SEMINAR ON PROJECT MONITORING FOR NON-ENGINEERS

MODULE II: OVERVIEW OF DETAILED ENGINEERING DESIGN

Part I: Building Design Data And Requirements
A. Background Information
a.1 The Philippines is the most Disaster Prone Country in the World in the Previous 100 years.
The Center for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED), based in Belgium,
compiles a database of natural and technological disasters worldwide. The CRED database
period 1901-2013 shows that the Philippines suffered possibly the worst combination of
disasters among all countries. (see www.em-dat.net)
In order for an event to be entered into the CRED list, at least one of the following
criteria has to be fulfilled:
- 10 or more people reported killed.
- 100 or more people reported affected
- A call for international assistance
- Declaration of a state of emergency
For a list of the highest natural disaster events,(see for example, Table 2.1 and Table 2.2)
TABLE 1.0 - TOP 10 NATURAL DISASTER EVENTS ACCORDING TO NUMBER OF PEOPLE KILLED
DISASTER TYPE YEAR
LOCATION
PEOPLE KILLED

Storm

2013

Earthquake
Wind Storm
Storm
Earthquake
Wind Storm

1976
1991
2012
1990
1970

Storm

2011

Wind Storm

1984

Storm
Volacano

2006
1911

Wind Storm

1984

Samar, Leyte, Cebu, Iloilo, Capiz, Aklan, Palawan

Provinces
Gulf of Moro, Sulu
Bago, La Cariota, Bacolod, (Negros) and Leyte
Davao Oriental, Compostela Valley
Cabanatuan, Baguio, Dagupan (Luzon Isl.)
(1) Bicol area, (2) Mindanao
CDO, Negros Oriental, Cebu, Zambaonga Del Norte,
Misamis Oriental, Lanao Del Norte, Bukidnon,
Compostela Valley, Surigao Del Sur, Lanao del Norte
Surigao del Norte, Bohol Isl., Mindanao, Negros
Occidental, Cebu Provinces
Bicol Region, Catanduanes, Sorsogon, Mindoro,
Marinduque, Batangas, Laguna
Manila Region
Capiz, Iloilo, Aklan, Antique, Leyte, Eastern Samar, Roxas,
Tacloban

7,354
6,000
5,956
1,901
1,621
1,551

1,439
1,399
1,399
1,335
1,079

TABLE 2.0 - TOP 10 NATURAL DISASTER EVENTS ACCORDING TO AMOUNT OF DAMAGE

LOCATION

DAMAGE
U$$1,000

Samar, Leyte, Cebu, Iloilo, Capiz, Aklan, Palawan

Provinces

1,000,000

DISASTER TYPE YEAR

Storm
Earthquake
Storm
Wind Storm
Storm

2013

1990 Cabanatuan, Baguio, Dagupan (Luzon Isl.)

920,000

2012 Davao Oriental, Compostela Valley

898,352

1995 Pampanga, Sultan Kudarat provinces

709,000

2009

Region I, Region II, Region III, Region IV-A, Region V,

Region VI

585,379

Wind Storm

1991 Regions IV and XII

435,000

Wind Storm

1990

Samar , Masbate provinces, Palawan, Iloilo, Negros

Occidental, Cebu

388,500

Storm

2011

NCR, Ilocos Region, Region III, Region IV-b (Mimaropa),

Region V-Bicol, Region VI

344,173

Wind Storm

1998 Albay, Catanduanes Prov.

319,176

Wind Storm

1991 Luzon Isl.

311,000

Meanwhile, the Asian Disaster Reduction Center (ADRC), which is based in Japan,
analyzed
a
very
similar
database
of
disasters
from
1901
to
2013
(www.adrc.or.jp/databook_20th/). Nationwide, 35 natural disasters were listed; the sum of
people killed reached 57,280; and the sum of the material damage exceeded US$8-Billion.
Both the CRED and ADRC databases list many types of natural disaster, which are listed
below in alphabetical order.

