Professional Documents
Culture Documents
A THESIS
Presented to
the Faculty of 'the Graduate Division
by
Roy Lamar Cash
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Master of Science in Chemical Engineering
Approved:
f /^Thesis
. \.y_
-rr
Date Approved by Chairman:
Adviser
^
**-
ill
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
PREFACE
ii
LIST OF TABLES
iv
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
SUMMARY
vi
Chapter
I.
INTRODUCTION
10
CONCLUSIONS
VI. RECOMMENDATIONS. . .
APPENDIX
BIBUOGRAPHY
30
31
32
35
IV
LIST OF TABLES
Table
Page
1.
10
2.
C a l c u l a t i o n of F o r c e s , S i n g l e - P l a n e P i p i n g
3U
3.
C a l c u l a t i o n of F o r c e s , Three-Dimensional Piping
2>h
LIST 0? ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure
Page
11
11
3-
Ill
20
20
21
22
22
23
2k
11.
2k
27
VI
SUIf&RY
Piping is an important component in the design of chemical and
other i n d u s t r i a l p l a n t s .
signer has available many methods for determining the magnitude of pipe
stresses.
Each method
four methods i n analyzing the three bends, and the various values for
the thermal s t r e s s were compared.
I t was noted that the a n a l y t i c a l type of analysis was used as the
basis of two of the other types investigated:
graphical-analytical.
VI1
of the four types of a n a l y s i s , a larger v a r i e t y of configurations and design conditions should be used.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Importance of Pipe Stress Analysis.Pipe failures due bo excessive
stresses cause plant shutdowns, loss of production, injuries to personnel,
and damage to the reputation of the designer.
During the design of an installation involving complex and expensive equipment, there is sometimes a tendency on the part of the designer to place most of the emphasis upon the equipment and process, and
insufficient effort upon piping design (l). This practice is often due
to the designer's lack of knowledge regarding the principles of piping
design, and the dependence of a plant upon piping for successful operational results
stress analysis, and a year later Spielvopel and harness (), (6) improved upon this method, ox attack "o~f the use of conjugate axes in calculations,
In 1939)
Spielvopel (12),
CHAPTER II
Procedure Employed in Reviewing Available Methods.The method of investigation of material for this study consisted of a literature survey
for information on pipe stress analysis, followed by a selection of
basic types of analysis involved, and the application of these basic
methods to each of three typical piping configurations in order to
illustrate their use and obtain a comparison between the results. No
apparatus or equipment was required for this type of approach.
that more than one method of design may be used, and a selection must be
made from among the various paths of attack. This condition presents itself to the designer of piping for a chemical plant. Tie degree of accuracy required must be balanced with the relative cost of the engineering
work in the design. In addition, the availability of time for the design
work must be considered in coordinating this part of the work with other
phases of the plant design.
CKAPTER III
DETAILED DISCUSSION OF PIPE STRESS ANALYSIS METHODS
Basic Considerations in Stress Analysis.In the analysis of piping for
stresses, basic considerations involve an accurate determination of the
piping configuration to be investigated, location of anchors, position
of take-off lines, location and type of hangers between anchors, accurate
information regarding design conditions, and a knowledge of the various
types of stresses to be considered in the analysis. Since the scope of
this study covers only stresses, a discussion of basic factors concerning pipe stresses is included, in this chapter.
The various types of stresses which night be present in the piping
of a chemical plant are as follows:
(l) Longitudinal stress due to internal pressure (l)-i), for pipe
>d
closed at both ends = S ? = fe
where Sp = stress, psi., p = internal pressure, psig., d = inside diameter of pipe, in., t = wall thickness of pipe.
(2) Tensile stress due to internal pressure (l) = S, = *-_
where S, = stress, psi., p = internal pressure, psig., r = inside radius
of pipe, in., t = wall thickness.
(3) Bending stress due to weight between pipe supports (16) = S.
., _ l. wL + 1.2 w L2
S
S
m
ft.
