4 chem.

&
th

phys
 -:General

With the advent of fiber optics ,data can be very

easily and rapidly transmitted over long distance ,
it`s increasingly replacing wire transmission lines
in communication system

**Optical fiber

Optical fiber as the light equivalent of microwave

waveguides with the additional advantage of a very
wide band width .physically an optical fiber is a
very thin and flexible medium it consisting from 3
,sections

The core.1
The cladding ,and.2
The jacket.3

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The outer sec is called the jacket made of plastic or
polymer and other materials and is provided for
protection against moisture absorption , crushing
.and others
The core acts like a continuous layer of two parallel
mirrors

Importance of fibers optics

Smaller size and lighter weight.1

Elctromagnatic isolation.2
No physical electrical connection.3
The fiber much more reliable.4
Almost there is no cross-talk.5
Greater band width.6
As fibers are a very good dielectrics.7
The cost per channel is lower.8

system
Generations of telephone

First generation , with wave length 820 nm.1

Secound generation, with wave length 1300 nm.2
Third generation with wave length 1550 nm.3
Fourth generation with wave length 1550 nm .4

Propagation of light in an optical

fibre

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 a) Mechanism

If light wave enters at one end of a fiber in proper

conditions. Most of it is propagated down the
length of the fiber and comes out from the other
end of the fiber , some of them losses due to a
. small fraction leakage
This type of fiber

.is called light-guide

Experimentally, additional high band width
capabilities have been extended into the gigahertz
range

b) condition

Total internal reflection in the walls of the fiber can

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occur ,if and only if , the following two
.conditions are satisfied

basic structure of an optical fiber , and

propagation of light wave thought it

.Optical fiber is basically a solid glass rod.1

diameter of rod is so small that it looks
.like a fiber

The light Optical fiber is a dielectric waveguide..2

travels like an electromagnetic wave inside the
waveguide. The dielectric waveguide is different
from a metallic waveguide which is used at
.microwave and millimeter wave frequencies

Sinθc=µ1/ µ2

there In a radiation but in an metallic waveguide,.3

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 is a complete shielding of electromagnetic optical
fiber the electromagnetic radiation is not just
confined inside the fiber but also extends outside
.the fiber

light energy emanating from any practical point **

source will have several paths with different angles
of incoherence at the boundary layer it may also
contain difference colures with different frequency
this called step-index multimode propagation any
other light awe which is meaning the core-cladding
interface at above the critical value ANGLE WILL

ALSO BE TOTALLY reflected and hence will

propagated along the core
As the result this distortion the variations of **
successive pluses each other and the ruby cause
distortion of the information being carried.
however this defected can be minimized by making

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. the core diameter of same order

next we discuss the propagation of multi wave**

light energy in graded index fiber ,with the
individual waves being gradually refracted in the
graeded-index core

Fibred fabrication
Fibred can be fabricated by a number of
:techniques as detailed below

External chemical vapor deposition of spot.1

((external CVD
Internal chemical vapor deposition of glass.2
((internal CVD
Exeternal chemical vapor deposition of glass.3
((plasma CVD
Multi-element glass.4
.Phasial system.5

By the fraction process, we can get single mode

high quality fibers of both single mode and
multimode step and graded index fibers

: Characteristics of this method*

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 Ther is a dimensional restriction. Outer diameter.1
The typical value of the NA of the fiber produced.2
by this method
The rate of deposition is 0.5 gm per minute.3
loss: fiber is scattered-loss limited.4
Acceptance Angle and Acceptance cone of**
-:fiber

The maximum angle within which light will be

accepted by an element, such as a detector or
waveguide. In the latter, it is quantified as half the
vertex angle of the cone within which optical
power may be coupled into bound modes of a fiber.
Also called acceptance cone

so any light wave impinging on the core within,

this maximum external incident angle is couplet
fiber and will propagated this angle θc called the
.…acceptance angle from fig

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 :where
n1 is the refractive index of the medium the light is
leaving
θ1 is the incident angle between the light beam and
the normal (normal is 90° to the interface between
(two materials
n2 is the refractive index of the material the light is
entering
θ2 is the refractive angle between the light ray and
the normal
,Then
(n1sin(θ1) = n2sin(90-θ2
(n1sin(θ1)=n3sin(90
(sin(θ2)=n2/n1 , n1sin(θ1) =n2cos(θ2
(n1sin(θ1)=n2cos(θ2
(So, θc = θ1 = arcsin(n2/n1

