DISCUSSION

This experiment is conducted to investigate the validity of the

Bernoullis equation when it is applied to the water of steady flow in a
tapered duct. We know water is fluid and fluid have properties to take the
shape of the container. Since the volume passing through at given length
of pipe during a given period of time will be the same, there must be a
decrease in pressure. From the Bernoullis principle, it states that the
faster the rate of flow, the lower the pressure, and the slower the rate flow
the higher the pressure.
The Bernoulli theorem is a relation between pressure, velocity, and
elevation, and valid for steady, incompressible flow where net frictional
forces are negligible. The equation is obtained when the Eulers equation
is

integrated

along

the

streamline

for

constant

density

for

incompressible fluid. The Bernoullis constant varies from one streamline

to another but remains constant along a streamline in steady, frictionless,
incompressible flow. Despite its simplicity, it is proven to be a very
powerful tool for fluid mechanics. Bernoullis equation states that the
sum of the kinetic energy (velocity head), the pressure energy (static
head) and Potential energy (elevation head) per unit weight of the fluid at
anypoint remains constant provided the flow is steady, irrotational, and
frictionless and the fluid used is incompressible. However, on the
assumption that energy is neither added to nor taken away by some
external agency.
The Bernoullis equation forms the basic form of solving a wide
variety of fluid flow problems such as an orifice, jet trajectory, flow under
a gate and over a weir, flows associated with pumps and turbines etc. The
equipment is designed as a self-sufficient unit. The apparatus consists of a
supply tank, which is connected to flow channel. The channel gradually
contracts for a length and then gradually enlarges for the remaining
length.

From the experiment, we know as the fluid flow from wider to

narrower one, the velocity increases. This shown in the results table,
where the velocity of water flows in the tapered duct increases as the
duct area decreases. From the analysis we can be done that for this flow,
the difference in velocity increases as the pressure difference increases.
In addition to find the velocity difference we use Bernoulli Equation and
Continuity Equation. As for the Bernoulli Equation : ViB = 2g (hH-hi)
Where g gravitational force = 9.81 m/s2
hH Reading at Tube A
hi Reading at Tube H
As for the continuity Equation : , Vic =

Q
Ai

Where Q Flow Rate

A Area of the tube
Thus, we can conclude that error occurs during the experiment as
the difference in velocity are not decreased constantly. First, the observer
should read the level of static head properly,as the eyes are not
perpendicular to the water level on the manometer. Other than that, the
pressure on A until F are not fully stable but the reading are already taken.
Thus, there are some minor effects on the circulations due to the errors.
From the experiment has been found that the Bernoullis principle is valid
for steady flow of fluid in tapered duct .