitr. 4.4e-mail,
Selectivee-mail
Policiesmessage,
and the Brain Drain............................................
87
electronic mail
basket) [minibasket] n. m. inv.
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
CA 1964 sport
I truffatori scrivono ai clienti una
disciplina sportiva, simile 97
alla
Bibliography .........................................................................................
mail camuffata da messaggio
pallacanestro, praticata da bambini e
ufficiale di posta elettronica della
ragazzi con regole semplificate e
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
in Their
Societies of Origin ....... 101
banca
e li invitano
a digitare
dati
canestro collocato a unaltezza
Urs Watter
personali
e password per accedere a
inferiore
un
concorso
particolarmente
sin.
5.1 State
and Responsibility
attraente.
(LS Interest
29 settembre
2003)
tr............................................
biddy basketball
towards their Citizens Living Abroad
102
basket, minivolley
match
ball
(match-ball,
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
matchball) [mtbl, mtbl] n.
Momenti di tensione anche nel
106
palazzetto dello sport di Fossombrone,
m. 5.3
inv.Migration
SS 1984 Policy
sport and Ethics .........................................................
che
stato
sgomberato
mentre
era
in 5.4
varieMigration
disciplinePolicy
sportive,
punto
in Colombia ...................................................... 108in
corso un torneo di minibasket. (LR 17
decisivo ottenendo il quale
dicembre 1987)
possibile
aggiudicarsinos
lincontro
5.5 Colombia
une......................................................................
109
sin. minimercato
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
4. The Ethics(mini
of Migration.
minivolley
volley, mini-
collocata
a unaltezza
4.2 Initiatives
forinferiore
Governing Family andsin.
Humanitarian
bullying,
sin. Migration: Labour Migration but nottr.Workers
Migration harassment,
............. 73
victimization
tr. biddy volleyball
4.3 From Guest
Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
minibasket,
volley
In questo caso, il mobbing si
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................
87
manifesta con continue vessazioni
mobility manager (mobility5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
manager) [mobiliti mnader,
miss
n. f. inv. SS 1985
Urs[mis]
Watter
mobiliti manader] n. m. inv.
cin.
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility
ragazza che fa parte del mondo dello
CA 1994 prof.
towards
their in
Citizens
Living Abroad
...........................................
spettacolo
e compare
trasmissioni
figura
professionale interna102a
televisive
sin.Barry
allenatore,
coach, trainer
Halliday
tr. coach, trainer
180
10
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
sin.and
Non-policies in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
tr. duffel coat, duffle coat
Laura Zanfrini
trench
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
Da Trussardi la novit la pelliccia
Initiatives
Family and Humanitarian
di 4.2
camoscio,
fattafordaGoverning
migliaia di
piccoli Migration:
dischi e il Labour
montgomery
con but not Workers Migration ............. 73
Migration
bottoni di lucertola intrecciata. (CS 2
4.3 From
febbraio
2004)Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
181
Table of Contents
Equal
Opportunity
and Denied Opportunities
Tira aria ................................
di crisi ma in 90
via
sin.4.5
skin,
skinhead,
testa rasata
Montenapo
e
dintorni
le
boutique
tr. Bibliography
Nazi-skinhead,
neo-Nazi
......................................................................................... 97si
rinnovano e se ne aprono di nuove.
skinhead, skinhead
In vista della settimana della moda
5. skin
Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
Urs Watter
Applied
Ethics ..............................................................................
new5.2jersey
(new-jersey,
newjersey)
n. m./f. inv./-s CA 2005 econ. 104
182
10
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
night
1960 ......................................................................................
ses.
3.5club
Conclusion
59
locale notturno con musica in cui si
no
stop
(no-stop)
[nostp]
n./agg.
Bibliography
60
assiste
a spettacoli.........................................................................................
dal vivo di vario
m./f. inv. A: non-stop 1959
genere e spogliarelli
(riferito a) attivit, lavoro o viaggio
sin.
night
club,of sexy
bar, strip
4. The
Ethics
Migration.
che prosegue senza interruzione
club,
topless bar,
Reflections
ontopless
Recentclub
Migration Policies
sin. senza sosta
tr. and
nightNon-policies
club, strip club,
in topless
Italy and Europe
........................................... 61
tr. non-stop
bar,Laura
topless
cabaret, topless club
Zanfrini
sexy bar, sexy show
La manifestazione proseguir per
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand
Immigrant
tutto il for
pomeriggio
conLabour
musica.. 65
noA causare il disastro unautobomba
stop, lancio goliardico e simbolico di
4.2 Initiatives
Governing
Family andgavettoni
Humanitarian
piazzata
davanti a for
un night.
(LR 13
e distribuzione di pizze e
Labour Migration but notbevande.
Workers
gennaioMigration:
2002)
(LRMigration
30 maggio.............
2008) 73
sin. antiglobale
tr. desk pad, jotter, notebook,
tr.
anti-globalist,
antinotepad,
pad, of
tablet,
writing
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their
Societies
Origin
....... pad
101
globalization protester, anti
block
notes
Urs Watter
globalization protestor
global
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility Sono intenti a firmare autografi nelle
copertine di dischi, nei notes, nelle
towards their Citizens Living Abroad
...........................................
102
magliette.
(LR 18 dicembre 2003)
Fuori dal Palazzo blindatissimo, i
no5.2
global
hanno
iniziato
la loro
Applied
Ethics
..............................................................................
104
nude look (nude-look) [()n(j)ud
manifestazione. (LR 4 ottobre 2003)
no 5.4
profit
(no-profit) [noprfit]
stile di capo dabbigliamento
Migration Policy in Colombia ......................................................
108
corpo
(riferito a) tipo di organizzazione o
Passcopo
..................................................................................
112
ente5.6
cheAlianza
opera senza
di lucro
sin.
sin.5.7
senza
scopo di....................................................................................
lucro
tr. see-through clothing, sheer
Challenges
114
tr. non-profit, non-profitmaking,
clothing, transparent clothing
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
not-for-profit
DFAI
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
arch.
3.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................
59
(riferito a) tipo di ampio ambiente
sin.
4. The Ethics of Migration.
tr. open-plan, open-plan apartment,
Reflections on Recent Migration Policies
open-plan loft, open-plan office
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe
........................................... 61
loft
Zanfrini
off Laura
[f] agg.
m./f. inv. SS 1967
Urs Watter
office [ffis] n. m./f. inv. SS
5.1fr.State
Interest and Responsibility
1933
arch.
sin.
ripostiglio,
dispensa,
organizer [organaizer] n. m.
5.4 Migration
Policy
in Colombia ...................................................... 108
disimpegno,
locale
di servizio
inv./-s EC: personal organizer
tr. pantry, butlers pantry
1992
5.5 Colombia nos une......................................................................
109
184
10
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
ma 3.4
unoThe
deiHuman
pi piccoli
Rightspersonal
Approach ........................................................ 58
computer in circolazione, con tanto
3.5 Conclusion
59
di video
e tastiera.......................................................................................
(LR 14 luglio
1992)
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
oversound
over
5. Colombia:(over-sound,
Including Emigrants
in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
sound)
[oversaund, versaund]
Urs Watter
n. m. inv. CA 1989 cin.
5.1 State
Interest and
tecnica
di doppiaggio
cheResponsibility
consiste
towards latheir
Living
nel sovrappone
voceCitizens
al parlato
di Abroad ........................................... 102
un film o di un documentario
5.2 Applied
Ethics ..............................................................................
104
mantenendo
in sottofondo
laudio in
lingua
5.3originale
Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
sin. speakeraggio
5.4 Migration
Policy
in Colombia ...................................................... 108
tr. off-screen
voice,
voice-over
speaker e
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
meglio
iniziarePas
da piccoli:
messi di
5.6 Alianza
..................................................................................
112
fronte a un film in lingua straniera
con5.7traduzione
oversound i
Challengesin....................................................................................
