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Running head: JEFFREY DAHMER

The Personality of Jeffrey Dahmer


Jenna Talbott
Liberty University

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Abstract

Jeffrey Dahmer is one of the most infamous serial killers in Americas history. His serial killing
career terrorized Milwaukee, Wisconsin for several years in the late eighties and early nineties.
The public was shocked and sickened by the brutal and perverse nature of his sexual murders.
This essay describes Dahmers background, the early signs of his psychopathy, his criminal
career and his apprehension. Special attention is paid to an investigation of his abnormal
personality, which offers a unique glimpse into the mind and motivation of serial homicide
offenders. Jeffrey Dahmers case study has been instrumental in furthering forensic psychologys
understanding of similar individuals, but the outcome for these offenders is still bleak. Future
research is needed to improve the treatment options available for rehabilitation of antisocial,
psychopathic patients.

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The Personality of Jeffrey Dahmer

Jeffrey Dahmer is one of the most notorious American serial killers. During the late
eighties and early nineties, Dahmer murdered over a dozen men in and near Milwaukee,
Wisconsin. Most of his victims were African-American and homosexual. The gruesome and
sexual nature of his offenses captured the nations attention and left a permanent impression on
many lives. The strange behavior this murderer exhibited, and his enduring abnormal personal
characteristics, make Jeffrey Dahmer an extremely interesting case study to any individual
studying forensic psychology. This essay is an attempt to provide an overview of Jeffrey
Dahmers life, as well as an autopsy of the personality factors Dahmer expressed that may have
been predictive of his crimes. Implications of this discussion and directions for future research
are also provided.
Childhood and Criminal Experimentation
Jeffrey Dahmer was born in Milwaukee on May 21, 1960 (Davis, 1998). His parents were
Lionel and Joyce Dahmer (Davis, 1998). Dahmers psychopathic personality began to develop at
a young age (Davis, 1998). He was a loner, who felt neglected by his family and did not fit in
well with his peers (Davis, 1998). His father was a chemist, and Dahmer became excessively
interested with the science (Davis, 1998). Dahmer was also fascinated by dead animals (Davis,
1998). Neighbors would later recall that Dahmer began experimenting on insects, keeping their
preserved bodies in jars of chemicals, but later moved on to larger roadkill and prey (Davis,
1998). Dahmer was intensely curious about the insides of these animals, and would skin them
and dissect them before disposing of them burying them in an animal graveyard, mounting
their heads on pikes, or suspending them in preservative fluids (Davis, 1998). It is likely that
Dahmer also tortured and killed many animals (Davis, 1998; Youngstrom, 1991). Most forensic

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mental health professionals agree that animal cruelty is one of the childhood activities that
correlate most strongly with psychopathic, sadistic offending (Davis, 1998; Youngstrom, 1991).
Dahmer displayed at least two of the six common serial offender characteristics (Davis, 1998).
Out of enuresis, animal torture, fire setting, pathological lying, chronic daydreaming, and violent
fantasy, Dahmer is known to have tortured animals and to have had violent fantasies (Davis,
1998). Sadly, no one noticed Dahmers proclivities, and no one tried to help him develop
healthier behavior and emotionality (Davis, 1998).
Various news accounts indicated that Jeffrey Dahmer was molested as a young boy
(Davis, 1998; Youngstrom, 1991). Studies of convicted serial killers suggest that sex and
violence are often inextricably intertwined for these perpetrators (Youngstrom, 1991).
Unfortunately, this may be the result of early sexual experiences and/or traumatic family
violence (Youngstrom, 1991). In a 1988 study of 36 serial killers conducted by the behavioral
science unit of the FBI, it was found that 42% of serial killers were neglected in childhood, 74%
had been psychologically abused, and 35% witnessed sexual violence as children (Youngstrom,
1991). These experiences may also explain the difficulty many serial killers have with bonding
and attachment (Youngstrom, 1991). This adversity results in a tendency to withdraw
(Youngstrom, 1991). These children learn to depend heavily on fantasy as a substitute for peer
relationships and may deal with others using antisocial behavioral patterns (Martens, 2011;
Martens & Palermo, 2005; Youngstrom, 1991).
Despite Dahmers peer rejection, he was able to lead a pseudo-normal high school life
(Davis, 1998). He played clarinet in the school band, tennis on an intramural team, and even
worked on the school newspaper his senior year (Davis, 1998). Still, he had few friends, and
consistently showed up to school drunk or high (Davis, 1998; Stubel, 2007; White, 2007).