-: (Numerical Aperture (general**

is another important term associated with afibre

=(NA=sinӨ(max
When a light ray is incident from a medium of
refractive index n to the core of index n1, Snell's
law at medium-core interface gives
From the above figure and using trigonometry, we
: get

where is the critical angle for total

internal reflection, since

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 :Substituting for sin θr in Snell's law we get

By squaring both sides

,Thus

.from where the formula given above follows

This has the same form as the numerical aperture in
other optical systems, so it has become common to
define the NA of any type of fiber to be

where n1 is the refractive index along the central

axis of the fiber

this fig shows the variation of NA with…

acceptance angle

-:Numerical Aperture of agraded index

From th consideration of geometrical optics it`s

evident that light icedent on the fiber core at
position will propagation as aguided mode only if

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it`s within the local numerical aperture Na(r) at the
point
NA(r) =local numerical aperture at r is experssd

( )* (Na(0=

,So

And this fig represents the comparation of NA for

graded index fiber for various (r/R) profiles ……
(g=∞(step index

Number of Modes and cut-off parameters of**

-:fiber

We know that anumber of modes like TE , TM

,hybrid HE & hybride Eh are possible in fibers
(but not all within a single fiber).out of all these
modes only certain modes will have aparticular
internal reflaction angle φ and external incidence
angle Ө assicated with it.now consider the
propagation of light rays of monochromatic light of

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wavelength λ between the parallel walls of glass of
(core diameter (d

**
M
eridiona
l and
skew
-:rays

Alight
ray is
path
which is followed by affixed point in the E-H
plane,as the plane moves with the speed of light C
in adirection normal to it self. The light rays or
skew rays this called meridional if all of them
comprising amode ,pass through the long it udinal
or Z-axis of fiber core

Classification of optical fibers

-:fiber classification**
Manufacture have conc mainly on three broad
-:class of fiber

-:(stepped index fiber (SI.1

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The basic structure of stepped index fiber is shown
in fig (3.1) it has two portions . it`s structure is
something like two conc cyliender.inner called
core,outer may be made of air in case of ∆ will be
large .as air has reflective index , of unity

-:(graded index multi mode fiber( GRIN-2

The second type of this class of fiber uses plastic as

. its cladding this gives higher losses .it`s less
expensive than the others. It`s refractive index
.profile which shows in fig

-:single mode fiber -3

The third type of this class of fiber uses glass as its

cladding but with refractive index fiber is very
commonly used ,because it can be fabricated with

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small core diameter with out sacrifing mechanicals
strength
(Then; d>(0.766/NA

-:stepped index Mono mode fiber -4

The transit time disperision problems can be solved

by making the core very thin,so that the diameter of
solved by making the core very thin ,so that the
diameter of core is of the same order as the wave
length of the light wave to be propagated as in fig

The chield charchteristics of stepped index*

-:monomode fiber are as follow

very small core diameter-1

low attenuation-2
low numerical aperture-3
very high bond width -4
(Then; d <(0.766λ/NA
Here the term mode filded diameter as shown in fig
(Here diameter is (2fd

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 -: Grade index Multi mode fibre**

Graded index fibers have intermediate band width

and capacity it`s a less expensive method of over
coming transit time dispersion . this fiber has
aproprty of gradually changing refractive index as
in fig

-:plastic fiber**

Fiber which composition are now avialbe.plastic

fiber (plastic core) have been manufactured from
polymer drawing into afibre.the losses associated
with the second fibers are usually in hurdeds of
decibel. They aperated at low temp at maximum
125С while glass fibers can be used right up to a
maximum temp of 100 С

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 Other latest developed types of
Optical Fibers
-:(HIGH Parity Silica Fiber (HPSUV-1

This type of fiber is suitable for transmission of

light in the range 180 to 800.it`s good as well as
cheep. It`s sometimes coated with dominium which
gives very mechanical strength the and handing
capability

-:(High purity silica (HPSIR-2

HPSIR type of fiber is similar to the HPSUV fiber
with slightly different dopants to give it alonger
wave length capability in the near IR from 500 nm
to 2600 nm .the same comments concerning
. strength and power handling apply

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Fibers can be fabricated by number
-:of techniques as detailed below
-:Internal chemical vapour deposition**

This method is also batch process,like external

chemical vapour deposition teqnique.by this
method we can process the fiber core and cladding
matrials in very pare stage

-:characteristic of this method

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 a)there is diamensional testriction
b)the typical value of the NA of procedure by this
method is 0.22
c)the rate of deposition is 0.59m per min
d)loss: fiber is scattered loss limited

-:(second process of internal (cvd**

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