114
bambini non fanno una piega. (LR
Bibliography
13 gennaio
2010) ....................................................................................... 116
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
SS 1970 cosm.
3.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................
59
Bibliography .........................................................................................
60
sostanze abrasive elimina le cellule
superficiali dellepidermide
sin. dermoabrasione
4. The Ethics of Migration.
tr. body-peel, exfoliation, faceReflections on Recent Migration Policies
peel,
peel, scrub, scrubbing 61
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe
...........................................
palmer [palmer] n. m. inv. E: J.
Laura Zanfrini
Per una pelle luminosa a regola
Palmer 1918 sport trasp.
darte valgono alcune strategie di
pneumatico
tubolare
solitamente
4.1 Restrictive
Policies
and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
utilizzato per biciclette da corsa
Niente
motori, la Policies
strada a and
risuonare
4.4 Selective
the Brain Drain............................................ 87
EC: personal computer 1982
del rumore dei palmer, dei ricoperti,
tecn.
Equal da
Opportunity
and (LR
Denied Opportunities
................................ 90
dei 4.5
battistrada
mountain bike.
elaboratore elettronico di piccole
6 settembre 2003)
Bibliography .........................................................................................
97
dimensioni
sin.5.2 Applied
autosilo,
Ethics parcheggio,
.............................................................................. 104
petting [pttin(g)] n. m. inv.
parcheggio multipiano, posteggio
5.3
Migration
Policy
and
Ethics
.........................................................
EC:
heavy petting 1951 ses.106
tr. car park, parking garage,
scambio
di effusioni amorose che
parking
lot
5.4 Migration
Policy in Colombia ......................................................
108
precedono o sostituiscono latto
box 1a
sessuale completo
5.5 Colombia nos une......................................................................
109
sin. preliminari
Nel prologo, ammirevole per grazia e
tr. foreplay, heavy petting 112
5.6 Alianza
Pasal..................................................................................
inventiva,
si assiste
gioco del caso
che5.7mette
in relazione
i due
Challenges
....................................................................................
114
Perci noi, nella terapia della coppia,
sconosciuti: un portafoglio rubato a
insegniamo
appunto
ci
che
viene
lei Bibliography
e ritrovato dalluomo
in un
.......................................................................................
116
chiamato
petting,
scientificamente
parking. (LR 21 maggio 2009)
denominato focalizzazione sensoriale.
Working Together for the Well-being of(LR
Migrants
119
28 agosto...........................
1988)
Barry Halliday
186
10
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4 Thecenter
Human (phone-center,
Rights Approach ........................................................
58
sin.
phone
tr. fleece
phonecenter,
phone
centre,
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
phone-centre, phonecentre) [fon
Occorre un abbigliamento che
Bibliography .........................................................................................
60
prevede tuta da sci, o se preferito
snter, fn snter] n. m. inv./-s
pantaloni di pile e giubbotto
CA 1988
4. The Ethics of Migration.
antivento, guanti da sci e scarponcini
locale pubblico, dotato di cabine
da trekking. (CS 29 gennaio 2004)
Reflections
on Recent
Migration
Policies
telefoniche
e computer
collegati
alla
Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
rete,and
in Non-policies
cui si possono ineffettuare
b SS 1985 abb.
chiamate
tariffe vantaggiose
Lauraa Zanfrini
indumento sportivo confezionato con
sin. punto telefonico
materiale
molto
soffice
4.1
Restrictive
Policies
and
Structural
Demand
forsintetico
Immigrant
Labour
.. 65al
tr. cybercaf, internet caf
tatto
e
dalle
propriet
internet
bar, internet
point Family andtermoregolatrici
4.2 Initiatives
for Governing
Humanitariane idrorepellenti
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
in Their
Societies
Origin
....... 101
cerniera.
(LR 30ofmaggio
2006)
trasp.
Urs Watter
sin. coperta
tr. pick-up
truck Policy and Ethics .........................................................
5.3 Migration
106
tr. blanket, cover
Come
un Policy
pick upinpieno
di
5.4risultato,
Migration
Colombia
...................................................... 108
pile5.7
[pail]
n. m. inv./-s
Challenges
.................................................................................... 114
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
compito
di Human
guidare Rights
lattaccoApproach
della
specialmente nella pallacanestro,
3.4 The
........................................................
58
propria squadra impostando lo
giocatore particolarmente dotato nel
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
schema
di gioco
controllo del pallone che ha59il
compito di guidare lattacco della
sin.Bibliography
guardia, playmaker,
regista
.........................................................................................
60
propria squadra impostando lo
tr. (point) guard
schema di gioco
playmaker
on Recent
Migration
Policies
tr. (point) guard
NonReflections
sar un anziano,
non
sar
and Non-policies
Italy
and Europe
61
necessariamente
un play in
puro,
sar
...........................................
play
sicuramente
un atleta vero ed un
Laura Zanfrini
Lesigenza di trovare un playmaker
giocatore capace di portare punti,
in grado
di offrire Labour
qualit .. 65
alla
4.1 come
Restrictive
Demand
for Immigrant
anche
primaPolicies
punta. and
(LR Structural
28
squadra ha dato vita alla ricerca di un
dicembre 2008)
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family andgiocatore
Humanitarian
con
le
giuste
Migration:
Labour
Migration
but
not
Workers
Migration
.............
73
caratteristiche.
(LR
18
ottobre
2001)
playback (play back, play-back)
4.3 From
Guest Workers
to SS
Unwelcomeplayout
Guests ..................................
82
[pleibk,
pleibk]
n. m. inv.
(play out, play-out)
1942
mus. Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
4.4
Selective
[plejaut] n. m. inv. CA 1985
specialmente
nelle
trasmissioni
sport
televisive,
tecnica
che permette
di
4.5 Equal
Opportunity
and Denied
Opportunities ................................ 90
.................................................................................... 114
libro dal formato ridotto che pu
essere riposto in una tasca
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
playmaker
(play
maker, play-
sin. tascabile
maker) [()plei meiker, ()plei
pocket book,
pocket-size book
Working Together for the Well-being oftr.Migrants
...........................
119
mker] n. m./f. inv./-s CA 1964
Barry Halliday
sport
188
10
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Cos3.4il The
tascabile,
il tanto
bistrattato
Human
Rights
Approach ........................................................
58
tr. pole position
pocket, si prende la rivincita sul
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
Per realizzare la pole ci vorr un giro
sussiegoso
hard cover,
il libro
da Superman. (CS 29 settembre
rilegato. (LR 6 maggio 1989)
Bibliography .........................................................................................
60
2003)
......................................................................................... 97
sin.Bibliography
quartetto, quaterna
pony [pni] n. m. inv. EC: Pony
tr. foursome, quartet
Express
1987of Origin
prof. ....... 101
5. full
Colombia:
Including Emigrants in Their
Societies
b
specialmente nelle grandi citt,
Urs Watter
fattorino che si occupa di recapitare
Per parecchi anni la crescita
rapidamente la corrispondenza o
delleconomia
americana
ha tratto
5.1 State Interest
and Responsibility
piccoli
pacchi muovendosi 102in
vantaggio
da
un
poker
di
elementi.
towards their Citizens Living Abroad
...........................................
motorino o motocicletta
(LR 23 ottobre 2006)
sin.
5.2 Applied Ethics ..............................................................................
104
tr.
(motorbike,
motorcycle)
pole
pl] n. Policy
f. inv. and Ethics ......................................................... 106
5.3[pol,
Migration
courier
Pony Express
5.4
Migration
Policy
in
Colombia
......................................................
108
a EC: pole position 1978
sport
La Corte di Cassazione dovr prima
5.5 Colombia
une......................................................................
