Sir Antoine Lavoisier (1743 1794)

First to classify elements into groups

It is arranged into 4 different group as shown in table

In his table, elements are classified into metals and non-metals

It is not a good periodic table as substances such as heat, light
and sun were included in his grouping as these are not element

Still, his contribution towards the periodic table is treasured as
hes the 1st one to start grouping element

Johann W. Dobereiner ((1780 1849)

Invented a classifying method named triad where 3 elements are
grouped under the same category base on their relative mass.,
where the median is the average of the highest and lowest value

Weakness : The elements that can be categorized were very
limited.

Advantage : scientist begin to realize that there were relationship
between the elements with the same properties and the relative
mass of the elements involved.

John Newland (1837 1898)

Arrange the elements that were discovered during that time in a
horizontal method in ascending order of their atomic masses. Each
row consisted of 7 elements

He believed that elements with the same properties will repeat in
every 8th elements in his periodic table. This pattern is similar to
octave notes in the music score. That is why its called octaves law

Still, it is not enough as everything went wrong after the 17th elements
(from H to Ca is true)

Still it is a very large contribution toward the modern periodic table as
people now learned how to arrange the periodic table using atomic
mass and its repeating theories

Lothar Meyer (1830 1895)

Plotted a graph of atomic volume against atomic mass for all known
elements at that time.

Realize that elements with the same chemical properties occupied
the same relative positions on the curve.

Highlighted the pattern of the graph from the elements has a trend
in the tendencies of similarity of the substance

Dmitri Mendeleev (1834 1907)

Shown properties of elements changed periodically with atomic
mass

He grouped elements with the same properties placed in the
same vertical column

He also left some space for elements which is yet discovered at
that time

Using the emptied space, the properties of the undiscovered
element were predicted and it is later found similar to the
properties predicted by him.

Separate elements which cannot be placed normally into his
table as transition elements

His table are basis of todays Modern periodic table

J. G. Moseley (1887 1915)

Using X-Ray method to determine the position of elements in
Periodic Table. He then plotted a graph of square root of the
frequency of the X-ray from elements against proton
numbers. A straight line is obtained.

From the information, hes able to categorise the periodic
table similar to the Modern Periodic Table. He also
successfully proved Mendeleevs prediction of the empty
element.

His achievement had help in developing the Modern Periodic
Table today

A periodic table of partial ground-state electron configurations

Group 18 element (Noble Gas)

Our air consists of about 1% of noble gases. These gases are
inert(non-reactive) gases.

In the Modern periodic Table the Group 18s elements are

Helium

Neon

Argon

Krypton

Xenon

Radon

Below shows some physical properties of the elements

Element

He

Ne

Ar

Kr

Xe

Proton
number

10

18

36

54

Trend

Increase when goes down to

Atomic
group. More shell is required when
radius 0.050 0.070 0.094 0.109 0.130 more electron filling in, thus
(nm)
causing the atomic radius to
increase.
Melting
point
(oC)
Boiling
point
(oC)

Monoatomic gases of noble gas

-270 -248 -189 -156 -112 have very weak Van Der Waals
forces between the atoms,
resulting the amount of heat
required to break the forces
between the atoms are little.
-269 -246 -186 -152 -107 Generally, b.p and m.p increase
when goes down the group.

Physical
Gas
state

Gas

Gas

Gas

Since the boiling point is below

Gas room temperature, so it exist as
gas

Element

Proton number

Helium (He)

Electron
arrangement
2

Neon (Ne)

10

2.8

Argon (Ar)

18

2.8.8

Krypton (Kr)

36

2.8.18.8

Xenon (Xe)

54

2.8.18.18.8

From the electron arrangement, we can tell that, all the

Group 18 gases have achieved octet states. Thus, these
gases are very stable and unreactive. The octet
arrangement of the noble gas also allows them to exist as
monoatom, as they are already stable on its own.
Application of noble gas in our daily life

 Use as weather balloon and airship

Helium
(He)

Use by divers where helium is mixed with oxygen gas to use in

ocean diving
Use by physicist in measuring low temperature thermometer.

Neon
(Ne)
Argon
(Ar)

Use in commercial / advertisement boards.

Fill electrical bulbs
Support welding process (prevent air to react with the hot metal)
Use in flash light in camera and DV

Krypton
Use in laser to repair the retina of our eyes
(Kr)
Radon
(Rn)

Kill cancerous cell

Group 1 elements

Group 1 are also known as alkali earth metal as it is an

alkali substance
The elements of Group 1 are

Lithium (Li)

Sodium (Na)

Potassium (K)

Rubidium (Rb)
Caesium (Cs)

Francium (Fr)
Below are some physical properties of Group 1 elements

Element
s
Proton
number
Atomic
radius
(nm)

Melting
point
(oC)

Li

Na

Rb

Cs

Trend

All alkali metals are grey soft solid

3
11
19
37
55 with shiny surface. Since its soft,
its easily to cut alkali metal
Increase when goes down to
group. More shell is required
0.15 0.19 0.23 0.25 0.26 when more electron filling in, thus
causing the atomic radius to
increase.

