Math 171

Solutions to homework problems

Spring 2005

Section 5.4
1 Evaluate the following improper integrals.
Z d
Z
1
1
(b)
dx
=
lim
lim
dx = lim lim (arctan d arctan c)
2
c
c d+
d+
1
+
x
1
+
x2
c




=
=
2
2
1
Z /2
Z 1
u2/3 
cos x
1
cos x

dx = lim+
dx = lim+
du = lim+
(c)
3
3
3
2/3 sin c
u
c0
c0
c0
sin x
sin x
c
sin c
0


3 3(sin c)2/3
3
= lim+
=

(substitution: u = sin x)
2
2
2
c0
Z

/2

1
is improperly integrable on I = (0, 1).
xp
1


c1p
x1p 
1
1
.
dx = lim

= lim
xp
1p 1p
c0+ 1 p c
c0+

2(b) Find all values of p R for which f (x) =

if p 6= 1, then

1
0

1
dx = lim
xp
c0+

1
c

The limit is finite if and only if 1 p > 0, i.e. p < 1.

Z 1
Z 1
1
1
1
If p = 1, then
dx = lim
dx = lim ln x|c = lim (ln 1 ln c) = .
+
+
x
x
c0
c0
c0+
c
0
Therefore the function f (x) =

1
is improperly integrable on I = (0, 1) if and only if p < 1.
xp

1 cos x
is improperly integrable on I = (0, ).
x2
Z
1 cos x
1 cos x
dx
+
dx. We will show that each of these two
x2
x2
1

4(e) Decide whether f (x) =

1 cos x
dx =
x2
0
integrals converges.

Yes.

1
0

On (0, 1], g(x) = x2 + cos x 1 > 0 since g(0) = 0 and g 0 (x) = 2x sin x > 0 for x (0, 1] (the
latter holds because g 0 (0) = 0 and g 00 (x) = 2 sin x > 0).
Z 1
1 cos x
1 cos x
Therefore 1 cos x < x2 , so
<
1.
Therefore
dx converges.
2
x
x2
0
Z
Z
2
1 cos x
1
1 cos x
On [1, ), f (x) =
2 and
dx converges, therefore
dx con2
x2
x
x
x2
1
1
verges.
5 Use the examples provided by Exercise 2b to show that the product of two improperly integrable functions might not be improperly integrable.
1
x1/2

is improperly integrable on (0, 1), but

1
x1/2

1
x1/2

1
is not.
x

Section 6.1
1 Show that

xn
for |x| < 1 and n = 0, 1, . . ..
1x

xk =

k=n

If n 1, then using Theorem 6.7, we have

xn1

xk = xn1

k=1

If n = 0, then

k=1

5k

k=n

x
x
=
.
1x
1x

xk = 1 +

xk = 1 +

k=1

X
(1)k + 4

5k

k=1

X
(1)k + 4

xk = xn + xn+1 + . . . = xn1 (x1 + x2 + . . .)

k=0

2(b) Prove that

X
(1)k

5k

k=1

1
x
=
(also, this formula was proved in class).
1x
1x

converges and find its value.

k


 k
1
X
X
X
51
1
4
1
5
+
=

+
4

+
4
=
1
5k
5
5
1
+
1

5
k=1
k=1
k=1

1
5

1
= +1
6

5
.
6

(The series converges because it is a linear combination of two convergent geometric series.)

5(c) Prove that

X
k+1
k=1

k2

diverges.


X
1

X
1
1
=
+
is divergent (its the harmonic series) and each partial
.
Since
2
2
k
k k
k
k=1
k=1
k=1

X
X
k+1
1
sum of
is larger than the corresponding partial sum of
, the sequence of partial
k2
k
k=1
k=1

X
k+1
diverges.
sums of
k2

X
k+1

k=1

6(a) Prove that if

ak converges, then its partial sums sn are bounded.

k=1

If

k=1

ak , converges then the sequence of its partial sums {sn } converges. Since every convergent

sequence is bounded (Theorem 2.8), {sn } is bounded.

6(b) Show that the converse of part (a) is false. Namely, show that a series
may have bounded partial sums and still diverge.
Let ak = (1)k . Then the sequence of partial sums of

X
k=1

but divergent, so the series diverges.

2

ak

k=1

ak is {1, 0, 1, 0, . . .}. It is bounded