109o
solitamente
nelle garenos
automobilistiche
poi dire una parola definitiva: chiarire se
o motociclistiche,
posizione di
5.6 Alianza Pasla..................................................................................
112
per la legge italiana i pony sono davvero
partenza pi vantaggiosa assegnata al
nuova imprenditorialit o solo una
corridore
che ha ottenuto
il miglior
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
114
riverniciatura di quello che si chiamava
tempo nei giri di prova
lavoro nero. (LR 27 giugno 1987) 116
Bibliography .......................................................................................
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
specialmente
nelle Rights
grandi Approach
citt,
3.4 The Human
........................................................
58
pressing
fattorino che si occupa di recapitare
sin. pressione
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
rapidamente
la corrispondenza
o
tr. pressing game, pressing
piccoli pacchi muovendosi in
tactics, pressure
Bibliography .........................................................................................
60
motocicletta
forcing a
sin.
4. The(motorbike,
Ethics of Migration.
tr.
motorcycle)
Primo tempo di rara bruttezza, con
Reflections on Recent Migration Policies
courier
molti errori nei disimpegni e poca
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe
...........................................
61
pony
voglia
di fare pressing, sotto un sole
Laura Zanfrini
quasi estivo. (LR 9 maggio 2005)
Nel filmato si vede una signora che,
4.1 Restrictive
Policies
Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
uscendo
di casa, trova
le and
cassette
b SS 1984
postali
traboccanti for
di pubblicit
il
forte e continua che mira a
4.2 Initiatives
Governinge Family
andpressione
Humanitarian
portone assediato da portalettere e
ottenere
determinati
risultati
Labour
Migration
Workers Migration
............. 73
pony Migration:
express che
cercano
di but notcoll.
fare pressing
consegnarle
materiale
vario.
(LS
18
forcing,
pressione
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcomesin.
Guests
..................................
82
marzo 2003)
tr. pressure
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................
87
forcing b
power
drink (power-drink)
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities
90
Intanto i ................................
sindacati tornano a fare
[pawer drink] n. m. inv./-s CA
pressing sul governo. (LR 23 maggio
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
1994
bev.
2008)
bevanda stimolante arricchita con
amminoacidi
e vitamine
5. Colombia:
Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
golf
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
pressing [prssin(g)] n. m. inv.
Salvo poi premere sullacceleratore
5.6 Alianza Pas ..................................................................................
112
della
sciccheria
con
visoni
coll.Barry
fareHalliday
pressing, subire il
190
10
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
passeggeri
bagagli,Rights
sia perApproach
brevi
3.4 TheeHuman
........................................................ 58
che per lunghi tragitti
Conclusion
...................................................................................... 59
sin.3.5
autobus,
bus, corriera
tr. bus,
coach ......................................................................................... 60
Bibliography
Laura Zanfrini
sin.4.4
Wonderbra
Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
tr.
push-up
bra,
push-up
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
brassiere
Wonderbra
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
EC:4.1
quad
bike, quad
motorcycle
Restrictive
Policies
and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
1999 trasp.
4.2 Initiatives
Family and Humanitarian
veicolo
simile a for
unaGoverning
motocicletta
dotato Migration:
di quattro Labour
grandi Migration
ruote e but not Workers Migration ............. 73
particolarmente adatto a percosi
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
sterrati
sin.4.4
Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
tr. ATV, four wheeler, quad bike,
4.5motorcycle
Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
quad
Bibliography
97
Molte
persone hanno.........................................................................................
visto lincidente, il
quad contro il camion, la famiglia e la
5. Colombia:
Including
tragedia.
(LR 14 agosto
2004) Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
Urs Watter
Barry Halliday
192
10
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
towards(record
their Citizens
Living Abroad ........................................... 102
recordman
man, record-
man)
rkordmn]
n.
5.2[rkordmn,
Applied Ethics
..............................................................................
104
americana, con le righe orizzontali
m. inv./-men CA 1905 fr. sport
tipiche dei collegiali statunitensi.
5.3detentore
MigrationdiPolicy
and Ethics
106
atleta
un primato
o .........................................................
(LR 15 settembre 2001)
uomo che spicca per essersi
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
classificato primo in situazioni di
relax [relaks] n. m. inv. A:
vario
5.5genere
Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
relaxation 1959
sin. primatista
distensione fisica e psichica o 112
stato
5.6
Alianza
Pas
..................................................................................
tr. record-holder
di riposo totale
sin. distensione, rilassamento,
5.7 Challenges ....................................................................................
114
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
intrattenimento
a buon
(riferito a) genere musicale 58
da
3.4 The Human
Rightsmercato,
Approach ........................................................
cerca di avere qualche momento di
discoteca che consiste nel riproporre
3.5 Conclusion
59
relax
soprattutto ......................................................................................
quando
la
vecchi successi
situazione si fa pi difficile. (LR 21
sin.
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
ottobre 2008)
tr.
4. The Ethics
of Migration.
residence
[rzidens,
rsidens]
Anche
la
musica
proposta
vita4.5
in Equal
un residence
di Rimini.
Opportunity
and (CS
Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
tr. revolving credit card
16 febbraio 2004)
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
ricaricabili:
gliof istituti
Colombia:
Including
Emigrants in Their
Societies
Origindi
.......credito
101
n.5.m.
inv. SS 1987
Urs Watter
modifica
dellorganico di unazienda
o un partito politico
State
coll.5.1
fare
un Interest
restylingand Responsibility
towards
theirriordinamento,
Citizens Living Abroad ...........................................
102
sin.
Rimmel (rimmel) [rimmel] n.
riorganizzazione
5.2 Applied Ethics ..............................................................................
m. inv. MG 1939 fr. cosm.104
tr. reshaping, reorganization
cosmetico costituito da un liquido
5.3 Migration
Policy and Ethics .........................................................
106
lifting
b
Barry Halliday
194
10
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4 The
Human
Rights
Approach
roller
[rller]
n. m.
inv./-s
EC: ........................................................ 58
Rollerblade
1995......................................................................................
sport
3.5 Conclusion
59
tipo
di
pattino
caratterizzato
Bibliography longitudinale
.........................................................................................
60
dallallineamento
delle
rotelle
4. The
Ethics
of Migration.
sin.
pattino
in linea,
Rollerblade
Reflections
Recent Migration
Policies
tr. in-line
skate,on
Rollerblade
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
La cronaca
si occupa dei ragazzi con
Laura Zanfrini
i roller quando i vigili fanno fioccare
le multe.
(CS 23 luglio
1995)and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
4.1 Restrictive
Policies
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
tr. self-service restaurant
self bar
4. The Ethics of Migration.
Reflections on Recent Migration Policies
Sono molti per i genovesi che nella
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe
...........................................
61
pausa-pranzo
preferiscono comprare
Laura Zanfrini
4.3 From
to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
Sellotape
, Guest
tape, Workers
transparent
adhesive tape
b SS 1984
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................
87
sin.5.3
distributore
Migration(automatico)
Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
tr. vending machine, vendor
sexy bar (sexy-bar, sexybar)
5.4 Migration
108
self
service Policy in Colombia ......................................................
[sksibar] n. m. inv. CA 1986
5.5 Colombia nos une......................................................................
109
ses.
196
10
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Allinterno
sexy Rights
bar sono
stati
spettacolo erotico a cui si pu
3.4 The del
Human
Approach
........................................................
58
sequestrati 5000 profilattici, 140
assistere in alcuni locali notturni
3.5 Conclusion
59
grammi
di hashish e......................................................................................
15 mila euro in
sin. spettacolo erotico, spogliarello
contanti nascosti in una cassaforte
tr. erotic show, sex show, topless
Bibliography .........................................................................................
60
sotto al pavimento. (LR 25 luglio
show
2002)
sexy
partyon Recent
(sexy-party)
Reflections
Migration Policies
Colpa di un sexy show previsto per
and Non-policies
in Italy
...........................................
domani
sera che nessuno 61si
[sksiparti]
n. m. inv. CA
1972 and
Europe
aspettava. (CS 6 maggio 1998)
ses.Laura Zanfrini
Shop
Stag StorePolicy and Ethics .........................................................