Drought (ex. El Nio

Slide (ex. Landslide)

Volcano(ex. Explosion, Lahar Flow)

Earthquake

Wave/Surge (ex. Tsunami)

Epidemic(ex. Malaria, Dengue Fever)

Wild Fire

Flood

Wind Storm

Insect Infestation

The ADRC analysis of the natural disasters indicates the following historical trends.
1. Wind storms lead, in terms of frequency, in total number of people killed, injured, or
otherwise affected, and in value of damage.
2. Earthquakes rank second, in terms of total number of people killed or injured, and in
monetary value of damage. Floods place second, too, in terms of frequency, in total number of
people affected and in monetary value of damage.
3. Volcano eruptions rank third, in terms of number of people killed and in monetary value of
damage.
In summary, the hazards that caused the most disasters were, and still are, as
listed below in the order of overall significance:

Wind storms

Earthquakes

Floods, and

Volcano eruptions

2.2 The Philippines is No.1 Country Visited by Wind Storm

The geographical location of the Philippines is prone to be subjected to wind storm. Fig
2.1 is the wind zone map of the Philippines, while Table 2.3 also presented the basic wind speed
for the Provinces of the Philippines.

Fig. 1.0 Wind Zone Map of the Philippines

2.3 The Philippines belongs to the Earthquake Belt of the World

Fig. 2.2 shows the Epicenter of the Past World Earthquakes while Fig. 2.3 is Seismic
Source: Active Faults and Trenches in the Philippines.
The Philippines is divided into two Earthquake zones:
Zone 4 covers areas that have active faults and trenches are capable of generating
large magnitude earthquakes. All the provinces except Palawan and Tawi-Tawi fall under
Zone 4.

Zone 2 covers areas that do not have earthquake.

Fig. 2.2 Seismicity of the Philippines Epicenter of Past World Earthquakes

Fig. 2.3 Seismic Sources: Active Faults & Trenches

Fig.2.4 Referenced Seismic Map of the Philippines

MODULE II: OVERVIEW OF DETAILED ENGINEERING DESIGN

Part I: Building Design Data and Requirements
b. MATERIALS COMMONLY USED IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
Basic Construction Materials:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

CEMENT
SAND
GRAVEL
REINFORCING STEEL BARS
STANDARD WIRE REINFORCEMENT (WELDED WIRE MESH)
STRUCTURAL STEEL

b.1
To produce concrete, mix cement, sand and gravel with measured quantity of clean
water. Depending upon the mixture and used of the concrete, the strength produced may
varies. (The figure below shows the stress strain diagram for concrete.
b.2 The reinforcing steel bar commonly used in the Philippines is subdivided into three (3)
according to properties:

1. Philippine Standard Structural Grade, Grade 230 fy = 230 MPa (33,000 psi)
2. Philippine Standard International Grade, Grade 275 -fy = 275 MPa (40,000 psi)
3. Philippine Standard Hard Grade, Grade 414 -fy = 414 Mpa (60,000 psi)
Reinforced Concrete is a term when concrete is reinforced with reinforcing steel bar.
TABLE b.3- STEEL REINFORCEMENT INFORMATION ON SIZES, AREAS AND WEIGHTS

Bar Size Designation

10
12
16
20
25
28
32
36

PHILIPPINE STANDARD (SI)

