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INTRODUCTION
The vaginal cavity is an important area of the
reproductive tract and acts as a favorable site
for drug administration due to avoidance of first
pass effect, large permeation area, rich
vascularization and relatively low enzymatic
activity [1]. In recent years, research has been
focused on vaginal drug delivery systems as
logical alternatives to oral or parenteral drug
administration.
Many
studies
have
demonstrated the superiority of vaginal over
oral drug administration in terms of minimizing
general and gastrointestinal side effects. The
search for non-invasive drug delivery systems
continues due to poor patient compliance and
acceptance, limited market size and drug uses,
coupled with the high cost of disease
4 Dobaria et al.
5 Dobaria et al.
Camazole (Tablet)
Emmelle (gel)
Cervidil (Insert)
Savvy TM
Vaginal contraceptive
Film
Estring
(Vaginal ring)
Gynol II
(Jelly)
KY Plus (Jelly)
Ovule
Protectaid (Sponge)
Invisible condom
Viread (gel)
Ushercell (gel)
Carraguard (gel)
Placebo gel
Vaginal gel
Manufacturer or
Developed by
Status
Progesterone
Columbia laboratory
Market (USA)
Nonoxynol-9
Columbia laboratory
Market (USA)
Terbutaline
Lidocaine
Testosterone
Dinoprostone
Probiotics
Naphthalene2- sulfonate
Estrogen
Progesterone
Butoconazole nitrate 2%
Clindamycin phosphate
Neomycin Sulfate
Polymyxin B Sulfate
Nystatin
Clotrimazole
Dextrin sulphate
Dinoprostone
Glyminox
Columbia laboratory
Columbia laboratory
Pharmacia & Upjohn Company
Pharma Dyanemics (Pvt.) Ltd.
Indevus Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Novo Nordisk
Wyeth-Ayerst laboratories
KV Pharmaceuticals, USA.
KV Pharmaceuticals, USA.
Market
Nonoxynol-9
Apothecus Pharmaceutical
Market
Estrogen
Approved (1998)
Nonoxynol 9
Ortho McNeil
Market
Market
Phase IV
Axcan Pharma
Market
Laval university
Gilead Science
Polydex Pharmaceuticals
Population Council
Biosyn
Family healthcare
Miconazole nitrate
Nonoxynol- 9
Benzalkonium chloride
Sodium lauryl sulphate
Tenofovir
Cellulose sulphate
Carrageenan/ PC-515
Hydroxy ethyl cellulose
Cellulose sulphate
6 Dobaria et al.
7 Dobaria et al.
8 Dobaria et al.
Formulation
Microsphere
Salmon calcitonin
Microsphere
HYAFF
Result/Purpose of investigation
Increased absorption from HYAFF
microsphere compared to aqueous
solution of the drugs
Same as above
Cellulose acetate
phthalate
Danazol
Sponge disc
HPMC/MC
Pectin
Hyaluronic Acid
or Modified hyaluronic
MC/Carbopol 974
Sodium CMC/Alginate
Copolymer of lactic acid
and glycolic acid polymer
of lactic acid
Chitosan, Sodium Alginate
Controlled release
Polyoxyalkylene block
copolymer
Carbopol 974P
Acriflavine
T- shaped preparation
IUD- ring preparation
Paste/ Spherical gel
Microsphere
Metronidazole
Tablet (Bioadhesive)
Benzydamine
hydrochloride
Clotrimazole
Vaginal gel
Clotrimazole
Chloramphenicol
Liposome gels
(Bioadhesive)
Tablet (Bioadhesive)
Polymers
HYAFF
Chitosan-TGA conjugates
Ref
[9]
[10]
[33]
[49]
[50]
Prolonged release of Leuprorelin
acetate
[51]
[52]
[54]
[55]
Liposome gels
(Bioadhesive)
Carbopol 974P
Clotrimazole
Pessaries
Oxybutynin
Vaginal ring
Polycarbophyl, HPMC
Hyaluronic sodium salt
Trifluoropropylmethyl/
Dimethylsiloxane
Polydimethylsiloxane
Liposomal hydrogel
(Bioadhesive)
Carbopol 974P
[59]
Progesterone
Vaginal ring
Polydimethylsiloxane
[60]
Ethinyl estradiol
Etonogestrel
Vaginal ring
Ethylene-vinyl acetate
copolymer
[61]
Physiologically
active peptides
[62]
Acyclovir
[53]
[56]
[57]
[58]
9 Dobaria et al.
10 Dobaria et al.
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
Several animal models such as sheep, rats,
rabbits, rhesus monkeys, macaque monkeys,
dogs and mice have been used in different
studies in the development of vaginal
formulations [79]. White rabbits are used for
primary irritation and subchronic toxicity
testing.
Recently
developed
vaginalectocervical (VEC) tissue models will serve as
useful, highly reproducible, non-animal tools to
assess the irritation due to vaginal care product
[80].
[8]
[9]
CONCLUSION
11 Dobaria et al.
[15] K.S.
Moghissi,
Vaginal
Fluid
Constituents. In The Biology of the
Fluids of the Female Genital Tract,
Elsevier, North Holland.1979, pp. 13-23.
12 Dobaria et al.
13 Dobaria et al.