5.3 ,Migration
106
tr. bar-top dancer, lap dancer,
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4 The
Human
Approach ........................................................
58
tr.
Nazi-skinhead,
neo-Nazi
skibus
(ski-bus,
skiRights
bus) [skibus,
skinhead, skinhead
skibus]
n. m. inv. CA
1991 sport
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
naziskin
trasp.
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
sin.and
Non-policies in Italy and Europe
...........................................
61
skipass
(ski-pass, ski pass)
tr. Laura Zanfrini
[skipas, skipas] n. m. inv. EC:
skiman, skipass, skiroll, ski
ski-lift for
pass
1970 ted.Labour
sport.. 65
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand
Immigrant
stopper
tesserino, solitamente elettronico,
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family andche
Humanitarian
consente laccesso agli impianti
Laumento del traffico nelle valli e il
diWorkers
risalita in una
stazione.............
sciistica 73
Migration:
Labour
Migration
but
not
Migration
conseguente inquinamento che le
sin.
attanaglia,
neiGuest
periodi
turistici
di
4.3 From
Workers
to Unwelcome
..................................
82
tr.Guests
lift pass,
ski-lift pass
punta ha spinto infatti ad aumentare
skibus, skiman, skiroll, 87
ski
il servizio
di skibus
gratuiti
4.4 Selective
Policies
andtrathegliBrain Drain............................................
stopper
impianti e quasi tutti i centri
4.5 Equal
Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
altoatesini.
(LROpportunity
21 novembreand
1994)
Il prezzo dello skipass va ridotto se
Bibliography .........................................................................................
97
le piste non sono tutte accessibili.
skiman (ski man, ski-man)
(LR 11 dicembre 2000)
[skimn,
skimn]
n. m.
inv./
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
-men
CA
1967
sport
Urs Watter
skiroll (ski-roll, ski roll) [skirl,
preparatore tecnico di uno sciatore
sin.5.1
State Interest and Responsibility skirol] n. m. inv. CA 1970 sved.
sport
tr. towards their Citizens Living Abroad
........................................... 102
disciplina
sportiva, simile allo sci di
skibus, skipass, ski stopper
5.2 Applied Ethics ..............................................................................
104
fondo, nella quale si usano piccoli
sci montati su rotelle che permettono
Lo 5.3
ski-man
pu decidere
carriera
Migration
Policy la
and
Ethics .........................................................
106o
di percorrere tracciati stradali
di sciatori e fondisti. (LR 4 aprile
campestri
spingendosi
con
dei
2008)
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
bastoncini
tr. roller-ski
skinhead
1983 Pas
crim.
5.6 Alianza
.................................................................................. 112
skibus, skiman, skipass, ski
giovane appartenente a bande
stopper
5.7
Challenges
....................................................................................
114
teppistiche violente e razziste
riconoscibile dai capelli rasati e
Bibliography .......................................................................................
116la
Una racchettata, ricevuta durante
dallabbigliamento di tipo militare
gara di ski-roll sul sagrato di piazza
con accessori in pelle nera
Duomo, ...........................
le ha perforato il piede
Working
Together
for the Well-being
ofdel
Migrants
119
sin.
naziskin,
skinhead,
testa
destro
poco
sopra
lattaccatura delle
Barry Halliday
rasata
dita. (LR 8 ottobre 1995)
198
10
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
[skistpper]
n. m. ......................................................................................
inv. CA 1983
3.5 Conclusion
59
in mare. (LR 15 agosto 1995)
sport
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
60
dispositivo
montato
sulla parte
slot [zlt] n. f. inv./-s EC: slot
centrale degli sci per arrestarli sulla
machine 1988 gioc.
neve
quandoof Migration.
si
staccano
4. The Ethics
slippino
Bibliography .......................................................................................
116
smart bar (smart-bar, smartbar)
tr. bikini bottom, Speedo,
()
[ zmar(t) bar] n. m. inv. CA
swimming costume, (swimming)
Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
trunks
2003 ol.
Barry Halliday
locale pubblico dove si possono
bermuda,
boxer b, topless
DFAI
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
consumare
bevandeRights
e prodotti
dello smile, che nemmeno i giovani
3.4 The Human
Approach ........................................................
58a
contenenti sostanze a lieve effetto
scuola possono pi portare per non
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
psicoattivo
non considerate
illegali
incappare in qualche sanzione. (LR
11 gennaio 1989)
sin.
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
tr.
b A: Smiley 1996 tecn.
4. The
Ethics
Lo
smart
barof Migration.
serve bevande
nella comunicazione telematica,
energizzanti
a base
di ingredienti
Reflections
on Recent
Migration Policies
simbolo circolare a sfondo giallo che
naturali.
(LR 5 luglio 2003)in Italy and Europe
rappresenta
una faccia stilizzata
and Non-policies
...........................................
61
sorridente,
solitamente
utilizzato
Laura Zanfrini
come icona rappresentativa di
smart
shop
(smart-shop)
sentimenti
stati danimo
( ) 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand
for eImmigrant
Labour .. 65
[ zmar(t) p] n. m. inv./-s CA
sin. emoticon, faccina (sorridente),
1998
4.2ol.
Initiatives
for Governing Family andSmiley
Humanitarian
, sorriso
negozioMigration:
dove si vendono
a but not Workers Migration ............. 73
Labourprodotti
Migration
tr. emoticon, happy face, Smiley
base di sostanze psicoattive non
considerate
illegali
4.3 From
Guest Workers to UnwelcomeAllinizio
Guests ..................................
82
ero scettico nei confronti
sin.
dello smile, pensando che nei secoli
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................
87
tr.
scorsi chi scriveva lettere non faceva
altro
che
formulare
con
attenzione
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90le
proprie affermazioni per evitare
Negli ultimi mesi, gli smart shop
equivoci. (LR 4 febbraio 1996) 97
hanno
attirato lattenzione
delle
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
autorit giudiziarie e dei mass media.
(LR 22 gennaio 2004)
smoking [zmkin(g)] n. m.
costituito
da giacca e pantaloni
a A: Smiley
1989
mus. Living Abroad
towards
their Citizens
...........................................
102
solitamente di colore nero o bianco
simbolo circolare a sfondo giallo che
5.2 Applied
..............................................................................
104
rappresenta
unaEthics
faccia
stilizzata
sin. abito da cerimonia, abito
da
sorridente, originariamente utilizzato
sera,
abito
scuro
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
per identificare alcune particolari
tr. black tie, dinner jacket, dinner
pastiglie
contenentiPolicy
droghein
sintetiche
5.4 Migration
Colombia ......................................................
suit, dress suit, evening 108
suit,
e utilizzato come simbolo di una
tuxedo
corrente
musicale e nos
culturale
di fine
5.5 Colombia
une......................................................................
109
tight
anni ottanta
Alianza
Pas .................................................................................. 112
sin.5.6
Smiley
Lunica cosa che non poteva giocarsi
tr. Smiley
era lo smoking, lo aveva preso
5.7 Challenges ....................................................................................
114a
200
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
carta
credito
ricaricata
spese
3.4diThe
Human
RightsaApproach
........................................................
58
sin. os, spinto
dello stato destinata a persone con un
tr. soft-core porn, soft-core
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
reddito
basso e appartenenti
a fasce
pornography, soft-porn
deboli della popolazione
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
sin.
E cos, scocciata e imbufalita, ordina
tr.
querele contro il mensile soft-core
4. The Ethics of Migration.
e il giornalista che ha scritto
Reflections
on Recent
Policies
Quello
che certo
che laMigration
social
larticolo. (LR 12 aprile 1995)
cardand
nonNon-policies
sar affatto sufficiente
in Italyad
and Europe ........................................... 61
alleviare
crisi. (LR 29 ottobre
LauralaZanfrini
speaker [spiker] n. m./f. inv./-s
2008)
()
che ha il.............
compito73di
r, ()sft
ir, ()Labour
sft eir,
sft but notannunciatore
Migration:
Migration
Workers Migration
leggere testi redatti da altri durante il
ar]4.3
n.From
m. inv.
