Contents

1)Types of industries
2)Infrastructure necessary for industries
3)Industrial History
4)Industrial development
5)Industrial technology

Types of industries

Industries are-

On the basis of size.

On the basis of raw material.

On the basis of ownership.

Industry and society.

Industrial labour.

Industry and war.

On the basis of size

The size of an industry depends upon the amount of capital invested, number of labour employed and the amount of
production. We can classify the industries in three groups :
Cottage industry

Small scale industry

Large scale industry
Cottage industries
It utilizes local raw material. The products are mainly for the local market. Labour work is mostly done by family
members and ordinary tools and equipments are used. The farmers in their free time or craftsman in rural areas make
goods like ropes, baskets, cloth, etc.
Small scale industries
It uses power driven machines and labour, raw material can be obtained from outside and goods are sold through
traders. They play an important role in the developing countries and produce cloth, paper goods, toys ,furniture, etc.
Large scale industries
It use power driven machines, thousands of labours, large capital investment, complex management, raw material from
far off places. The products are sent to distant markets. Iron and steel mills, textile mills, etc are some examples of large
scale industry.
On the basis of raw material
 Agro based industry
 Mineral based industry

 Pastoral based industry

 Forest based industry
Agro based industry
It obtain their raw materials from agriculture. Cotton and jute text tiles, sugar industry, food processing vegetable oils,
etc are agro based industry.
Pastoral based industry
It obtain their raw material from animals like sheep, goats, cattle,etc. they use hides, skins, bones, flesh , horns, milk,
etc. the woolen textiles, leather goods, dairy products, etc. are pastoral;- based industries.
On the basis of ownership
Depending upon the nature of ownership, the industries can be classified as under-:
 Private sector industries
 Public sector industries
 Joint sector industries
 Cooperative sector industries
 Multi-national sector industries
Private sector Industries
They are owned and managed by the individuals or a group of individuals. Reliance Industries, TISCO, TELCO are private
sector industries.
Public sector Industries
They are owned and managed by the central or state governments or its agencies. Bhilai steel plant, bokaro steel plant,
Bharat heavy Electricals, etc are public sector Industries.

Joint sector Industries

They are owned and managed jointly by the private firms and the government agencies. Now the trend is towards joint
sector industries, which include Oil-India, some banks, Gujarat Alkalies, etc.
Cooperative sector Industries
They are owned and managed by a group of people belonging to a cooperative society. Generally the members are
producers of raw materials, such as cane-growers. The examples are handloom sector, food procession, dairy industry
and sugar mills.
Multi-National Industries
They are setup in a collaboration with foreigners onvestros. Such industeris are owned and managed by members of
two or more countries. These include companies like Coc-cola, Pepsi, etc.
Infrastructure necessary for industries
Industries are located only at such places, where the products can be manufactured and the goods can be easily sold at
the lowest rate. Things needed in industry are-:

Raw material

Power resources Labour supplies

Means of transport

Market

Water supply

Site

Climate

Finance or capital

Government policy

Raw material
A regular and assured supply of raw material, which is to be processed, is essential for the location and growth of
industries. Many industries are located with respect to raw materials only. Raw material are of two types- weight
loosing and pure materials.
Power resources
Coal, mineral oil and electricity are important sources of power for industries. Most of their industries tend to be
located near the source of power. The power should be available not only in adequate quantities, but also at very cheap
rates.
Labour supplies
The continues and successful working of an industry depends on an adequate supply of labour at reasonable wages.
Some industries, where most of their work is done by machines, need skilled workers. The unskilled workers are readily
available in densely populated areas.

Workers to fill the large Labour supply

Means of Transport
Some type of Transport is needed for the assembly of raw materials and for sending the finished goods to the market.
Thus, an efficient network of transport at reasonable rates is essential for the development of industries. Railway or
road junctions or ports are considering to be suitable for locating industries.
Market
After the processing of raw materials, the finished goods should reach quick the market. Nearness to market s useful
for quick sale of goods. It reduces the cost of transporting the finished goods. Ready market is most essential for the
perishable and heavy commodities.
Water supply
Most of the industries, like iron and steel, textile, rayon, paper, etc need very large quantities of water. For example- To
produce one ton of steel, we need 300 tons of water. Thus, such industries near rivers, canals or lakes. The water used
in industries is polluted after the use and now they are not of any other purposes to use. To use it first we have to
recycle the water.
Site
Level land is always preferred over hilly areas. Large areas are needed to build factories and also for further expansion.
Now the big industries are setup away from the urban areas due to less cost of land.
Climate

Extreme climatic conditions, whether hot, cold or wet, is not suitable for developing industries. Although scientific and
technologies progress has reduced the importance of climate, but it is still considered as an important factor for locating
industries.
Finance or Capital
Modern industries need huge investments. Finance from individuals, companies, banks or from government are
available in big cities. Thus the planning and management of industries it concentrated in cities.
Government Policy
In almost every country, the government plays an important role in determining the location of industries. Industries
estates are developed in different parts to reduce regional disparities. Sometimes industries are developed in a
particular region due to concessions from the government. There are many other factors of local Significance, Which can
also influence of an industry.

Industrial History
A cottage industry is an industry primarily manufacturing which includes many producers, working from their
homes, typically part time. The term originally referred to home workers who were engaged in a task such as sewing or
lace-making. Some industries which are usually operated from large centralized factories were cottage industries before
the Industrial Revolution.

Industrial development
The industrial revolution led to the development of factories for large-scale production, with consequent changes in
society. Originally the factories were steam-powered, but later transitioned to electricity once an electrical grid was
developed. The mechanized assembly line was introduced to assemble parts in a repeatable fashion, with individual
workers performing specific steps during the process. This led to significant increases in efficiency, lowering the cost of
the end process. Later automation was increasingly used to replace human operators. This process has accelerated with
the development of the computer and the robot.
Industrial technology
There are several branches of technology and engineering specialized for industrial application. This includes
mathematical models, patented inventions and craft skills. See automation, industrial architecture, industrial design,
industrial process, industrial arts and industrial applicability.
Industry and society
An industrial society can be defined in many ways. Today, industry is an important part of most societies and nations. A
government must have some kind of industrial policy, regulating , Industrial pollution, financing and Industrial labour.

Industrial Labour
In an industrial society, industry employs a major part of the population. This occurs typically in the manufacturing
sector. A labor union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas
such as wages, hours, and working conditions, forming a cartel of labor.
Industry and war
The industrial revolution changed warfare, with mass-produced weaponry and supplies, machine-powered
transportation, mobilization, the total war concept and weapons of mass destruction. Early instances of industrial
warfare were the Crimean war and the American civil war, but its full potential showed during the World wars.