MAster oN SUstainable development and Renewable energy

Modeling Simulation and

Optimization
Introduction
Prof. Suhil Kiwan
Jordan University of Science and Technology
Irbid, Jordan, 2013
Based on Stoecker Text Book

Engineering Design
The immediate product of the design process is a report, a
set of calculations, and/or a drawing that are abstractions
of hardware.
The subject of the design may be a process, an element or
component of a larger assembly, or an entire system.
system design: a system is defined as a collection of
components with interrelated performance.
Thermal systems, where fluids and energy in the form of
heat and work are conveyed and converted. Renewable
Energy thermal Systems are part of thermal systems
The technical engineering activity blends in an engineering
undertakeing

Decisions in an Engineering
Undertaking
Methodology or morphology of engineering undertakings: analyze
the steps and procedures used in reaching decisions.
Since the starting point, the goal, and the side conditions differ
from one undertaking to the next, the procedures must vary
The advantage of analyzing the decision process, especially in
complex undertakings, is that it leads to a more logical coordination
of the many individual efforts constituting the entire venture.
The flow diagram in Fig. 1-1 shows typical steps followed in the
conception, evaluation, and execution of the plan.
The flow diagram shows only how this design procedure fits into
the larger pattern of the undertaking.
rectangular boxes represent considerable effort and expenditures on
large projects.
Diamond boxes represent decisions

NEED OR OPPORTUNITY

The word "opportunity" has

positive connotations,
whereas "need suggests a
defensive action.
For example, an industrial
firm may recognize a new
product as an opportunity,
but if the company does not
then expand its line of
products, business is likely
to decline.
Thus "the introduction of a
new product is also a need.
typical needs or
opportunities lie in the
renovation or expansion of
facilities to manufacture or
distribute a current
product.

CRITERIA OF SUCCESS (STEP 2)

Possible Criteria of Success
Showing a profit
The degree to which the need is satisfied in
relation to the cost (reduce dependence on
imported fuel at comparative price)
Atmospheric pollution

PROBABILITY OF SUCCESS (STEP 3)

Plans and designs are always directed toward the
future, for which only probability, not certainty, is
applicable.
For expressing uncertainty in the decision making
process, the normal distribution curve (Fig. 2) is a good
starting point to measure the probability of success.
The equation of normal distribution is

The area under the curve between X1 and X2, for

example, represents the probability P of the event's
occurring between values x1 and x 2.

 Example
suppose that a new product or' facility
is proposed and that the criterion for
success is a 10 percent rate of return
on the investment for a 5-year life of
the plant. (In RE systems 20-25 years)
After a preliminary design, the
probability distribution curve is low
but attractive enough to proceed to a
complete design, including cost
estimates
If the most probable return on
investment after this complete design
were 16 percent, for example, the
confidence in this figure would be
greater than the confidence in the 18
percent figure after the preliminary
design because costs have now been
estimated based on the design.

PROBABILITY OF SUCCESS (STEP 3)

The probability distribution curves at two
other stages, after construction and after 1
year of operation, show progressively greater
degrees of confidence in the rate of return
after a 5-year life. After 5 years, the rate of
return is known exactly, and the probability
distribution curve degenerates into a curve
that is infinitesimally thin and infinitely high.
(one should distinguish between the RR and
confidence level)

MARKET ANALYSIS (STEP 4)

To get an indication of favorable reaction by the
potential consumer, we do market analysis
An ideal form of the information provided by a market
analysis would be a set of curves like those in Fig. 1-5.
With an increase in price, the potential volume of sales
decreases until such a high price is reached that no
sales can be made.
The sales-volume to price relationship affects the size
of the plant or process because the unit price is often
lower in a large plant.
For this reason, the marketing and plant capabilities
must be evaluated in conjunction with each other.

FEASIBILITY (STEP 6)
The feasibility study and the subsequent feasibility
decision refer to whether the project is even possible.
A project may be feasible, or possible, but not
economical. Infeasibility may result from unavailability
of investment capital, land, labor, or favorable zoning
regulations
Safety codes or other regulatory laws may prohibit the
enterprise ((Example; In Jordan: Energy law 2010,
actions 2013 (lack of regulations)
If an undertaking is shown to be infeasible, either
alternatives must be found or the project must be
dropped.

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (STEP 7)

The results from research and development
(R&D) is important input to the decision process.
Research efforts may provide the origin or
improvement of the basic idea, and development
work may supply' working models or a pilot plant,
depending upon the nature of the undertaking.
The possibility of the idea's originating in the
research group should also be exploited and is
indicated by the dashed line in Fig .1-1.

ITERATIONS and OPTIMIZATION OF

OPERATION
The decision-making process involves many
iterations, Each pass through the loop improves
the amount and the quality of information and
data.
Optimization of operation: The challenge to
operate the facility in the best possible manner in
the light of factors as actual costs and prices.
A challenging activity occurs when the project is
not profitable and the objective becomes that of
minimizing the loss.