M
t
(li) Torsional stress due to tendency to rotate (17) = S = -^-rr
& 2 + hsm2
b
^T
Method Selected
Analytical
A - S. W. Spielvogel
Standardized Shapes
B - Grinnell Company
Graphical-Analytical
C - Tube Turns
Graphical
The analytical method makes use of the principles that the sum of all
horizontal and vertical forces is equal to zero, and that the sum of all
moments about a fixed point is equal to aero. Three equations are obtained by considering the distortion in the system due to restrictions
which prevent the expansion of the pipe. These equations are simplified
to two relationships by the assumption that one of the two supports is
released and temporarily connected to a rigid bracket leading to the
center of gravity of the lines, for a single-plane piping system. For
a two-plane system, the projection of the piping in each of three planes,
X-Y, Y-Z, and X-Z, is considered, and three equations with three unknowns are developed, for solution and determination of forces and
stresses in the system (see the Appendix for a more detailed discussion
of this method).
The standardized shapes method involves the use of predetermined
factors resulting from the analytical method applied to the standardized
shape under consideration. By use of such factors with dimensions of the
system and pipe properties, the bending stress, as well as torsional
stress, may be readily determined.
CHAPTER IV
COMPARATIVE RESULTS FROM VARIOUS METHODS OF ANALYSIS
The results obtained from the use of each of the four methods of
analysis and the three piping configurations are shown on pages 11
through 28.
Tabulated Results for Three Typical Configurations.A summary of the
results from the stress analyses is as follows:
Table 1. Thermal Stress Values
Method Used
Maximum Thermal
Stress, psi.
Configuration
A
B
C
D
S. . Spielvogel
G r i n n e l l Company
Tube Turns
N a t ' l . Valve & Mfg. Co.
Angle
Angle
Angle
Angle
Bend
Bend
Bend
Bend
A
B
C
D
S . W. S p i e l v o g e l
G r i n n e l l Company
Tube Turns
N a t ' l . Valve & Mfg. Co.
Unbalanced
Unbalanced
Unbalanced
Unbalanced
A
B
C
D
S. "#. S p i e l v o g e l
G r i n n e l l Company
Tube Turns
N a t ' l . Valve & Mfg. Co.
Three-Dimensi onal
Three-Dimensi onal
Three-Dimensional
Three-Biraensional
9510
llliOO
12100
9bP0
Loop
Loop
Loop
Loop
2680
3100
2000
2060
Bend
Bend
Bend
Bend
1030
3030
161|0
11
I<o0
TZQOO
/-, U(AxEl) +
,Q0
'*
U*(A</!),U4x^(Ux^J-UA/o%ox/oslmuc_y
-1
('49x/0+O.OXtQ6)-3.GX/04(ZZX/0(i)
ICQIL
izoxs
-~Soo
^izo(i\Vflo6d
IZO 'ISO +5.0 -9000
t?
4Q*+4o(iS)z*J4JSom 12 ,
l
IZO
(4S.C)
:Z430OO
4-0 WSjO'lS.O-ltQOO ~72
14*50
4/4-000
I X ! f = 3W00
Z
ty^ZlXlO*XIZ
3.1*10*1 M*-200(S.O)+/$,8(4S.Q)
Axtl4."'*"*
?->*"-*KQA^s
Qb
bC
Z7*iO*KlZz*c>A2*i,oxjO*'
i oo I z
f 2 4'
S,, = * M/Sm = 1.<04(&IO)OZ)/Z,Z3 - 9SI0 pSI.
^E1^4JIM
M=+UI0
Ib.ft
Type 2, Method A,
S.W. Spielvogel (22)
Elastic Center
d_L
LT-IZO'
Figure 2 .
12
ab
be
cd
de
ef
66.7
Uo.o
20.0
Uo.o
33.3
00.0
Branch
0
20
0
800
800
800
0
ho
20
0
3hh3
2E00
1331*1
= 2UO0
200
200
2228
2668
153L
3U68
33.1
66.7
76.7
86.7
103.1
7 = 123Ui = 6 u6 . 7
Sti
J^x'
Ld u
1 .11
J?J + I.