JEFFREY DAHMER

During his senior year his parents began a bitter divorce battle (Davis, 1998). Fighting for the
custody of Dahmers twelve-year-old brother David, each parent claimed the other was cruel and
neglectful (Davis, 1998). Lionel Dahmer even claimed his wife was suffering from severe mental
illness (Davis, 1998). This supports the theory that Dahmer may have been abused as a child,
possibly by both parents. After Dahmers mother, Joyce, won custody of David, she left the state
and abandoned Dahmer who at barely 18 could not support himself (Davis, 1998). Lionel
realized she had gone, took her back to court, and regained custody of David (Davis, 1998).
As his parents marriage crumbled, Dahmers feelings of neglect and loneliness
intensified (Davis, 1998; Martens, 2011; Martens & Palermo, 2005). Dahmer slowly fell apart,
becoming distant and emotionally aloof and beginning to drink excessively (Davis, 1998;
Martens, 2011; Martens & Palermo, 2005). This tumultuous time in Dahmers life can be traced
as the true beginning of his pathology. Dahmer would later say that during his parents divorce
he began having fantasies about killing people, which helped him to overcome the feelings of
frustration and emptiness he was struggling to defeat (Davis, 1998; Martens, 2011; Martens &
Palermo, 2005). They allowed him to feel that he was in control; while in reality many of his
circumstances were outside of his control (Davis, 1998). Unfortunately psychopaths like Dahmer
lack the conscientious emotions of fear and revulsion that generally accompany a humans
attitude toward violence (Davis, 1998). In addition, these events serve as the genesis for
Dahmers emotional focus: fear of abandonment and loneliness (Davis, 1998; Martens, 2011;
Martens & Palermo, 2005). He would spend the rest of his life attempting to combat those fears
with imposed sadistic control (Davis, 1998; Martens, 2011; Martens, 2011; Martens & Palermo,
2005).

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Serial Killing Career

A lust killer has eroticized, in his mind, the violent sexual experience (Davis, 1998;
Drukteinis, 1992; Stubel, 2007; White, 2007). Dahmer also felt out of control (Davis, 1998;
Pardue & Arrigo, 2008). His life was falling apart and he felt he had no power to prevent the
change (Davis, 1998; Pardue & Arrigo, 2008). Davis (1998) claimed that serial killers gain
control by controlling others. In this case, complete control included murder (Davis, 1998;
Pardue & Arrigo, 2008).
Dahmer was accused of murdering 15 males in the Milwaukee area, usually after sex
(Drukteinis, 1992; Youngstrom, 1991). However, he confessed to killing 17 victims
(Youngstrom, 1991). Dahmer targeted black, homosexual male victims (Davis, 1998). He
mutilated and cannibalized many of them (Drukteinis, 1992; Stubel, 2007; White, 2007;
Youngstrom, 1991). He also took photographs of the dismemberment process and kept various
body parts as souvenirs (Davis, 1998; Stubel, 2007; White, 2007).
Jeffrey Dahmers first murder was an 18-year old hitchhiker named Steven Hicks (Davis,
1998). He himself was only 18 (Davis, 1998). On June 18, 1978, Dahmer offered Hicks a ride
back from a rock concert in Ohio (Davis, 1998). Dahmer then suggested they go back to his
parents house for some beer, and both men got drunk (Davis, 1998). After having sex, Hicks
tried to leave, but Dahmer did not want him to go (Davis, 1998). Dahmer struck Hicks with a
barbell, then strangled him to death (Davis, 1998). Later, Dahmers only explanation that he did
not want Hicks to abandon him (Davis, 1998).
Following this first murder Dahmer had a long dormant period (Davis, 1998). His father
returned to Ohio to find he had a drunk for a son, and though the military might straighten
Jeffrey out (Davis, 1998). After only one semester at Ohio State University, he was enlisted as a