CA 1993
gioc.
Guest
Workers
to Unwelcometelegiornale
Guests .................................. 82
Bibliography .........................................................................................
97
newscaster, newsreader, news
sin. tiro tattico sportivo
reporter, (radio, TV) commentator
tr. airsoft
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
Al televisore lo speaker del
Urs Watter
noto
che la zona stata spesso
telegiornale delledizione della notte
teatro delle attivit di gruppi, non
5.1
State
Interest
and
Responsibility
annunciava che il serial killer delle
sempre ufficiali, che praticano il soft
vecchiette
era stato individuato
their
Citizens
...........................................
102e
air (la towards
guerra per
sport
giocataLiving
con Abroad
arrestato. (LR 15 agosto 1998)
armi ad aria compressa che sparano
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
proiettili di gomma), ma riscontri
b SS 1960 fr. prof. sport 106
con5.3
sagome
e soprattutto
armiEthics
vere .........................................................
Migration
Policy and
radiocronista
o
telecronista,
non si erano ancora verificati. (LR
specialmente di eventi sportivi 108
23 aprile
2008)
5.4 Migration
Policy in Colombia ......................................................
Colombia
nos une
......................................................................
109
tr. (sports) commentator
soft5.5core
(soft-core,
softcore)
[()sf(t)
kr] n./agg.
m./f. inv.
5.6 Alianza
Pas ..................................................................................
112
Chiss che un giorno, leggendo gli
EC: soft-core porn, soft-core
ordini darrivo delle corse, 114
che
5.7 Challenges ....................................................................................
pornography 1980 ses.
parlano sempre lingue foreste e
(riferito
a) rivista, .......................................................................................
immagine, filmato
dialetti e idiomi sconosciuti, anche
Bibliography
116il
o spettacolo con pretese di eleganza
simpaticissimo speaker del ciclismo
estetica in cui presente la nudit ma
debba...........................
specializzarsi 119in
Working Together for the Well-being ofnon
Migrants
non vengono mostrati gli organi
etnologia, la scienza che studia le
Barry Halliday
genitali
stirpi umane, i loro caratteri fisici e
DFAI
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and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
morali,
le loro
relazioni
sociali.
(LR
traduzione simultanea sovrapposta
3.4 The
Human
Rights
Approach
........................................................
58
13 ottobre 1985)
alloriginale (come avviene usualmente
3.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................
59
nelle interviste giornalistiche a persone
straniere). A quel punto si pensato
c SS
1927
fr.
prof.
Bibliography .........................................................................................
60
anche di non ricorrere ai soliti speaker
chi comunica informazioni o
da documentario, ma di tentare
aggiornamenti al pubblico mediante
4. The
Ethics of Migration.
qualcosa di pi personalizzato. (LR 4
gli
altoparlanti
durante
una
dicembre 1996)
Reflectionssportiva
on Recent
Migration
Policies
manifestazione
allinterno
di
unoand
stadio
Non-policies in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
Zanfrini
tr. (public-address, stadium)
m./f. inv. EC: spider cart, spider
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand
for Immigrant
Labourspider
.. 65
announcer
phaeton,
spider wagon,
MG SS 1915 trasp.
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family andwheel
Humanitarian
E quando lo speaker dello stadio
automobile
di
tipo
sportivo,
Migration:
Labour
Workers decappottabile,
Migration .............
73
annuncia
il nome
del Migration
nuovo but notsolitamente
dotata di
allenatore, il pubblico si scioglie in
soli posti
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcomedue
Guests
.................................. 82
un applauso forte e sincero. (LR 21
sin. convertibile, decappottabile,
aprile
4.42008)
Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................
87
cabriolet, cabrio
5. Colombia:
Including Emigrants in Their
Societies
of Origin
sin.
almeno
una volta
nella .......
sua 101
vita
Urs Watter
tr. (public-address,
public-service)
autostradale. (LR 26 giugno 2007)
announcer
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility
spot
[spt] n. m. inv./-s
towards their Citizens Living Abroad
...........................................
102
sin. pubblicit
e SS 1996 cin. prof.
5.5
Colombia
nos
une
......................................................................
109
tr. advertisement, ad, commercial,
doppiatore che sovrappone la propria
spot advertisement, spot commercial
voce5.6alAlianza
parlato Pas
di un..................................................................................
film o di un
112
documentario
mantenendo
in
Ci saranno, ovviamente, anche114
gli
sottofondo
laudio in....................................................................................
lingua originale
5.7 Challenges
spot televisivi. (LR 15 marzo 1985)
sin.
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
tr. off-screen
voice,
voice-over
2 EC: spotlight 1942 cin.
oversound
di luce
di forma circolare
Working Together for the Well-being offascio
Migrants
...........................
119
utilizzato
nei
teatri
e negli studi
Si Barry
pensato
di
preferire
ai
freddi
ma
Halliday
rispettosi sottotitoli, una sorta di
cinematografici
202
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
sin. aria
Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers Migration ............. 73
stop [stp] n. m. inv. EC: stop
tr. choke
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcomelamp
Guests
..................................
82
1960
trasp.
Spesso lutente americano lascia
ciascuno dei fanalini posteriori87di
4.4 Selective
Policies
andditheunBrain Drain............................................
azionato
lo starter
per pi
Urs Watter
step
m./f. inv.
EC: step
5.1[stp]
State n.
Interest
and Responsibility
Working
Together n.
form./f.
the Well-being
ofOra
Migrants
119
house)
[st(k)kaus]
inv.
saranno ...........................
le tecnologie a cogliere
CABarry
1992 Halliday
DFAI
10
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
punito
con Human
lobbligoRights
di fare
uno
3.4 The
Approach
........................................................
58
stripman (strip man, strip-man)
stop and go cio una sosta ai box
[stripmn, stripmn] n. m. inv./
3.5 Conclusion
59
di dieci
secondi. (LR......................................................................................
26 marzo 1995)
sin. spogliarellista
tr. stripper, striptease artist, strip
on Recent Migration Policies
sin.Reflections
teaser
and Non-policies in Italy and Europe
........................................... 61
tr. stop-go
strip, stripwoman
Laura Zanfrini
striptease
1965 Policy
ses. in Colombia ......................................................
5.4 Migration
agli ospiti dellArthur da sexy 108
strip
spogliarello
Colombiastriptease
nos une...................................................................... 109
sin.5.5
spogliarello,
tr. striptease
super [super] n. m. inv. 112
EC:
5.6 Alianza Pas ..................................................................................
stripman, stripwoman
supermarket 1993
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
204
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
sin.4.2
tavola
Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian
tr. board,
surfboard
Migration:
Labour Migration but not Workers Migration ............. 73
windsurf
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
E c
chi va
a ballare
4.4anche
Selective
Policies
andcon
theilBrain Drain............................................ 87
surf sotto braccio. (LR 11 luglio
1995)
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
Urs Watter
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
205
Table of Contents
Bibliography .........................................................................................
60
a MG 1990 trasp.
sistema elettronico per il pagamento
taxiLaura
girlZanfrini
(taxi-girl) [taksigrl,
porte telematiche
sin. telepedaggio
tr. automatic
toll payment
system,
4.1
Restrictive
Policies
and
Structural
Demand
for Immigrant
Labour
.. 65
taksigrl] n. f. inv./-s CA 1935
electronic
toll
collection
system,
prof.