o
AY2
12
'xy
+26,730
ab
66.7
-33.U
-12.0
be
liO.O
+ 8.0
0
0
cd
20.0
+10.0
+28.0
2,000
667
15,680
0
+ 5,600
de
UO.O
+20.0
+ 8.0
16,000
0
2,560
5,800
+ 6,Uoo
ef
33.3
-12,0
83,250
3,077
li,795
0
-19,980
0.0
9,605
0
77,1J37
21I,729
2,560
5,800
== 2 2 U, 160
y
X
- I xy Fx + I yF y = A y EI p
I
F
( A l EI ) + I
y
-I
( A y EI )
xy
II
x y
xy
== Li.6,3oo
I F - I F = A - %!
x x xyy
^
p
:;:
= + 18,750
xy
I (Ay EI )+ I
(Ax
J
x
p
xy^
2
I I
- I
xy
xy
EI )
p7
13
x
A x EI p - 100
^
l x 27 x 1 0 6 x 12 2 x ^ _. pU = 2.52 x 1 0 6
x -12
= 1 05 x 1C)6
,y
1o
- :>7u JLD,
=
), AR vx l10
n ^1* vx 99
n 41+ _- n(1.87
,97 vx lO1T*)
T 1^
U.68
22.U1, vx i10
9.0 l b ,
13 M
Bending stress at n C" due to thermal expansion - S
* ;
'' rn
lh
*b*4o'
Type 3 , Method A
S.W. S p i e l v o g e l (23)
E l a s t i c Center
+- '!+
X- Y Plane
Y-Z P/a*e
X-Z Plane
IS6x/o*
1.0**10*
o.SZxto*
15
60
1*0
1.3(20)
'"125
de
ef
fK
18140 _
1 z_
-30
-60
-60
-1800
-2i|00
-1560
JL
Section
n,
0
-20
0
-800
-lOliO
-Uo
=57So
-IBIJo
'
"335
5760 _ lc , '
- "123
T-5* =-u5.7
Y-Z Plane
Section
11
de
ef
fg
30
60
60
-5760
"125
z =
T25
+260
AlL
-1800
-2]400
-1560
-5760
0
0
+10
0
0
+260
+I5o
, e _t
+ 2.07
X-Z Plane
Section
de
ef
fg
0
-20
-1;0
- -I8I1O = -1U.6
126
z =
+260
123 = +2.07
A'
0
-800
-lOilO
=IBHo
yz'
0
0
+10
0
0
+260
+250
16
. x 2 + I
11;, 800
18,000
+13,753
X-Y
1,165
5,3hO
8,190
0
+ 3,090
X-Y
16,800
0
5,320
0
+ 9,350
X-Y
de
60
+IJ4.6
+15.7
12,800
0
ef
ko
- $.h - H i . 3
*g
26
-25. h
+ *0
I x = ii6,310
I y * 36,105
Plane
JL
-1U.3
,^xy
Section
Section
,f y2
in.
i0
9z
= 26,193
xy
I
0
iy Z
Plane
de
60
+15.7
- 2.07
11;,800
18,000
257
0
- i,95o
Y-Z
ef
ko
-111. 3
- 2.07
8,190
0
171
0
+ 1,183
Y-Z
fg
26
-114.3
+ 7.93
5,320
0
1,635
1,1;61;
- 2,950
Y-Z
I z = 1*6,310
Iy
3,527
2
de
60
+11;. 6
- 2.07
12,800
0
ef
ho
- $.h - 2.07
fg
26
-25.U
+7.93
Section
I z = 36,105
-3,717
yz
/x
+ I
= 3,522
X
''9'
JLXZ
Plane
257
0
1,815
X-Z
1,165
5,3U0
171
0
W7
A^
16,800
0
1,630
1,U61;
- 5,230
X-Z
1z
I
X
Z - -
-6,598
17
l6,310
3,522
1.9,532
(1)
F T
x x
36,10$
3,527
39,632
1.6,310
36,105
32,lji5
xy
26,193
- F I
- F I
= A I EI
y xy
z xz *-*
p
(2) -F I
+F I - F I
= A y EI
x xy
y y
z yz **" pi
(3) -F I
- F I
+ F I = A z EI
x xz
y yz
z z
^*
p
(1)-+1x9,832 F^ - 26,193 F + 6,598 F = 1.56 x 1 0 6
x
y
z
(2) -26,193 F
+ 39,632 F
(3)
+ 3,717 F = l.Olx x 1 0 6
(1)
F - 0.525 F + 0.132 F = 3 1 . i |
x
y
z
(2) -F + 1.520 F + 0.11x2 F = 3 9 . 8
x
(U
0.995 F
y
(1)
K
(3)
N
(5)
(5)
+ 0.27U F
= 71.2
F - 0.525 F + 0.132 F * 3 1 . h
x
y
z
F + 0.561.1 F + 12.1|.90 F = 7 9 . 0
z
x
y
1.089 ? v + 12.358 F
F
j-'
(U)
= U7.6
+ 11.200 p
= U3.8
z
F v + 0.275 F = 71.2
y
I
yz
-3,717
xz
-6,$98
18
10.925 F
(W
(1)
= -27.U, F^ = -2.5 l b .