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private in the United States army (Davis, 1998). However, the military was not the answer to his
substance abuse addiction (Davis, 1998). On the contrary, Dahmer drank more excessively and
more frequently (Davis, 1998). Although his commander knew he was intelligent (he guessed
that Dahmer had an above-average IQ), he later reported that when Dahmer drank he turned into
an obnoxious racist (Davis, 1998; Stubel, 2007; White, 2007). Dahmer was discharged in 1981
(Davis, 1998).
Dahmer had his first encounter with the police on October 7th, 1981 when he was
charged with disorderly conduct and resisting arrest in Bath, Ohio (Davis, 1998). He then moved
in with his grandmother in West Allis, Wisconsin (Davis, 1998). While there he worked at a
blood bank and as a stock clerk at a chocolate factory (Davis, 1998). During this time Dahmer
continued his chemistry experiments in the garage, his grandmother complaining to Lionel
Dahmer (Jeffreys father) about the smell (Davis, 1998). When Lionel investigated, he found
Dahmer had been practicing chemical decomposition with chickens (Davis, 1998). Dahmer then
moved into the infamous Oxford Apartment complex in Milwaukee, Wisconsin (Davis, 1998).
He killed his second victim in 1987, and would continue to kill at least 14 others before his
apprehension in July of 1991 (Davis, 1998).
Dahmers victimology profile was very specific (Davis, 1998). He targeted only male
victims, who were almost exclusively homosexual (Davis, 1998). Most of his victims were
African-American, although it is not understood why (Davis, 1998). He met most of his victims
at gay bars in Milwaukee, although some he found at shopping malls (Davis, 1998). He began by
targeting smaller more effeminate victims and escalated to larger and stronger men as he gained
confidence (Davis, 1998; Pardue & Arrigo, 2008). Dahmer is categorized as an organized
offender: his murders followed a fairly routine method of operation (Davis, 1998; Pardue &

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Arrigo, 2008). Complete control was essential to his fantasies (Davis, 1998; Pardue & Arrigo,
2008). Dahmer would invite men to his apartment, offering to pay them if they would pose nude
for some photographs (Davis, 1998). He would then have sex with his victims, often putting
tranquilizers in their beverages to insure their consent (Davis, 1998).
Fear of abandonment fueled both Dahmers murders and his post-mortem behavior
(Davis, 1998; Martens, 2011; Martens & Palermo, 2005; Stubel, 2007; White, 2007). He would
later explain that he strangled the men he had sex with because it was better to have them dead
than to let them leave (Davis, 1998). Strangulation by ligature is consistent with an offender who
enjoys the intimacy of violence and is sexually aroused by killing (Davis, 1998). Dahmer would
often experiment sexually with the corpses post mortem, engaging in oral or anal sex and taking
photographs to facilitate later masturbation (Davis, 1998; Drukteinis, 1992; Stubel, 2007; White,
2007). Dahmer also kept many of the body parts and occasionally practiced cannibalism (Davis,
1998; Drukteinis, 1992; Stubel, 2007; White, 2007). He would later explain that these were ways
for him to feel close to his victims, and to feel as if they were a part of me (Davis, 1998, p. 29).
Apprehension
Jeffrey Dahmer was finally apprehended in July of 1991 (Youngstrom, 1991). However,
his arrest may have come sooner if the police had been more thorough during a May 1991
investigation (Davis, 1998). In January of 1989 Dahmer added to his police record when he was
found guilty of second-degree sexual assault against a thirteen-year-old Laotian boy named
Somsack Sinthasomphone (Davis, 1998). In May of 1991 Somsacks brother Konerak, now
fourteen, burst out of the Oxford apartments naked and bleeding (Davis, 1998). When the police
investigated, Dahmer insisted the boy was his roommate and lover, and showed the officers
photos of Konerak posing in his underwear to convince them (Davis, 1998). The investigators