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family andETC
Humanitarian
system
ragazza pagata dal proprietario di
Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers Migration ............. 73
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
telefilm
film,
5.1 State(tele
Interest
andtele-film)
Responsibility
sin.
contrassegno,
pass,
permesso
towards
Citizens
Living Abroad
........................................... 102
[telefilm]
n. m.their
inv./-s
CA 1955
tr. (electronic) pass
5.2
cin.Applied Ethics ..............................................................................
104
TV-quiz show
206
10
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
testimonial
visite
mediche,
servizifor
assistenziali,
Working
Together
the Well-being ofsin.
Migrants
........................... 119
tr. tie breaker
medicinali e analisi cliniche
Barry Halliday
coll. pagare il ticket
DFAI
10
207
Table of Contents
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Lo 3.4
scarto
giocoRights
tra i due
si
La stazione ferroviaria di Bologna
The di
Human
Approach
........................................................
58
specchiava in un tiebreak vinto dal
stata movimentata ieri da due novit
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
marsigliese.
(LR 6 novembre
2001
che hanno mandato in tilt molti
passeggeri. (LR 22 aprile 2001)
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
1994 prof.
coll. andare in tilt, essere in tilt,
5.1 State
Interest and Responsibility modella, fotomodella o indossatrice
mandare
in tilt
towardsessere)
their Citizens
Living
102
di...........................................
fama mondiale molto richiesta
da
sin. (andare,
fuori uso,
in Abroad
agenzie pubblicitarie e case di moda
blocco,
in
panne
5.2 Applied Ethics ..............................................................................
104
sin. top model
tr. block, halt, (to go) haywire
tr. supermodel, top model 106
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics .........................................................
Ora c il timore che faccia andare in
E, sorpresa, a 54 anni la top grissino
Migration
in Colombia
......................................................
108
tilt 5.4
il traffico
delle Policy
metropoli.
(CS 5
si
concessa
il
lusso
di
ingrassare.
novembre 2003)
5.5 Colombia nos une......................................................................
109
(LS 29 settembre 2002)
b SS
Pas .................................................................................. 112
5.61959
Alianza
topless [tples] n. m. inv. EC:
situazione in cui una persona perde
5.7 Challenges ....................................................................................
114
lucidit
topless bathing-suit, topless
coll. andare in tilt, essere in tilt,
swimsuit 1964 abb.
Bibliography .......................................................................................
116
mandare in tilt
costume da bagno femminile, privo
della parte superiore, che lascia
sin. (andare, essere) nel pallone
Working
Together for the Well-being ofscoperto
Migrants
........................... 119
il seno
tr.
(to go) haywire
Barry Halliday
sin.
208
10
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Linserimento di un neolaureato
3.4 The Human
Approach ........................................................
58
tr. monokini,
toplessRights
bathing-suit,
prevede un training di almeno un
topless swimsuit
3.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................
59
anno. (LR 27 agosto 1995)
slip b
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
trench [trnt] n. m. inv. EC:
Figuriamoci, non ho mai messo un
topless in vita mia, morirei di
trench coat 1933 abb.
4. The Ethics of Migration.
vergogna a mostrare il sedere davanti
impermeabile, solitamente di colore
Reflections
on Recent
Migration
Policies
a tutti
o il seno dove
ho il neo.
(LR
chiaro, con cintura in vita
and Non-policies
in Italy and Europe
61
19 gennaio
1996)
sin............................................
impermeabile
Laura Zanfrini
total
body (total-body)
[ttal
raincoat,
coat Labour .. 65
4.1 Restrictive
Policies and
Structural Demand
fortrench
Immigrant
montgomery
bdi] n. m. inv. EC: total-body
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian
conditioning, total-body workout
trench ha Migration
mille impunture
con73il
Labour Migration but notIlWorkers
.............
1999 Migration:
sport
filo di seta, anche in contrasto, nero
tipo4.3diFrom
allenamento
che consiste
Guest Workers
to UnwelcomesuGuests
82
bianco...................................
(CS 1 marzo 2004)
nelleseguire determinati esercizi che
coinvolgono
i muscoli
tutto
4.4 Selective
Policiesdiand
theilBrain Drain............................................ 87
trend maker (trend-maker,
corpo
Equal Opportunity
and Denied Opportunities
................................
90
trendmaker)
[trnd meiker,
sin.4.5 total-body
conditioning,
total-body
workout
trnd mker] n. m./f. inv./-s. CA
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
tr. total-body conditioning, total1995
body workout
persona
o evento
grande.......
visibilit
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their
Societies
of di
Origin
101
in grado di lanciare nuove mode o
Urs
Watter
I corsi pi gettonati spaziano dal gag
tendenze
bruciagrassi
al totaland
body
(nove
5.1 State Interest
Responsibility
sin. trend setter
discipline insieme per far lavorare
tr............................................
trend setter
towards
their
Citizens
Living
Abroad
102
tutto il corpo), lo spinning e il power
yoga
per
migliorare
lelasticit
dei
5.2 Applied Ethics ..............................................................................
Lauto diventa trendy grazie104ai
muscoli e la tonificazione isometrica.
trendsetter
(per
esempio,
i
(LR5.3
16 Migration
ottobre 2002)
Policy and Ethics .........................................................
106
calciatori), poi la tendenza monta e si
espande fino al modaiolo108di
5.4 Migration
Policyn.inm.
Colombia
training
[treinin(g)]
inv. ......................................................
provincia. (CS 24 novembre 2008)
EC:5.5training
course,
training
Colombia
nos une
...................................................................... 109
period 1962 prof.
trial [trial] n. m. inv. EC: 112
bike
5.6 Alianza
Pas ..................................................................................
periodo
di addestramento
svolto da un
trials, motorcycle trials 1978 sp.
gruppo di dipendenti di unazienda per
5.7 Challenges ....................................................................................
114
sport
apprendere determinate attivit
sin.Bibliography
addestramento,
apprendistato,
.......................................................................................
116
ciclismo sportivo le cui competizioni
pratica, stage, tirocinio
si svolgono sia fuoristrada sia
tr.
internship,
placement,
Working
Together
forresidency,
the Well-being ofallinterno
Migrantsdi...........................
119
strutture appositamente
training
course,
training
period
allestite su percorsi a ostacoli e
Barry Halliday
DFAI
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
durante
le quali
il conducente
del
lazione comincia con un tunnel a58
un
3.4 The
Human
Rights Approach
........................................................
mezzo non deve mai mettere i piedi
avversario. (LR 26 ottobre 2008)
per 3.5
terraConclusion ...................................................................................... 59
sin.Bibliography
......................................................................................... 60
tr. bike trials, motorcycle trials
Theil Ethics
of Migration.
E4.con
trial arriva
a un passo dal
Reflections
Recent Migration
Policies
primo
posto alon campionato
del
mondo
la conquista in
di Italy
5 titoli
anddopo
Non-policies
and Europe ........................................... 61
iridati.
(LRZanfrini
16 ottobre 1995)
Laura
4.1 Restrictive
Policiesn.andm./f.
Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
trolley
[trlli, trllei]
inv.4.2
EC:
trolley bag,
trolley case,
Initiatives
for Governing
Family and Humanitarian
trolley Migration:
suitcase 2000
sin.4.4
Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
tr. 4.5
spinner
spinnerandcase,
Equal bag,
Opportunity
Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
spinner suitcase, trolley bag,
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
trolley
case, trolley
suitcase
Tra
le occasioni,Including
consapevoli
che si
5. Colombia:
Emigrants
in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
trattaUrsdelle
collezioni dello scorso
Watter
anno, si pu fare qualche buon affare
con5.1maglie
e pantaloncini
ma
State Interest
and Responsibility
soprattutto
con
borse,
zaini
e
utili
towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
trolley che se scelti con oculatezza
hanno
pregio diEthics
non essere
soggetti
5.2ilApplied
..............................................................................
