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Mattia Carioti

Characteristics of In-Plane Loaded Timber Roof Diaphragm Modelled as Orthotropic Plate

Abstract
About the 60% of the existing buildings on Italian territory has been built using the
technology of Unreinforced Masonry (URMB). Since half of them has been realized
before 1919, it is reasonable to evaluate that the percentage of the existing URM
buildings is about the 30% of the total amount of buildings currently standing in Italy.
The construction technology of URM consists of clay-bricks walls as vertical elements
and, in most cases, the floors are timber diaphragms with a floorboard layer
perpendicularly nailed to joists that span between the walls.
Since unreinforced masonry has scarcely predictable behaviour when subjected to seismic
actions, and Italian territory is widely affected by seismic hazard, it is necessary to use
the best accuracy in building strengthening and adequacy, with the aim to minimize the
cost of losses. The damages observed during and after earthquakes in Umbria e Marche
[1997], Abruzzo [2009] and Emilia [2013] have sadly confirmed the vulnerability of
Italian URM buildings.
In the first chapter the most common failures and damages regarding URM due to seismic
actions will be classified and perused, and Secondly, the most damaging weaknesses will
be discussed and the most suitable interventions for URM will be higlighted, according to
the literature and articles: increase of in-plane stiffness of diaphragms and improvement
of connections between horizontal diaphragms and lateral walls.
Hereafter an experimental campaign carried out in EUCENTRE laboratories at University
of Pavia between 2010 and 2012 will be summarize to show the seismic behaviour of
three two-storey rock masonry buildings, with increasing seismic-adequacy interventions,
subjected to seismic excitation through vibrating table. The better reponse of buildings
with higher in-plane stiffness and better connected elementes will prove relevant and
therefore thorougly specified.
After a comprehensive and detailed review of literature regarding the methods already
available for the detection of in-in plane characteristics of diaphragms, the mechanical
characteristics of the floors present in the sample buildings of the experimental campaign
using real experimental data.
The Tremuri software will be used to create an equivalent frame model of the URM
building tested in the Pavia experimental campaign, representing the floor diaphragms as
an equivalent orthotropic plate, using the mechanical properties of different retrofitted
floors gathered from the outcomes of the experimental campaign.
The actual software model will be tested according to the methods provided by Italian
Code (NTC08): pushover analysis and dynamic non-linear analysis.
In the end the study will offer the results of the following model by inquiring the
following aspects:
maximum displacement of a control point
maximum shear request at base of building
energy dissipation of the building
general building stiffness
damage pattern of shear walls
eventually assessing the dissimilarities between my software model and the software
processing proposed by Penna et al [2014] and the experimental results following the
2012 Pavia Campaign.

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Modellazione Edificio con Software tremuri

Figura 23.7 curve isteretiche forza-spostamento del


secondo edificio in corrispondenza di PGA 0.30g.
Confronto con Penna et al [2014]

Figura 24.7 curve isteretiche forza-spostamento del


secondo edificio in corrispondenza di PGA 0.30g.
Confronto con valori sperimentali.

Figura 25.7 curve isteretiche forza-spostamento del Figura 26.7 curve isteretiche forza-spostamento del
secondo edificio in corrispondenza di PGA 0.40g. secondo edificio in corrispondenza di PGA 0.40g.
Confronto con Penna et al [2014]
Confronto con valori sperimentali

Mattia Carioti
Caratteristiche di Solai Lignei Soggetti ad Azioni nel Piano Modellati come Piastre Ortotrope

79

Figura 27.7 curve isteretiche forza-spostamento del Figura 28.7 curve isteretiche forza-spostamento del
terzo edificio in corrispondenza di PGA 0.30g. terzo edificio in corrispondenza di PGA 0.30g.
Confronto con Penna et al [2014]
Confronto con valori sperimentali

Figura 29.7 curve isteretiche forza-spostamento del


terzo edificio in corrispondenza di PGA 0.40g.
Confronto con Penna et al [2014]

Figura 30.7 curve isteretiche forza-spostamento del


terzo edificio in corrispondenza di PGA 0.40g.
Confronto con valori sperimentali

80

Modellazione Edificio con Software tremuri

Figura 31.7 curve isteretiche forza-spostamento del Figura 32.7 curve isteretiche forza-spostamento del
secondo edificio in corrispondenza di PGA 0.70g. terzo edificio in corrispondenza di PGA 0.60g.
Confronto con Penna et al [2014]
Confronto con Penna et al [2014]

Figura 33.7 inviluppo analisi


dinamiche: confronto con
sperimentali e Penna et al.
[2014]

Figura 34.7 inviluppo analisi


dinamiche: confronto con
sperimentali e Penna et al.
[2014]

Mattia Carioti
Caratteristiche di Solai Lignei Soggetti ad Azioni nel Piano Modellati come Piastre Ortotrope

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84

Modellazione Edificio con Software tremuri

7.8 Storia di spostamento


Di seguito sono riportati i confronti tra la storia di spostamento del provino reale e quella
descritta dal modello Tremuri

Figura 45.7 confronto


tra prove sperimentali e
risultati Tremuri della
storia di spostamento del
secondo edificio in
corrispondenza di PGA
0.30g

Figura 46.7 confronto


tra prove sperimentali e
risultati Tremuri della
storia di spostamento del
secondo edificio in
corrispondenza di PGA
0.40g

Figura 47.7 confronto


tra prove sperimentali e
risultati Tremuri della
storia di spostamento del
secondo edificio in
corrispondenza di PGA
0.70g

Mattia Carioti
Caratteristiche di Solai Lignei Soggetti ad Azioni nel Piano Modellati come Piastre Ortotrope

85

Figura 48.7 confronto


tra prove sperimentali e
risultati Tremuri della
storia di spostamento del
terzo
edificio
in
corrispondenza di PGA
0.30g

Figura 49.7 confronto


tra prove sperimentali e
risultati Tremuri della
storia di spostamento del
terzo
edificio
in
corrispondenza di PGA
0.40g

Figura 50.7 confronto


tra prove sperimentali e
risultati Tremuri della
storia di spostamento del
terzo
edificio
in
corrispondenza di PGA
0.70g

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