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wrote the event off as a lovers quarrel, and left Konerak to his eventual death at Dahmers hands
(Davis, 1998). If they had bothered to make a report and check Dahmers record, they would
have discovered his previous offense against Koneraks brother Somsack (Davis, 1998).
Jeffrey Dahmers last attempt at murder occurred on July 22, 1991 (Davis, 1998;
Drukteinis, 1992). Tracy Edwards was in Dahmers apartment when Dahmer suddenly
handcuffed Edwards (Davis, 1998). Edwards, realizing something was amiss, escaped and fled
the apartment (Davis, 1998). He found to police officers and told them he had been threatened
with a large knife (Davis, 1998). The officers went to Dahmers apartment to investigate, and
Dahmer calmly opened the door and politely gave the police the key to the handcuffs (Davis,
1998). The officers insisted on being let in to Dahmers bedroom to look for the knife, and in an
open dresser drawer one of them found photographs of Jeffreys victims in various stages of
dismemberment, pictures heads in kitchen cabinets and the freezer, and a snapshot of a skeleton
hanging in a shower (Davis, 1998; Drukteinis, 1992; Stubel, 2007; White, 2007). Dahmer was
arrested, and on further investigation they found two human heads in the refrigerator, four torsos
in a barrel, two additional torsos in a freezer, seven others boiled clean, a kettle full of severed
genitalia, and many more photographs documenting his victims (Davis, 1998; Drukteinis, 1992;
Stubel, 2007; White, 2007). The apartment also contained a shrine, and when Dahmer was asked
whom the shrine was built to worship he replied myself (Davis, 1998, p. 30).
Upon his arrest, Jeffrey Dahmer was fully cooperative (Davis, 1998; Drukteinis, 1992).
Dahmer confessed to killing 17 men, and was sentenced to 15 consecutive life terms: 957 years
in prison total (Davis, 1998; Drukteinis, 1992). While in prison he was killed by another inmate
(Davis, 1998). His infamous legacy traumatized the citizens of Milwaukee, especially those who
knew him (Davis, 1998). Although many considered Dahmer strange and noticed his weird

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behavior, few would have imagined what was truly taking place (Davis, 1998). His actions left
an irremovable impression on our country, and will haunt many for the rest of their lives (Davis,
1998).
Post-Conviction Research
Jeffrey Dahmer was studied extensively during his trial and after his conviction. He can
be classified as a lust or thrill serial killer, a subtype of the hedonistic serial killer (Davis, 1998).
This type of offender connects violence with sexual gratification (Davis, 1998). The interaction
with and killing of a helpless victim is a sexually pleasurable and eroticized experience (Davis,
1998; Pardue & Arrigo, 2008). The processed-focused killing of the hedonistic lust killer may
involve fear-instilling activities like domination, torture, and mutilation, as well as post-mortem
sexual-satisfying behaviors such as dismemberment, necrophilia, and anthropophagy (Davis,
1998; Pardue & Arrigo, 2008; Stubel, 2007; White, 2007). Dahmer engaged in almost all of these
behaviors, although the torture and mutilation of his victims was generally limited to rape.
Serial killers often suffer from borderline personality disorder, characterized by unstable
interpersonal relationships, impulsivity, anxiety and depression, and intense and sudden anger
(Pardue & Arrigo, 2008; Youngstrom, 1991). According to several psychologists who evaluated
Dahmer after his incarceration, this description fits Jeffrey Dahmer fairly well (Youngstrom,
1991). Dahmers MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Profile) identified several extreme
psychiatric symptoms and showed that he experienced a great deal of stress as a result (Davis,
1998; Nichols, 2006). Dahmer was obviously quite psychologically disturbed (Davis, 1998;
Nichols, 2006). According to one psychologist Dahmer was struggling with a great deal of
underlying anger, impulse control difficulties, and resentment of authority (Pardue & Arrigo,
2008; Youngstrom, 1991). He also struggled with low self-esteem and difficulty managing daily

