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Algebra
Unit (1): Matrices
Definition: the matrix is a method for organizing data or tabulating a group of
elements as horizontal rows and vertical columns.
Remarks:
The elements of a matrix are inserted between ( )
If the number of rows = m and number of columns = n so the
dimensions (order) of the matrix is m n where m and n are +ve
integers, which is read "m by n"
We use capital letters to name the matrix such as A , B , C ..
The elements of a matrix denoted by small letters as a , b , c ..
If A is a matrix its dimensions is m n we can put it in the form
A = ( amn ) where m = 1 , 2 , 3 , .. , m and n = 1 , 2 , 3 , .. , n
Ex (1): A factory producing TV sets some of them are color TV and the other is
B/W with three different sizes 14 inches , 17 inches and 21 inches

Color TV
B/W TV

14 inches

17 inches

21 inches

20
15

12
18

6
10

We can represent these data simply as follow:

20 12 6
15 18 10

Ex (2): list the matrix A = ( amn ) where m = 1 , 2 , 3 and n = 1 , 2

Solution

a11 a12

A = a 21 a 22 it's a matrix of dimensions 3 2

a a
31 32
Ex (3): list the matrix B = ( bmn ) where m = 1 and n = 1 , 2 , 3
Solution
B = ( b11 b12 b13 ) it's a matrix of dimensions 1 3

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Some special matrices:

1. Row matrix : is a matrix with only one row A = ( 7 4 2 )

2

2. Column matrix: is a matrix with only one column B = 5

8

3. Square matrix: is a matrix with an equal number of rows and columns
2 -1

15 3
4. Zero matrix (null matrix): is a matrix that has all its elements zero
0 0 0

2 3
it can be represented as
0
0
0

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Matrix transpose:
A matrix which is formed by turning all the rows of a given matrix into
columns and vice-versa. The transpose of matrix A is written AT
Note: (AT )T = A
Ex (4): Find the transpose for each matrix of the following
A=

3
3 1 2
4
,
B
=
1
4
5
,
C
=
(
)
5 2 7
9 2

Solution

3 5
1
4 9

AT = 1 2 , BT = 5 , CT =

3 2
2 7
4

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Equality of two matrices:
Two matrices is said to be equal if and only if they have the same
dimensions and the corresponding elements are equal

x + 4 2 3
5
= 5

11

Ex (5): find the values of x and y if:

x + 4 = 3 x = 1

Solution

2y + 7 = 11 2y = 18 y = 9

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2
2y+7

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Exercise (1)
1. A textile factory produces three types of textiles, and this factory has 2
branches A & B. if the numbers of clothes produced as follow:
Branch A: produces 60 clothes of wool, 40 of silk and 20 of cotton
Branch B: produces 45 clothes of wool, 32 of silk and 85 of cotton
Put the following data in the form of a matrix "X" using two methods
2. In a contest among three students, we get the following results:
The 1st student answered 15 questions in math, 20 questions in science.
The 2nd student answered 24 questions in math, 15 questions in science.
The 3rd student answered 30 questions in math, no questions in science.
a. Write these data in the form of a matrix with dimensions 3 2
b. If 5 marks were assigned for each question, write another matrix
with the same dimensions represents the marks which of the
students get in the two subjects

3 4

3. If A = 9 0

2 6

x 1 y

.
, B= 9
0

2
6

complete the following:

a. The element which lies in the 2nd row and the 1st column of matrix
B is .
b. The element b12 = . And the element a21 = .
c. If A = B so x = and y =
1

0
8
1 4
T
T
3 . Find A and B
4. If A =
and B =

2 3
1
4
5

x 2 + 3 1 7
1
5. If
=

. Find the possible values for x and y

6
2y 1
4
4

6. Write a zero (null) matrix with dimensions 3 3

x 3y
y+z

7. Find x , y and z which makes

y 0 1
=
5 4 5

z
1
x 1 4 2

8. Find x , y and z which makes 1 y 5 = 1 z 1 5

2 9 1 2 9
1

9. Prove that for all values of x and y the following equality is false:

3y 5 9
2x + y
3
= 3 2
x

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