Area, mm2
79
113
201
314
491
616
804
1019

Mass, kg/m
0.618
0.890
1.580
2.465
3.851
4.831
6.310
7.986

42
58

1385
2642

10.870
20.729

b.3 STANDARD WIRE REINFORCEMENT

Table b.4 WRI Standard Wire Reinforcement
MW and MD SIZE

Area, mm / m of width for various spacings

PLAIN

DEFORMED

Diameter,
mm

Mass,
CENTER-TO-CENTER SPACING, mm
kg/m
50
75
100
150
200

250

300

MW290

MD290

19.22

2.270

5800

3900

2900

1900

1450

1160

970

MW200

MD200

15.95

1.570

4000

2700

2000

1300

1000

800

670

MW130

MD130

12.90

1.020

2600

1700

1300

870

650

520

430

MW120

MD120

12.40

0.942

2400

1600

1200

800

600

480

400

MW100

MD100

11.30

0.785

2000

1300

1000

670

500

400

330

MW90

MD90

10.70

0.706

1800

1200

900

600

450

360

300

MW80

MD80

10.10

0.628

1600

1100

800

530

400

320

270

MW70

MD70

9.40

0.549

1400

930

7100

470

350

280

230

MW65

MD65

9.10

0.510

1300

870

650

430

325

260

220

MW60

MD60

8.70

0.471

1200

800

600

400

300

240

200

MW55

MD55

8.44

0.432

1100

730

550

370

275

220

180

MW50

MD50

8.00

0.393

1000

670

500

330

250

200

170

MW45

MD45

7.60

0.353

900

600

450

300

225

180

150

MW40

MD40

7.10

0.314

800

530

400

270

200

160

130

MW35

MD35

6.70

0.275

700

470

350

230

175

140

120

MW30

MD30

6.20

0.236

600

400

300

200

150

120

100

MW25

MD25

5.60

0.196

500

330

250

170

125

100

83

MW20

5.00

0.157

400

270

200

130

100

80

67

MW15

4.40

0.118

300

200

150

100

75

60

50

MW10

3.60

0.079

200

130

100

70

50

40

33

MW5

2.50

0.039

100

67

50

33

25

20

17

b.4 STRUCTURAL STEEL

b.4.1 Structural Steel - construction material formed with a specific cross-section and certain
standards of chemical composition. It is used in the construction of frames for industrial
buildings, bridges and other structures.
b.4.2 Different type of structural steel are subdivided into two(2), as follows:
ROLLED SHAPE SECTION

COLD FORMED SECTION

These sections are available in the market with the corresponding strength:
ASTM A7 fy = 33 ksi
ASTM A36 fy = 36 ksi

C. COMPONENTS OF A BUILDING STRUCTURES

c.1 Components of a Building Structures:
1. Substructure All parts that are embedded to the ground such as footing and footing tie
beam
2. Superstructure All parts that are exposed to the ground such as columns, beams and
suspended slab.
c.2 SUBSTRUCTURE
c.2.1 Footing - is a structural member that carries the loads induced reactions and moments
from columns or walls, and transfer it to the supporting soil.

c.2.2 TYPES OF FOOTING

SINGLE SPREAD FOOTING

STRAP FOOTING

COMBINED FOOTING

MAT FOOTING

PILE FOOTING
- DRIVEN PILE
BORED PILE

c.2.3 Footing Tie Beam (FTB)

Footing Tie Beam is a flexural member that is commonly used to interconnect columns. It is
used to support masonry wall and reduce the effect of differential settlement of footing.

c.3 SUPERSTRUCTURE
c.3.1 Column is a compression member carrying loads from beams and transmitting it to the
footing. It is also a part of special moment frame subjected to bending and axial load.
Under Zone 4, the column, as a member of moment resisting frame must satisfy the following
requirements:
1. Size or Section - The shortest cross-sectional dimension measured on a straight line
passing through the geometric centroid, shall not be less than 300 mm except for
buildings or structures regulated by NSCP Volume 3 and BP 220. The ratio of the
shortest cross-sectional dimension to the perpendicular dimension shall not be less than
0.40
2. Longitudinal Reinforcement or main bar shall have an area A st not less than 0.01Ag or
more than 0.06Ag. .

where Ag = gross concrete area

= 300 x 300 (see Fig. 4.3)