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routines (Davis, 1998; Martens, 2011; Martens & Palermo, 2005; Nichols, 2006). Individuals
with these characteristics are likely to encounter intrapersonal difficulties and to experience
significant stress, tension and anxiety when considering their future (Davis, 1998; Nichols,
2006).
Jeffrey Dahmer also exhibited several characteristics of antisocial personality disorder
(Davis, 1998; Nichols, 2006). Dahmer was always a loner and constantly withdrew socially
(Davis, 1998; Martens, 2011; Martens & Palermo, 2005; Nichols, 2006). He was alienated and
nonconforming, with enduring antisocial and sometimes bizarre behavioral patterns (Davis,
1998; Nichols, 2006). Immature and irresponsible, he often engaged in aberrant sexual behavior
for the thrill of perversity (Davis, 1998; Nichols, 2006). Although he was cooperative during his
arrest, he was known to have been hostile and aggressive in the past (Davis, 1998; Nichols,
2006; Pardue & Arrigo, 2008). Dahmer rarely took responsibility for his actions and tended to
blame others for his problems (Davis, 1998; Nichols, 2006).
In addition to these difficulties, Dahmer seems to have struggled with his sex-role
identity (Davis, 1998; Nichols, 2006). He displayed frequent insecurity with his masculine
identity, and exhibited an effeminate pattern of interest (Davis, 1998; Nichols, 2006). Dahmer
also seems to have been uncomfortable in all of his relationships with women (Davis, 1998;
Nichols, 2006).
Dahmers case also supported the finding that many serial sexual murderers rely heavily
on violent sexual fantasies (Martens, 2011; Martens & Palermo, 2005; Stubel, 2007; White,
2007; Youngstrom, 1991). For many of these individuals, sex and violence are linked beginning
at a young age (Youngstrom, 1991). Studies have suggested that violent sexual fantasies are far
more common in serial killers than in single-victim killers (Youngstrom, 1991).

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In contrast to many serial offenders, Dahmer did not display narcissistic tendencies
(Davis, 1998). On the contrary, he seemed to be preoccupied with guilt and continually struggled
with low self-esteem (Davis, 1998; Nichols, 2006). He felt generally unworthy, and many of his
murders reflected his fear of abandonment (Davis, 1998; Martens, 2011; Martens & Palermo,
2005; Nichols, 2006). On various occasions Dahmer expressed anhedonia, feeling regretful,
unhappy and dysphoric about his life (Davis, 1998; Martens, 2011; Martens & Palermo, 2005;
Nichols, 2006). He was plagued with anxiety and stress about the future (Davis, 1998; Nichols,
2006). This may be partially explained by Dahmers difficulties with memory, concentration, and
uncertainty (Davis, 1998; Nichols, 2006).
Dahmer may even have struggled with depression and almost certainly thought about
committing suicide (Davis, 1998; Martens, 2011; Martens & Palermo, 2005; Nichols, 2006). He
reported numerous somatic concerns, was dispassionate about life and was beginning to lost
control of his thought processes before he was murdered in prison (Davis, 1998; Martens, 2011;
Martens & Palermo, 2005; Nichols, 2006). He even expressed a vague sense of remorse (Davis,
1998; Nichols, 2006). Dahmers MMPI results suggested he felt cheated by life, as if he were
being unjustly blamed for others problems, and had become apathetic and despairing toward the
world (Davis, 1998; Martens, 2011; Martens & Palermo, 2005; Nichols, 2006).
According to Davis (1998), Jeffrey Dahmers abnormal personality may be described
using the following DSM-IV diagnostic impressions. Dahmer exhibited several Axis I disorders,
including alcohol dependency; ego-dystonic homosexuality; and an atypical type paraphilias
with features of cannibalism, necrophilia, partialism, pedophilia, and frotteurism (Davis, 1998).
On Axis II, Dahmer displays an antisocial personality disorder (Davis, 1998). Davis felt there
was insufficient information for an Axis III diagnosis (Davis, 1998). Dahmer displayed several