181

98

64

39

Boiling
point 1347 890
(oC)

774

689

The intermolecular forces of

28 metal solid : metallic bonding;
Strength : how the free electrons
of metal are able to interact with
the nucleus of the atom. When
going down to group, metallic
bond decrease as the electrons
677 are getting further away from the
nucleus when the radius
gradually increase.

Element

Li

Na

Rb

Cs

Proton
number

11

19

37

55

Trend

Since the melting point of alkali

Physical
metal are all above room
Solid Solid Solid Solid Solid
state
temperature, so alkali metal exist
as solid.
Even though alkali metals are
solid, some of them are actually
Density
0.53 0.86 0.97 1.53 1.88 less dense than water (Li, Na, K).
(g/cm3)
The mass / volume of Li, Na and
K are lower than 1.00
Conducti
Since its a metal usually it
vity of
conducts heat. As for electricity, it
heat and Good Good Good Good Good
has free mobile ion to move
electricit
around and conduct electricity.
y

Elements

Lithium
(Li)

Sodium
(Na)

Potassium
(K)

Rubidium
(Rb)

Caesium
(Cs)

No. of
electrons

11

19

37

55

Electron
arrangemen

2.1

2.8.1

2.8.18.8.1

2.8.18.18.8.1

2.8.8.1

Reactive

Reactivity increase when going down to Group 1

Electroposi
tivity

Electropositivity increase when going down to Group 1

Cation
formed

Li+

Na+

K+

Rb+

Cs+

Since all Group 1 elements possessed the same number of

valance electron so they exhibit similarity in terms of chemical
______________
properties.
donate 1 electron away to achieve octet.

All Group 1 elements will ______
increase
Reactiveness increase
_______ as the electropositivity ________.

Electropositivity measures on how easy an atom release an
electron to become positively charges ion (cation). So, when
the distance between the outer-most electron and nucleus
easier for the atom to release the outer-most
increase, more ______
electron, thus it is more electropositive
____________

To study the chemical properties of Group 1 through

the reaction with water and oxygen.

Alkali metal become more reactive in their reaction

with water when goin down Group 1.
Type of alkali metal
Reactivity of alkali metal
Water and size of alkali metal

Lithium melted and

moved slowly at
random on the
surface of water
with plenty of fizz.
A colourless
solution is formed
which turn red
litmus red to blue

Sodium melted
and moved rapidly
at random on the
surface of water
with hissing sound.
A colourless
solution is formed
which turn red
litmus red to blue

Potassium melted
and moved very
fast at random on
the surface of
water and ignited
with a lilac flame,
gave out pop and
hissing sound. A
colourless solution
is formed which
turn red litmus red
to blue

2 Li (s) + 2 H2O (l)
2 LiOH (aq) + H2 (g)

2 Na (s) + 2 H2O (l)
2 NaOH (aq) + H2 (g)
2 K (s) + 2 H2O (l)
2 KOH (aq) + H2 (g)

This is due to the formation of the solution of metal hydroxide

which are alkaline

The reaction of potassium and sodium is too reactive, so its

too dangerous to be carried out by students

Alkali metal become more reactive in their reaction

with oxygen when going down Group 1.
Type of alkali metal
Reactivity of alkali metal
Oxygen gas and size of alkali
metal

Lithium burned
slowly with red
flame. White fumes
which become a
white solid when
cooled to room
temperature, were
produced

Sodium burned
rapidly with a bright
yellow flame. White
fumes which
become a white
solid when cooled to
room temperature,
were produced

White solid
dissolved in water to
form colourless
solution that turned
red litmus paper to
blue colour.

White solid
dissolved in water to
form colourless
solution that turned
red litmus paper to
blue colour.

Potassium burned
very rapidly with a
lilac flame. White
fumes which
become a white
solid when cooled to
room temperature,
were produced

White solid
dissolved in water to
form colourless
solution that turned
red litmus paper to
blue colour.

4 Li (s) + O2 (l)
2 Li2O (s)

Li2O (s) +

H2O (l)
2 LiOH (aq)

Yes, since all alkali metal has the same valence electron,
which is 1.
Lithium, sodium and potassium react similarly with oxygen. The
reactivity increase from Li , Na , K