Morphology

A practical course in English Grammar M. Zdrenghea

Time reference: past, present.
VP aux+ vb
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Aux modal tense aspect

Tense present, past
Aspect beting have +pp

Goes
Vp Present + vb
Could have been writing.
VP modal past have +pp be+ing + vb
Head in a phrase; M, W, P, Clause, Sentence notional vb.most important
HIJKLMNO = water
H20
Mother-in-law
Woman-Hitler
If I come into a fortune I would give up teaching.
He said that if he would come into a fortune.
Apodosis.
Auxiliary verb is a helping verb which cannot occur without a following main verb.
Aspect:

Perfect
progressive

ASPECT is a grammatical category and refers to the way in which the speaker sees the event.
It also describes the quality of an event while it is observed
Aspect has to with the temporal form of the event. It has no connection with the location in time
of the event.
Aspect is not a deictic category but Tense is a deictic category.
Deictic a feature, the function of an item that refers to position to location (in space and time)
or it may refer to the point of reference
thisand that may have a deictic function
Progressive the meaning is:
1) action in progress
2) limited period of time
3) incompleteness
Perfect beforeness, anteriority.
Transitive verb is a main verb which requeieres an object to complete its meaning.
This factory makes./shoes
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we can have one object/complement verb:He smoked a cigar.

2 complement verbs: The teacher gave the students a book.

He equates beauty and wisdom.

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3 complement verbs

The students carried the news from London to Paris

Intransitive is a main verb that requires no complement/object to complete the meaning.

Mary did the room.

That will do .intransitive
Can intransitive verbs become transitive?
John was laughing.
He was laughing a happy laugh.
Do as you please.
I really want you to please yourself.
DIY do it yourself
WYSIWYG what you see is what you get
GIGO garbage in garbage out
RIP rest in piece/pieces
Linking verb also known as copulative or copular verb:
to be- most common
Usually links a Sbj to a C
John is a teacher.
Subject complement = nume predicative. Completes the meaning of a subject
They appointed him president.
Him object complement
President complement
Link. Vbs. :seem, appear, get, grow.
This coffee tastes bitter.- adjectiv.

Auxiliary verb is a helping verb which cannot occur without a following main verb.
-

Be, have, do

Dummy word an item , a word that fills in a gram.position but it is empty of meaning
Do you smoke? It is raining.
Stative verb: is a main (lexical) verb whose meaning expresses a state rather than an event
understand,know, like,want.
Causative verb: to kill - cause someone to die.
Event verbs: a main verb whose meaning expresses an event rather than a state.
Mood: - a grammatical cateogory that has to do with the degree of reality of an event as
perceived by the speaker.
Subjunctive a mood that expresses hypothesis or non-factuality in English we can identify:
1. The present subjunctive
2. Post subjunctive
3. Past perfect subjunctive
The present subjunctive is identical with the base form of the verb = present tense indicative
3rd person singular no s -s.
- Functionally it can be used to refer to present and is used in various ways.
1. Mandative subjunctive, mainly in subordinate clauses following a vb, and adj or a know
express a present or past suggestion or command on other theoretical possibility.
e.g. I insist that she return the book,
It is essential that she return the book.
She ignored my request that she return the book.
He requested that she not embarrass him.
Be not.

He is anxious that his name not be/be not written.

2.Condicional/ Concessive.
e.g. If the subjunctive be on the increase then carry on.
Whether that be the case
Though he asked a hundred times the answer is no.
This usage does not extent to past time
3.Formulaic.
This type of subjunctive is used independent clauses (mainly in set expressions)
e.g. God save the Queen!
Long live the Queen!
e.g. Come snow and hell!
1.) Past subjunctive/ were subjunctive
- used in hypothetical clauses, the reference is present and future
e.g. If only I were young again.
I wish he were here now.
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In set phrases:
I wish that
I suppose that
I had rather
Its high time

3.Past perfect
- the form coincides with past perfect
- past time reference

Imperative
-

Mood used to express commonds:

Go away!
Request: Sit down please!
Warning: Be careful! Look out!
Offers: Have another tea!

The subject of an imperative is typically you

Sometimes it is omitted Mind you.
TGIF = thank god its Friday !