Fig. 4.3 Typical Column Rebar Arrangement

3. Transverse reinforcement or column ties (seeFig.4.3) is reinforcing steel bars that is used to
enclose the main unprestressed reinforcement throughout the column length.
Recommended sizes to be used are:
for main bar 32mm and smaller ..............................................................................use 10
for main bar 36mm, 42mm, 58mm and bundled longitudinal bars ...............use 12
The location and recommended spacing of column ties are:
At Confined region with a length of Lo
of the minimum of dimension of the member.
6x diameter of the smallest longitudinal bar
So = 100 + (350 hx)
3
The value of the So shall not exceed 150mm and need not be taken less than 100mm.
hx = the dimension perpendicular to the axis of bending

c.3.2 Beam
The length Lo shall be the longest among:
- depth of the member at the joint face or at the section where flexural yielding is
likely to occur,
- 1/6 of the clear span of the member
- 450mm
At unconfined region beyond Lo
Column ties spacing shall be the smallest among:
- 6x dia. of the smallest longitudinal column bar
- 150mm
At joint reinforcement column ties shall be same spacing at confined region.
Beam - is a structural element that is capable of withstanding load primarily by
resisting bending. The bending force induced into the material of the beam as a result of the
external loads, own weight, span and external reactions to these loads is called a bending
moment.
Under Zone 4, beams to be used as flexural members of special moment frames
shall satisfy the following requirements: (see Fig. 4.4)
1. Clear span shall not be less than 4 times its effective depth.
clear span L1 > 4d
2. Width of member shall not be less than the smaller of 0.3h and 250mm where: h =
overall depth of beam
bw
0.30h
250
3. Width of member shall not exceed the width of the supporting member
bw
Width of column
4. The minimum overall depth of the beam unless deflections are computed is given in
Table 4.1
5. Reinforcing Steel Bars
Longitudinal reinforcement:
minimum, Asmin

fc bwd
4fy
1.40 bwd
fy

max As

0.25 bwd

At least 2 bars shall be provided continuously both top and bottom.

Fig. 4.4 Rebar Arrangement for Beam

6. Transverse Steel Bars

Transverse steel Bars are sometimes called hoops, stirrup ties, stirrups or ties.
maximum spacing at distance 2h from column
= d
4
= 8 x diameter of the smallest longitudinal bars (d b)
= 24 x diameter of hoop bars (dh)
= 300 mm
Where hoops are not required, stirrups with seismic hooks at both ends shall be spaced
at a distance not more than d/2 throughout the length of the member
Table c.1 Minimum Thickness of Non-prestressed Beams or One-Way Slabs Unless Deflections
are Computed
Minimum Thickness, h
Member

Solid one-way
slabs
Beams or ribbed
one-way slabs

Simply
Supported

One end
continuous

Both ends
continuous

Cantilever

Members not supporting or attached to partitions or other construction

likely to be damaged by large deflections
l/20
l/24
l/28
l/10

l/16

l/18.5

l/21

l/8

c.3.3 SLAB
a. ONE WAY SLAB
-

The ratio of longer span to the shorter span is greater than 2.0 and due to the huge
difference in lengths, load is not transferred to the shorter beams.
Reinforcement for shrinkage and temperature stressed normal to flexural reinforcement
shall be provided in structural slabs where the flexural reinforcement extends in one
direction
only.

Fig. 4.5 Types of Truss

b. TWO WAY SLAB

-

-The ratio of the longer span to shorter span is less than 2.0 and the load is
transferred/carried in both directions.

The minimum thickness of one-way slab is given in Table c.1

COMPONENTS OF A BUILDING STRUCTURES

The proposed 2-Storey Office Building to be used by as office of a local government
agency. It is located in a buildable area as indicated in the geohazard map. The building is
made of reinforced concrete and to be designed as moment resisting space frame, under Zone
4 category.
a. Design Loads
- weight of concrete .24 kn/m
- trusses, purlins, sag rods, etc0.24 kn/m
- 100 CHB2.48 kn/m
- 150 CHB2.80 kn/m
- G.I roofing..-0.072 kn/m
- Floor topping & live load ceiling, electical, piping, fixtures,etc...0.20 kn/m
Live Load