36.U + .7 = 68.5 l b .
.A.
Summary of Moments, l b . f t .
Point
X-Y Plane
+68.50*5.7)-71.9(lU.6)
-71.9(2.07)-2.50*5.7) -68.5(2.07)+2.5(ll*.6)
= +311*0 - 1050
= -II1.8 - 111*
= -ll|2 + 36
= + 2090
=: -262
= -106*
-68.5(1U.3)-71.9(11.6)
-71.9(2.07)-2.5(ll*.3)
-68.5(2.07)+2.5(ll*.6)
= -980 - 1050
= -1U8 - 36
= -Hi.2 + 36
+ -2030
= -181;*
= -106"
-68.5(1U.3) + 71.9(25.U)
-7l.9(2.07)-2.5(ll*.3)
-68.5(2.07)-2.5(25.U
=-980 + 1830
= -1U8 - 36
= -lh2 - 61
= +850"
= -18)/
= -203
-68.5(llj..3) + 71.9(25.1i)
= -980 + 1830
= 1290 - 36
= 1230 - 61
= +850""
= +125k
= -1169
''Torsional moment.
Y-Z Plane
X-Z Plane
19
Way
riax
a+
at
,.,.. d
1 2
^ **/ ^
. 1 2 ( I . 6 U V ( 2 0 9 0 ) 2 + (262) 2
no7C9
m
r.
e
hax# S
12(1.610(2,110) _ . n , n
1|0.I#
>3
PS:1,
20
Stress Analysis for 6" Schedule 80, AST'M A-S3 Grade B Pipe
Design Conditions: 200 psig., $$)*?.
Type 1, Method B
nrinnell Co. (2),)
Standardized
Shapes
/<?o'
ll^OOpsf,
t.
Type 2, Method B
Orinnell Co. (25)
Standardized
Shapes
AJJM:
21
Stress Analysis for 6" Schedule 80, ASTM A-53 Grade B Pipe
Design Conditions: 200 psig., 550*F.
Type 3, Method B.
Orinnell Co. (26)
Standardized Shapes
l^4o'
ii
27X/Q6xh4-0,3)HZ 6.J2S
ZSXIO*
~Z*
Figure 6.
22
Stress Analysis for 6" Schedule 80, ASTM A-53 Grade B Pipe
Design Conditions: 200 psig., 5$0*F.
Type 1, Method C
Tube Turns (27)
Ja=IZO'
rW^IZO, H/w^O.33,
H^4Q,
fs=&l, Ls =40+120*190
Lr-4.9}
Dr=l0.87}
f-~ 1G+.9//0.87* IS.2
T - SS0J T c r 7<>, f = 5<SOOO
% = - >> - 3 6 0 0 0 X 2 . 1 27X/0* -IZ IQ0P$,\
B
~li*T;15.2
*29X/Q*
'
Figure 7 .
Type 2 , Method C
Tube Turns (28)
Graphical-Analytical
Ur^lo.S7} Lr^.9J
U-IZO
U* 4o.o, H-40i W r 2 0
% = O.^O, % r /,O0, /r 0./S*
tt=3S,
i 5 r ZOO, hLr=l9.G
L*ZI>.Q} fLz
fyzZO.t
X
A = , 7 '
o
it
3
I A^O-C^W*?'.
ir =
feh-96ooo,
f^-Oi
te = h - c = 96000
S - Eh U' ftfs _ ZTfiio 6 iZo 96QOO - 2000 pSi
c U ft
Z9XI0* 40 ZO.Z
Figure 8.
li
-O
23
Stress Analysis for 6" Schedule 80, ASTN A-3 Grade B Pipe
Design Conditions: 200 p s i p . , >0*F.