TECHNICAL DESIGN (STEP 5)

Design may be applied to the act of selecting a single member or
part, e.g., the size of a tube in a heat exchanger; to a larger
component, e.g., the entire shell-and-tube heat exchanger; or to
the design of the system in which the heat exchanger is only one
component.
IN RE systems: Selecting PV modules or Complete system with
invertors, cables, mounting structure, and PV modules
Design activities can be directed toward mechanical devices which
incorporate linkages, gears, and other moving solid members,
electrical or electronic systems, thermal systems, and a multitude
of others.
This step is where the largest portion of engineering time is spent.
System design as an activity lies somewhere between the study and
analysis of individual processes or components and the larger
decisions, which are heavily economic.

WORKABLE AND OPTIMUM SYSTEMS

The distinction between designing a workable system and an
optimum system is very important step in Designing any system.
It is so often said that "there are many possible answers to a design
problem" that the idea is sometimes conveyed that all solutions are
equally desirable.
Actually only one solution is the optimum, where the optimum is
based on some defined criterion, e.g., cost, size, or weight.
A workable system is infinitely preferable to a nonworkable system.
Important: extensive effort in progressing from a workable toward
an optimum system may not be justified because of limitations in
calendar time, cost of engineering time, or even the reliability of
the fundamental data on which the design is based.
Sometimes, superior solutions may also be precluded by fixing
interconnecting parameters between components and selecting the
components based on these parameters instead of letting the
parameters float until the optimum total system emerges.
(selecting PV modules and look for optimum orientation angle)

A WORKABLE SYSTEM
A workable system is one that system which performs
the assigned task within the imposed constraints, i.e.,
1. Meets the requirements of the purposes of the
system, e.g., providing the required amount of power,
heating, cooling, or fluid flow, or surrounding a space
with a specified environment so that people will be
comfortable or a chemical process will proceed or not
proceed
2. Will have satisfactory life and maintenance costs
3. Abides by all constraints, such as size, weight,
temperatures, pressure, material properties, noise,
pollution, etc.

STEPS IN ARRIVING AT
A WORKABLE SYSTEM
The two major steps in achieving a workable
system are
(1) to select the concept to be used and
(2) to fix whatever parameters are necessary to
select the components of the system. These
parameters must be chosen so that the design
requirements and constraints are satisfied.

STEPS IN THE DESIGN PROCESS

WORKABLE VS. OPTIMUM SYSTEM

Example: Suppose that the pump and piping are to be
selected to convey 3 kg/s from one location to another 250
m away from the original position and 8 m higher
Workable design procedure:
The elevation of 8 m imposes a pressure difference of (8
m)(1000 kg/m3)(9.807 m/s2) = 78.5 kPa
Arbitrarily choose an additional 100 kPa to compensate for
friction in the 250 m of pipe.
2. Select a pump which delivers 3 kg/s against a pressure
difference of 178.5 kPa.
Finally, select a pipe size from a handbook such that the
pressure drop in 250 m of length is 100 kPa or less.
A pipe size of 50 mm (2 in) satisfies the requirement.

WORKABLE VS. OPTIMUM SYSTEM

Optimum Design Procedure: (set a criterion minimum
life time cost
Three major contributors to life time cost
First cost of pump
First cost of pipe and
Running cost of pumping (pumping cost)

All three costs depend on the outlet pressure of the

pump. So float pump pressure
Establish cost pressure relation and draw as in the
figure below
Choose the pump pressure which gives minimum total
cost.

Steps involved in the design and optimization of a thermal

system and in the implementation of the design.

Location S in Fig. 2-3 is an adequate

source of water, and location A, B, and C
are points at which water must be
provided at the following rates of
flow:

Points S , A, B, and C are all at the same

elevation. The demands for water at A
and C occur intermittently and only
during the working day, and they may
coincide. The demand for water at B
occurs only during nonworking hours
and is also intermittent. Ground-level
access exists in a 3-m border
surrounding the building. Access is not
permitted over, through, or under the
building.

Example

Example
1.
2.

3.

Describe all the concepts of workable methods you can devise to

fulfill the assignment.
The influence of such factors as the expected life of the system
has resulted in the decision to use a system in which a pump
delivers water into an elevated storage tank, which supplies the
piping system. A water level switch starts and stops the pump.
Design the system; this includes sketching the pipe network
chosen, listing all the pipe sizes, selecting the pump, and
specifying the elevation of the storage tank. Use pressure drop
data from Fig. 2-4 and pump performance from Fig. 2-5. (Neglect
the pressure drop in the pipe fittings and pressure conversions
due to kinetic energy.) Fill out Table 2.2.
Review the design and list the decisions that preclude possible
optimization later in the design

Pump performance curve

End of this Chapter

Additional References
Alger, J. R. M., and C. V. Hays: Creative
Synthesis in Design, Prentice-Hall, Englewood
Cliffs, N. J., 1964.
Asimow, M.: Introduction to Design, PrenticeHall, Englewood Cliffs, N. J., 1962.
Beakley, G. c., and H. V. Leach: Engineering, An
Introduction to a Creative Profession,
Macmillan, New York, 1967.