104
alle violenze della moda. (LR 18
5.3 2000)
Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
agosto
5.5Colombia
nos une...................................................................... 109
1965
sport
coll.Bibliography
fare il tunnel....................................................................................... 116
sin.
tr.
nutmeg Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
Working
Barry Halliday
Muscoli ma anche fantasia, visto che
210
10
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
under
under Policies
18s, under
4.1 21s,
Restrictive
and 16s
Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
1959 sport
4.2 Initiatives
Governing
Family and Humanitarian
in varie
discipline for
sportive,
squadra
Migration:
Labour
Migration
composta
da atleti al
di sotto
di una but not Workers Migration ............. 73
determinata et, solitamente ventuno,
4.3 From
Guest
diciotto
o sedici
anni Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
sin.4.4
Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
tr. U-16s, U-18s, U-21s, U-16
4.5 Equal
Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
team,
U-18 Opportunity
team, U-21and
team,
under
16s, under.........................................................................................
18s, under 21s,
Bibliography
97
under-16 team, under-18 team,
under-21 team
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
Urs Watter
Questa
under una squadra di
qualit,
con ottimi
una
5.1 State
Interestelementi,
and Responsibility
squadra che esprime bel gioco e
their marzo
Citizens2004)
Living Abroad ........................................... 102
segna. towards
(LS 25
DFAI
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
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211
Table of Contents
VibraCall
(vibracall, vibraLaura Zanfrini
call,4.1 Restrictive
vibra call)
[vibracol,
Policies
and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
vibracl] n. m. inv. MG 1996
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian
tecn.
Migration:
Labour
Migration
nei telefoni
cellulari,
vibrazione
del but not Workers Migration ............. 73
dispositivo
cheGuest
pu essere
associata
4.3 From
Workers
to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
o sostituire la suoneria
sin.4.4
vibrazione
Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
tr. vibrating alert
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
Telefonini
accesi .........................................................................................
con il silenzioso
Bibliography
97
vibracall, compiti copiati, strategiche
ritirate nei bagni, e ancora perfette
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
esecuzioni
degli
ordini venuti
dal
Urs Watter
professore
che aveva preparato,
magari a pagamento, il concorrente,
5.1 State
and Responsibility
e che
poi Interest
era riuscito
a farsi
towards
their Citizens(LR
Living
nominare
in commissione.
2 Abroad ........................................... 102
agosto 2000)
volley
[vllei] n.
m. and
inv. Ethics
EC: ......................................................... 106
5.3 Migration
Policy
volleyball 1940 sport
5.4 Migration
in Colombia
...................................................... 108
disciplina
sportiva,Policy
praticata
da due
squadre
di sei giocatori
un ......................................................................
campo
5.5 Colombia
nos su
une
109
diviso da una rete, in cui si segna un
punto
il pallone
al di l
5.6lanciando
Alianza Pas
..................................................................................
112
della rete e mandandolo a toccare la
5.7 Challenges
114
superficie
del campo....................................................................................
avversario
sin. pallavolo
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
tr. volleyball
beach volley, minivolley
Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
Barryfemminile
Halliday italiano aveva un
Il volley
212
10
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
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and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Laura
Zanfrini
wafer
[vafer]
n. m. inv./-s EC:
Guests .................................. 82
sin.4.3
From Guest Workers to Unwelcomewin(d)srf,
win(d)srf] n. m. inv./
tr. wafer
biscuit, Policies
wafer cookie
4.4 Selective
and the Brain Drain............................................
87
-s EC: windsurf board 1979 sport
tavola di materiale plastico o legno a
4.5 Equal
Opportunity
and Denied
Opportunities
................................ 90
Lasci
una promettente
carriera
da
cui sono attaccate una pinna, una
calciatore per aprire una piccola
deriva mobile e un albero con vela
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
attivit
di produzione
di wafer a
dotato di boma con cui si possono
Bolzano. (LR 29 ottobre 2007)
fare svariate evoluzioni sullacqua
Urs [vater]
Watter n. m. inv.
water
di maiolica o ceramica
erano usciti con il windsurf. (LR 17
Migration
106
sin.5.3
tazza,
vaso, WCPolicy and Ethics .........................................................
agosto 2005)
tr. toilet bowl
abb.
unespulsione:
stato
squalificato
5.6 AlianzaPas
..................................................................................
112
reggiseno che arrotonda e spinge in
per cinque giornate. (LR 18 gennaio
alto il seno
1990)
5.7 Challenges ....................................................................................
114
sin. push up
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
tr. push-up bra, push-up brassiere
b EC:
water closet
1965 fr.
push up
arch.
Working
Together
for the
Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
stanza
da bagno
o gabinetto
pubblico
Visti di giorno hanno laria un po
Halliday
coll.Barry
andare
al water
DFAI
10
213
Table of Contents
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
avanza,
lei trucco
3.4 The
Humanmattone,
Rightscaviglia
Approach ........................................................ 58
possente e spacco di seno che
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
scoppia
dal wonderbra.
(LR 9
maggio 1998)
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
214
10
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
4.1 Restrictive
and
Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
jrkair,
jrkajar,Policies
jrkir]
n. Structural
m.
inv.4.2EC:
Yorkshire
terrier T:
Initiatives
for Governing
Family and Humanitarian
Yorkshire
1930
sin.4.4
Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
tr. Yorkshire
4.5 Equal terrier
Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
Laveva
infilata dentro
il cesto di una
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
vecchia lavatrice dentro la quale
dormiva anche il suo cane, uno
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
yorkshire. (LR 15 aprile 2000)
Urs Watter
10
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
216
10
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4
Thethe
Human
Rights
........................................................
58
Still,
following
setApproach
of desiderata,
once met, may further enrich
the3.5
dictionary
of ......................................................................................
false Anglicisms included in this volume:
Conclusion
59
1. although.........................................................................................
the issue of pseudo-loans or false loans seems60to
Bibliography
4.2 Initiatives
Governing
Familyofand
Humanitarian
language,forthe
investigation
a corpus
of written Italian, such
Migration:
Labour
Migration
but
not
Workers
Migration
.............
73
as the Corpus di Italiano Scritto (CORIS),
and/or
spoken
Italian,
such
as thetoLessico
di frequenza
dellitaliano parlato
4.3 From
Guest
Workers
Unwelcome
Guests ..................................
82
(LIP), the Corpus di italiano parlato (CIP), the Corpus di
italiano televisivo (CIT), and the Lessico di frequenza
4.5 Equal
Opportunity
and Denied(LIR),
Opportunities
dellitaliano
radiofonico
would ................................
make it possible 90to
examine.........................................................................................
the spread of false Anglicisms in different modes
Bibliography
97
and registers. The analysis of a wider range of corpora would
2
certainly
lead to Emigrants
more balanced
results;
5. Colombia:
Including
in Their
Societies of Origin ....... 101
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
Urs
3. Watter
besides the quantitative data provided by the dictionary,
further
statistical
information on usage and frequency of false
5.1 State
Interest
and Responsibility
Anglicisms
could
be obtained
from Italian informants.
towards their Citizens Living
Abroad ...........................................
102
Questionnaires submitted to Italian speakers of the kind
5.2 Applied
Ethics
104
suggested
by..............................................................................
Giovanardi (2008: 106-110) would certainly
provide Policy
valuable
information,
thus improving both
5.3 Migration
and Ethics
.........................................................
106
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
1
As
(2007a:
In terms of language development, hybrid
5.5Onysko
Colombia
nos 59)
uneargues:
......................................................................
109
anglicisms and pseudo anglicisms exemplify that etymology is decisive in order to
ascertain
the possibility
of language influence. In reality, however, it is 112
often
5.6 Alianza
Pas ..................................................................................
difficult to arrive at cogent etymological conclusions..
2
5.7following
Challenges
....................................................................................