Type 3 , Method C
Tube Turns (29)
Graphical A n a l y t i c a l
S?
i
(The Tube Turns Graphical-Analytical Method i s not apnlicable t o Type 3
Bend unless hypothetical anchors are placed between the two end anchors.
This r e s u l t s in an error of ID-^D'Z. Due to t h i s inaccuracy, the method
w i l l not be used in t h i s i n v e s t i p a t i o n ) .
Figure 9.
2b
oC = tcin"-jf=t6.30
Type 1 , Method T)
National Valve
A. Mfg.Co.(30)
Graphical
MxAct + Ba + CcifDa
A=%U9-0)(Z0)*I9Q ^B
C=<h>(i*.0)(t>0):S7.Q=I>. _ _
U*tZ.G(l90H90+&.0+StO) = 6Zt4
PzAEt
VW8 M, P* = Pr/t=
Sfes GPL
. . - _.
4o.*9
Type 2 , Method T)
N a t i o n a l Valve
& Mfg. Co.(31)
Graphical
neutral axis
*wMtt//y
////0//A
Lr= IZO'
1L--A
f---
-3-,-i-;-
2$
^c^d
2^d
Xd
+ i^
~Fo + 120
l
p
ld v
d = kO - n = i|0 - 12 = 28.0
d - c = ^,
e = c = ll|..7, n - b - ^ = h.O
b = n - h.O = 12.0 - U.O = 8.0
A -
n = 66.7(12.0) = 790.h
3,
B = | n 2 = | (12) 2 = 72.0
C = | d2 = | (28.0) 2 = 392
D= /
d = 20(28.0) = 560
E = C = 392
F = B = 72.0
G =Jh
n = 33.3(12.0) = 399.6
'
26
x,
A^ I
i.
feP
p
x 120 x 2? x 1 0 6 x L0.U9
xUU
1728M
l7?2b x lj2,63"6
P = 73.U l b s .
T = 200 f t .
= 3L
t
Pe . 7 3 - ^ 2 0 0 .
7 U ,5 l b E .
t - 200 - k
I
1
? ^
S?
_ _
UoTC^"
.__
S,
^,060 p s i
27
/4.0'
?J?I.X>-
-^i-4^ izfiX*^?*^
Section
hF
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
P =
(N)
Moment
&
1 / 2 ( 1 7 . 0 + ^ . 3 ) 2 6 . 0 = 290
1/2(5.3 + 8.0)1)4.0 = 9 3 . 1
1 / 2 ( 8 . 0 + 2 2 . 0 ) 2 0 . 0 = 300
1 / 2 ( 2 2 . 0 + 8 . 0 ) 2 0 . 0 = 300
1 / 2 ( 8 . 0 + 1 9 . 0 ) 2 0 . 0 = 270
1 / 2 ( 1 9 . 0 + 1 6 . 0 ) 8 . 0 = lliO
l / 2 ( l i i . O + 1 7 . 0 ) 1 2 . 0 * 372
13.5
8.0
l6.0
15.0
1^.0
17.0
17.0
AE.
172 b M
p =
3.12 x 27 x 1 0 6 x l;0.l+6 _
1728 (26,U,ii5
=p
7)
7h 5
'
, -.,
lhm
S h = 6? _c R
b
I
_ 6 ( 7 5 . 1 i )n?rTo
( 2 2 . 0 ) ( 6 . 6 2 5 ) _ -,l , o6 uJ ,u0 p s.i
"
U0.U9
30
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS
The chemical engineer has a v a i l a b l e a number of d i f f e r e n t methods
r e s u l t s obtained.
The scope of t h i s study is confined to a description, i l l u s t r a t i o n ,
and comparison of a t y p i c a l method for each type of a n a l y s i s , and t h e r e fore a detailed comparison between these methods on many piping configurations in order to a s c e r t a i n the r e l a t i v e accuracy of each method has not
been made.