- Roof construction live load-0.96 kn/m

- office1.92 kn/m
- finishes..0.61 kn/m
- partitions1.0 kn/m
- hailway, stairs..3.84 kn/m
b. Material Properties
Concrete 28th day Compressive strength fc=20.68mPa
Reinforcing steel bars for rebars less than 16mm, use
Intermediate grade, fy= 275MPa
for rebars 16mm and above, use hard grade fy=414MPa
Structural Steel for trusses, purlins, cross bracing sagrods, use A36 steel with
fy = 248MPa
c. Seismic Local
Zone coefficient Z= 0.40 for Zone 4
Importance factor special occupancy I=1.0
Frame Material Factor.Ct = 0.0731
Seismic Source Type Closest distance to know Seismic fault, =
(North Bohol Fault)
d. Soil Propertiesallowable bearing capacity - 144 kn/m (Soil Investigation Report)
E. References
1. National Structural Code of the Philippines
Vol. 1 6th Edition, 4th Printing

Design Computations
The minimum requirements of a moment existing frame under Zone 4 Seismic
conditions are:
a.

Single spread footing 1 500 x 1 500 x 300 with 5-6mm O.C BW

b.

Footing tie beam 250 x 350 with 2- 20mm top

and bottom reinforcements and
hoops 1@50, 10@70 rest @145 O.C

c.

Column 300 x 300 with 8- 20mm longitudinal bars and hoops

@ confined region.2 sets-10mm@ 75 O.C
@ joint reinforcement2 sets- 10mm@ 75 O.C
@ unconfined region..2 sets- 10mm@ 120 O.C

d. Beam
2nd Floor 250 x 350 with 3-20 top
and bottom bars and hoops 1@50,
10@70, rest@145 O.C
e. Slab
two way slab : 120mm thick with main
reinforcement
short span
continuous:
midspan:
discontinuous:

10 @ 200 O.C
10 @ 250 O.C
10 @ 200 O.C

long span
continuous:
midspan:
discontinuous:

10 @ 200 O.C
10 @ 250 O.C
10 @ 200 O.C

MODULE IV: OVERVIEW OF REHABILITATION OF DAMAGED STRUCTURE

Part I: Building Design
Building Construction causes of damage/defects

1. Old Capitol Building

2. Capitol Annex Building

3. St. Peter the Apostle Church, Loboc

4. Our Lady of Assumption Church,

Dauis

5. Cong. Natalio Memorial Hospital

6. Clarin Community Hospital

MODULE IV: OVERVIEW OF REHABILITATION OF DAMAGED STRUCTURES

Retrofitting Works
PRACTICAL SOLUTIONS TO SEISMIC
RETROFITTING / REHABILITATION

Jacketing
Posttensioning
Carbon fiber wrap

RETROFITTING: STRENGTHENING BY JACKETING

Jacketing - is one of the most frequently used techniques to strengthen reinforced concrete
(RC) members.

RETROFITTING: CONCRETE JACKETING

POST-TENSIONING (AS SEISMIC RETROFITTING)

Post-tensioning is a method of reinforcing (strengthening) concrete or other materials with
high-strength steel strands or bars, typically referred to as tendons.

RETROFITTING: POSTTENSIONING

RETROFITTING: CARBON FIBER WRAP

Carbon fiber - is the common name used to refer to plastic reinforced by a
graphite textile. Less frequently, the term is used to describe the textile itself, but
it is pretty much useless unless embedded in plastic.

RETROFITTING: CARBON FIBER WRAP

2 - STOREY BUILDING

Perspective

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

SECOND FLOOR PLAN

ROOF PLAN

7.05 Parapet Wall Line

6.15 Roof Deck Line

Roof Beam

3.35 2/f Line

2/f Beam

Slab

Column
0.35 F.F.L
0.0 N.G.L

Footing

LONGITUDINAL SECTION

FOUNDATION PLAN

Footing Tie Beam

SECOND FLOOR FRAMING

ROOF FRAMING PLAN

C-PURLINS

TRUSS

ROOF BEAM

CROSS BRACING

ROOF FRAMING PLAN

SAGROD