114
The
remark
made by Sinclair (2003: 167) must be considered: Where,
as is becoming increasingly common, a corpus is close to the centre of a dictionary
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
project,
the lexicographer
must know how far the corpus can be trusted.. 116
With
regard to corpus-based lexicography, Landau (2001: 321) recognizes that [t]he main
limitation
the corpus for
is that
matter how large
it is and how
carefully it has 119
been
WorkingofTogether
thenoWell-being
of Migrants
...........................
assembled,
it
cannot
possibly
represent
truly
the
myriad
ways
in
which
language
is
Barry Halliday
used spontaneously in speech and deliberately in writing..
Conclusion
10
217
Table of Contents
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4 The
Human Rightsand
Approach
........................................................
58
macrostructural
microstructural
features of the dictionary
(Bjoint 1983:
67, 68);
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
4. although.........................................................................................
English translation equivalents are included, the
Bibliography
60
Reflections
on Recent Migration
Policies linguistic techniques could
5. more sophisticated
computational
and Non-policies
in Italy
Europe
61
be implemented
in and
order
to ...........................................
detect English translation
Laura
Zanfrini
equivalents
of false Anglicisms in Italian. This may be
achieved Policies
by analyzing
English-Italian
parallel corpora,
as
4.1 Restrictive
and Structural
Demand for Immigrant
Labour .. 65
already done though restricted to the specialized field of
4.2 Initiatives
Governing
and2004b,
Humanitarian
business for
by
LaviosaFamily
(2004a,
2006, 2007a, 2007b),
Migration:
Labour
Migration
but
not
Workers
73
who compiled the Commercial ItalianMigration
Corpus .............
- Corpus
dellitaliano
commerciale
(COMIC-CIC)
in order to study
4.3 From
Guest Workers
to Unwelcome
Guests ..................................
82
English translation equivalents of real Anglicisms in Italian;
5.1
State Interest
and Responsibility
Although
this type
of research is continually in progress since
towards
their Citizens
Abroad ...........................................
102
new false
Anglicisms
are Living
being coined
some of which may either
rapidly
disappear
or
gain
a
long-lasting
status
in
the
Italian
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
vocabulary and methodological improvements to search for them
Migration
Policy
Ethics .........................................................
are5.3
being
devised,
the and
inventory
of false Anglicisms presented in 106
this
volume
is considered
to Colombia
be reliable,
at least in the sense indicated
5.4 Migration
Policy in
......................................................
108
by Atkins and Rundell:
5.5 Colombia nos une...................................................................... 109
A
dictionary
is one whose generalizations about word
5.6reliable
Alianza Pas
..................................................................................
112
behaviour approximate closely to the ways in which people normally
use
(and understand)
language when engaging in real communicative
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
114
acts (such as writing novels or business reports, reading newspapers,
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
or
having conversations).
(Atkins and Rundell 2008: 45, 46)
On theTogether
other hand,
Haugen of
says
with ...........................
reference to the
Working
for theasWell-being
Migrants
119
influence
of English on other languages:
Barry Halliday
218
10
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.4 TheisHuman
Rights
Approach
........................................................
There
much to
be done
in teasing
out the English models, their58
origins in speech or writing, their tortuous ways of reaching the
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
European
public,
and the current results in the form of local replicas.59
(Haugen
1988:.........................................................................................
8)
Bibliography
60
This
statement appears to be even truer for false Anglicisms. Their
4. The Ethics of Migration.
transient
and dynamic
makes
it difficult for the lexicographer
Reflections
on Recentnature
Migration
Policies
to pin
their origin
and and
evolution
time, thus making their
and down
Non-policies
in Italy
Europeover
...........................................
61
description
continually
open
to
change.
Laura Zanfrini
A dictionary of false Anglicisms in Italian is meant to offer users
Restrictive
Policies and Structural
Demand
for Immigrant
Labour
65
an 4.1
up-to-date
lexicographic
tool which
witnesses
the vitality
of.. the
Italian
languageforand
an opportunity
to discover its continuous
4.2 Initiatives
Governing
Family and Humanitarian
transformation.
Indeed,
it
is
hoped
that
the readers
of this
volume
Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers
Migration
.............
73
will be attracted by the complex phenomenon of false Anglicisms,
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
which
further confirms the influence of English on the Italian
language
and culture.
4.4 Selective
Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
Urs Watter
10
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
4.4 Selective
Policies
and
the 2006
Brainparole
Drain............................................
87
Adamo
G. and V. Della
Valle
2005,
nuove. Un dizionario di neologismi
dai giornali, Sperling & Kupfer, Milano.
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
Adamo G. and V. Della Valle 2009, Neologismi. Parole nuove dai giornali, Istituto
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della Enciclopedia
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Aijmer K. and G. Melchers 2004, The Influence of English on the Languages in the
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
TheirStudies
Societies
of Origin
....... 101
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1-4.
Urs Watter
Aitchinson
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5.1 State Interest and Responsibility
Alex B.towards
2005, An
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5.2
Applied
Ethics
..............................................................................
104
(ACL)
Student
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Association for Computational Linguistics, Stroudsburg (PA), pp. 133-138.
5.3
Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
www.aclweb.org/anthology/P/P05
Alexieva
N. 2008, Policy
How and
Why are Anglicisms
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from
5.4 Migration
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......................................................
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5.5
Colombia
nos une
......................................................................
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Well-being
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220
10
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Antonelli
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3.5
Conclusion
......................................................................................
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4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
5.6 Alianza
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5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Barry Halliday
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221
Table of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
th
Lisbon,
-28th May
2004,Approach
European........................................................
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3.4
The26
Human
Rights
58
3.5
Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
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..............................................................................
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........................... 119
Barry Halliday
222
10
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Biber
1993,
UsingRights
Register-Diversified
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3.4D.The
Human
Approach ........................................................
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4.3
From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
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Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
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Lexicography worldwide:
theoretical, descriptive and applied perspectives
Series Editor
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Scientific Committee
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Ignacio Ahumada (Jan)
Maria Colombo (Milano)
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discussion sur les nouvelles approches dans tous les domaines lexicographiques : nouveaux dveloppements dans la thorie lexicographique ; analyses
critiques des dictionnaires dhier et daujourdhui ; recherches sur les rapports entre les dictionnaires, leur production et leur usage.
Cette collection accueillira des tudes monographiques, des recueils
darticles ou des actes de colloques. Chaque volume de la collection
sera soumis la lecture, sous forme anonyme, de deux membres du
Comit Scientifique et / ou du Comit de lecture international (celui-ci
tant compos, ltat actuel, de 13 spcialistes amricains, anglais,
franais, espagnols, italiens). On souhaite que la publication de la
collection Lexicography worldwide sur le rseau Internet en libre
accs encouragera les changes scientifiques internationaux entre les
chercheurs, et entre ceux-ci et les lexicographes professionnels.
~~~~
Aunque la actividad lexicogrfica cuenta ya con una larga y honrosa
tradicin, en los ltimos aos se han producido nuevos y significativos
avances, tanto en cuestiones tericas como en produccin de diccionarios,
en un momento en el que se puede observar que el estudio del lxico ha
alcanzado cierta preponderancia en la reflexin lingstica.
La coleccin Lexicography worldwide: theoretical, descriptive and
applied perspectives se propone como frum de discusin de nuevas
perspectivas en mbito lexicogrfico: renovados aspectos tericos;
anlisis crtico de diccionarios del pasado y de la actualidad;
investigaciones sobre la interfaz entre diccionarios, su producin,
utilizacin y usuarios.
La coleccin publica estudios monogrficos, artculos seleccionados y
actas de congresos. Dos miembros, componentes del Comit Cientfico o
bien del Comit del Consulta Internacional (actualmente compuesto por
13 expertos: americanos, ingleses, franceses, espaoles e italianos), son
los encargados de evaluar de modo annimo la obra. La coleccin
Lexicography worldwide nace con la intencin de estimular el dilogo
cientfico internacional entre investigadores y lexicgrafos de profesin, a
travs de su publicacin abierta on-line.
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