I t was observed t h a t the a n a l y t i c a l and graphical methods afforded
more opportunity for a close check t o be made of a l l components of the
a n a l y s i s , while the standardized shapes and g r a p h i c a l - a n a l y t i c a l methods
required the use of values which could not be r e a d i l y checked.
Of the methods used, the a n a l y t i c a l method required the longest
time to complete the a n a l y s i s .
31
CHAPTER VI
F'ECOMEmrcONS
I t i s recommended t h a t the designer of piping for chemical and
other i n d u s t r i a l plants become familiar with a t l e a s t one method of
s t r e s s analysis in each of the four types of analysis covered by t h i s
study, and use a t l e a s t two methods i n analyzing piping for thermal
s t r e s s e s in order to have a check on the r e s u l t s obtained.
For example,
32
APFENDII
DERIVATION OF ANALYTICAL METHOD ( 1 2 )
A.Sign
Conventions !
&
r.
x -+ **"N'
jvly+
Inertia:
Axis Moment of Inertia
I
HI
III *HJ^M I t I
X
Y
JL *
i*
"I!
Product cf/nerti'q
1 1 1 * * ^
r*
*x*, * x a , *ffc
tY
&*
<fl
2.
X-/4x/s
I x - 1/ 2*
Y-Ax/5
x->ui5
> = ** lc*W
Br
xytoes
l^M
33
APPENHCX
DERIVATION OF JINALTTICAL *THOD ( c o n t i n u e d )
<kx = l*lP>
f** V c l , , SKi,-
**/up
Substituting:
F* J*/t% f fy hy/Ip = A x
% l*v/Zlp + F,, Wsip^Ay
Transforming and using sign conventions ;
FK lx - 5 TXi/ 4 x I>
-Fjfl^-hFyly - Ay Up
For Thrte- Dimensional Bends ;
Movements in X, Z directions ~ F* tyfy Fy J%,F2lxv
Equating Z movements and using sign''convenh'onsf1
#
Fx I * - Fa I x y - f* I * a = 4 X I F (X'direction)
- f x T x y ^ ^ I j r - ^ ^ * = *!t Elp (Y-direction)
- ^ *X* ' Fv In+r~ill=
A* tip (Z-direction)
3k
APPENDIX
Equations f o r d e t e r m i n i n g t h e v a l u e of f o r c e s fro::n t h e a n a l y t i c a l
method (12) a r e as f o l l o w s :
Table 2 . C a l c u l a t i o n of Forces
S i n g l e Plane Piping
Constant Cross S e c t i o n
^orce
Direction
Horizontal
Equation
I ( A l EI ) + I
X
I
x
Vertical
F =
y
( A y EI )
- Ic
y
xy
I ( A y E I ) + I (AX E I )
_
M.
2
I I
- I
x y
xy
Table 3 . C a l c u l a t i o n of Forces
Three-Dimensional P i p i n g
Constant Cross S e c t i o n
Force
E q u a t i on
Direction
Horizontal
Simultaneous
equations
Horizontal
FI
- F I r - F I
= A X SI
xx
y xj
z xz
p
Vertical
-F xI xy + Fj I y - Z I yz = A
" ^y EI p
-F I
- F I
+ F I = A Z EI
x xz,
J yz
z z
p
35
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1.
2.
3.
li.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
S p i e l v o g e l , S. . , P i p i n g S t r e s s C a l c u l a t i o n s S i m p l i f i e d , 5 t h ed.
Lake S u c c e s s , N. Y . , (l95!H, 183 p p .
13.
Hi.
36
15.
18.
Ibid., p. U8.
19.
20.
I b i d . , p . Ili9.
21.
I b i d . , p . 2ii.
22.
I b i d . , pp. Il|-li3.
23.
I b i d . , pp. 66-75.
2U
25.
Ibid., p. 19.
26.
Ibid., p. 28.
27.
28.
Ibid., p. Ua.
29.
Ibid., p. 10.
30.
National Valve and Mfg. Co., Na.vco Piping Datalog., 8th ed.
Pittsburgh, Pa.: (19^0), p. 171.
31.
Ibid., p. 170.
32.