INTRODUCTION

Polyvinylidene fluoride, PVDF is a type of plastic material which do not

combine or react with other compound which make it pure polymer which is
easily bent or flexible when certain heat is applied, vice versa it will become
hard or solidifies upon cooling. PVDF generally produced form the monomer
of vinylidene difluoride. In fluoropolymer family, PVDF is often used in the
condition that meets highest purity, tremendous resistance against solvent,
acid, base and heat. Moreover, it has quite low melting point which is 177 0 C
making PVDF melting process easier.
Polyvinylidene fluoride, PVDF is by far one of the suitable polymer to be use
as an electrolyte because it numerous enhanced properties through a series
of research and development. One of them is the density. It has low density
which is 1.78 g/cm3 which making it very suitable to be used in batteries such
as lithium ion. In addition, PVDF possess a strong piezoelectricity. It was
discovered in 1969. Piezoelectricity is very useful addition making PVDF can
stored a large amount of electric charge inside it.
Furthermore, PVDF is an amorphous polymer. This property is very important
in order to determine the conductivity of an n electrolyte. Solid polymer
amorphous means that PVDF possess no regular shape or without defined
shape. Certain type of polymer may possess crystalline structure which cant
conduct electricity very well instead of amorphous which can increase the
conductivity in the electrolyte. PVDF also have high chemical corrosion
resistance.
Other than that, PVDF is also used in high-end paint especially for metal.
PVDF has good gloss and can maintain the color intensity for a long period of
times under exposure from UV. For instance, PVDF paint is used in numerous
mega structures such as Petronas Tower in Malaysia and Taipei 101 in Taiwan.

LITERATURE REVIEW
In

this

review,

we

will

discuss the development of

PVDF solid polymer electrolyte especially in lithium ion battery. Nowadays,

with the development and large scale usage of lithium ion battery as energy
supply and storage especially in vehicle, numerous polymers have been
studied to find the best and suitable polymer electrolye. This is because
many polymer electrolytes possess low ionic conductivity due to crystalline
structure. Generally, the solid electrolyte is far better and conventional for
usage due to good geometry, stability and provide high safety.
The problems are to find the balance and stability between conductivity and
mechanical

properties

of

solid

polymer

electrolyte.

The

intresting

development of electrolyte in lithium ion batteries has gone through various

stages. Firstly, liquid electrolye. At first, the usage of liquid electrolyte does
not bring many problems; the conductivity was quite good to let the current
flow thus complete the circuit. Unfortunately, the risk of using liquid as
electrolye is the leakage can occur. The leakage of flammable solvent is a big
threat in liquid electrolyte. it is a situation for electrolyte which is made by
pure PVDF. Thus, liquid based electrolyte is not ideal to be used in lithium ion
batteries.
To produce good electrolyte especially in lithium ion batteries there are
several factors that need to be considered. No leakage of electrolye, higher
energy density, flexible geometry to suit in the batteries compartment and
enhanced safety hazard. The second stage is dry solid polymer electrolyte. In
dry SPE, the polymer becomes as solid solvent along with lithium salt and the
advantage is that it does not contain organic liquid so that interference of

other substances will not occur during reaction between anode and cathode.
But, apart from that, dry SPE system has very low ionic conductivity. Thus
another approach is taken to improve the conductivity of dry SPE. The
addition of low molecular weight liquid plasticizers of both cyclic carbonic
ester and chain like ester for instance dimethyl carbonate.

The additions are tested on PAN and PE-O, but another problem rises. These
electrons become passive with lithium metal anode. Passivation is great to
preserve the appearance of the metal, but it prevent oxidation from occur
thus the electrons cant flow smoothly in the circuit. Hence, another type of
electrolye is created based on gel polymer.
Gel polymer electrolyte, GPE is primarily focused on PVDF polymer. It is
because a PVDF appealing property which has a dielectric constant which can
give greater ionization of salt and provide higher electron mobility thus the
electrons will travel fast in the metals.The strong electron withdrawing group
making it more stable. PVDF is mixed in alkylcarbonate solvent such as
ethylene carbonate (EC) and propylene carbonate (PC). This GPE give greater
consistency that allows easy handling, modularity and reliability. It also
provides greater conductivity compared to liquid and SPE. However, when
PVDF is gelled, there still lies problem in GPE. Even the conductivity is
enhanced, but it lost its mechanical strength when being gelled and
plasticizer. After largely studied, GPE still need improvement in the capability
of liquid retention and interfacial capability with lithium metal electrode.
Thus, the study has extended to the new and recent type of electrolyte which
is composite approach, composite polymer electrolye (CPE).
The most recent studies discover that the element that lacking in GPE can be
improved by adding another type of solid polymer into PVDF which is

hexafluoropropylene, HFP. HFP gives amorphous characteristic to the PVDF

crystalline phase thus help to isolate huge amount of liquid electrolye. It also
acts as mechanical support for the polymer matrix to overcome the issue of
interfacial stability in GPE. CPE also give lithium polymer batteries with
improved safety hazard. The PVDF properties can be further improved by the
addition of ceramic fillers for instance zeolites. These ceramic fillers are one
of the convincing ways to improve morphological and electrochemical
properties of polymer electrolye. In addition, it also hindered recrystallization.
In this way, PVDF will stay amorphous thus will give great conductivity
because when the structure is amorphous, the electrolye can pass through
the polymer very fast without any difficulty. On the other hand, if the polymer
stay as crystal, the arrangement of molecule very pack and close together,
thus the electrolyte will have difficulty to travel from one to another electrode
making them slow.

CONCLUSION
As we can see, the development and continued research of solid polymer
electrolyte is very significance to the finding of ideal type of polymer that can
be suit in the lithium ion batteries. There are many factors to be considered,
from the shape, chemical properties, flexibility, conductivity and many others
to give premium batteries which can supply high energy needed by the
vehicles. It is very interesting development from the liquid electrolyte and
lastly to composite polymer electrolyte which combines PVDF with HFP gives
superior properties which have high conductivity, stability, and improved
safety hazard. There are still more research conducted ahead which can give
more choices of solid polymer electrolyte other than PVDF. The possibility of
finding new type of polymer electrolyte is high considering there are
numerous solid polymers nowadays.

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