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Axis IV difficulties, including occupational problems, family problems, and relationship


problems (Davis, 1998). Finally, on Axis V, GAF was in the 40-50s in the beginning and near
the 20-30s at the end (Davis, 1998). Davis also notes that Dahmer obviously struggled with
substance abuse addiction.
Implications and Directions for Future Research
Youngstrom (1991) points out that identifying serial killers like Jeffrey Dahmer can be
very difficult. Most sexual sadists are not forthcoming about their fantasies (Youngstrom, 1991).
However, there are some signs that can be used to identify possible budding or actual serial
killers (Youngstrom, 1991). For instance, serial killers are generally white males and are likely to
exhibit a combination of psychological disorders such as various paraphilias, sexual sadism,
antisocial personality disorder, extreme narcissism or borderline personality disorder
(Youngstrom, 1991). Very rarely are they psychotic (Youngstrom, 1991). Early Rorschach testing
suggested that serial killers tend to suffer from pathological narcissism, major depression, and
attachment and bonding disorders (Youngstrom, 1991).
Youngstrom (1991) suggests that in order to better identify possible serial killers,
clinicians should employ both direct and indirect methods to develop a thorough psychological
assessment. These methods may include criminal records, family interviews, and batteries of
psychological and projective personality tests (Youngstrom, 1991). Clinicians should pay special
attention to histories of deviance, depression and substance abuse, and should make sure to ask
about patients sexual fantasies (Youngstrom, 1991).
Experts are generally skeptical about the potential for rehabilitation of psychopathic
offenders (Youngstrom, 1991). They generally lack a value system, do not display an interest in
behavioral change, and lack remorse and empathy for their victims (Youngstrom, 1991). Those

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with personalities similar to Dahmers display enduring and permanent problems that impede
rehabilitation (Davis, 1998). The bonding necessary for a productive therapeutic relationship
may be difficult for many of these patients to sustain; Dahmer was so emotionally and socially
alienated that he was never able to trust his therapist (Davis, 1998). Some psychiatrists go so far
as to suggest that some patients are irredeemably psychopathic, beyond the pale of treatment
(Youngstrom, 1991, p. 32). Insight-oriented therapy seems to be particularly ineffective (Davis,
1998). However, some psychologists claim that psychopathic behavioral patterns can be
changed, especially in youth offenders (Youngstrom, 1991). Davis (1998) suggests the use of
psychotropic medicine might be necessary, and behavioral management and verbal
psychotherapy seem to produce promising results (Davis, 1998). Regardless, future research
should identify and implement more effective treatment for these offenders (Davis, 1998).
According to Youngstrom (1991), Schlesinger believes ignorance about serial killers
deepest dynamics prevents the mental heath professions from developing effective techniques
(p. 32). Although the prognosis is dim for psychopaths, and especially for psychopaths who
exhibit sexual sadism as Jeffrey Dahmer did, it is possible that with further research we may
identify better treatment options for these individuals (Stubel, 2007; White, 2007; Youngstrom,
1991).
Conclusion
Because of Dahmers cooperation after his arrest, and the extensive personality testing
that was conducted during his incarceration, psychology has been able to better identify risk
factors and traits characteristic of sexual serial killers. Dahmers mind allowed the psychological
community insight into what motivates many murderers to behave the way they do. The
borderline and antisocial personality disorders Dahmer displayed, which may have been a

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product of his difficult and tumultuous background, provide some explanation of his violent
actions. Unfortunately, this case study and other research have yet to provide much hope for the
rehabilitation of similar psychopaths. Future research is needed to improve the psychological
prognosis for antisocial psychopaths like Jeffrey Dahmer.

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