Failure Citerion PDF

9/15/2015
SudanUniversityofScienceandTechnology
FacultyofPetroleumEngineering
Rock Mechanics Course

Hasabelrsool E.A.Elsadig,MSc(Geomechanics ITB)
1. Mohr - Coulomb failure criterion

2. Hoek - Brown failure criterion
9/15/2015
RockMechanicsCourse
ByHasabelrsoolE.A.Elsadig,MSc Mining
@UofK
Over the years, comprehensive laboratory studies have yielded a

variety of failure criterion to describe rock strength in compression.
Ultimate expression of failure criteria is to predict rock strength.

Rock failure criteria is determined based on experimentation data.
Rock failure criteria is determined based on empirical and
theoretical approaches.
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RockMechanicsCourse
@UofK
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AssumptionforFailureCriterionofRock
The expression of this criteria consists of one or more parameters of
mechanical properties of rock and becomes simple if it is calculated
in 2D with assumption of plane strain or plane stress.
On plane strain, if the following condition prevails: 1 > 2 > 3, the
intermediate principal stress 2 is a function of other two principal
stresses or the failure criteria only function on the two principal
stresses (1 & 3).
On plane stress, only the two principal stresses influence to the
failure criteria because another principal stress is zero.
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RockMechanicsCourse
@UofK
StressSpace
OC=Uniaxial CompressiveStrength
OT=Uniaxial TensileStrength
CM=Triaxial Test
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@UofK
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1. Coulomb Failure Criterion

The simplest, and still most widely used, failure criterion is that of
Coulomb (1773).
Based on his extensive experimental investigations into friction,
Coulomb assumed that failure in a rock or soil takes place along a
plane due to the shear stress acting along that plane.
Motion is assumed to be resisted by:

1. A frictional-type force whose magnitude equals the normal
stress n acting along this plane, multiplied by some constant
factor . {
.
2. An internal cohesive force of the material.{C}
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RockMechanicsCourse
@UofK
These considerations lead to the mathematical criterion that

failure will occur along a plane if the following condition is
satisfied:
Conversely, failure will not occur on any plane for which:
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RockMechanicsCourse
@UofK
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The parameter is known as the coefficient of internal friction, as

it applies along an imaginary surface that is internal to the rock
before failure occurs.
The form of criterion suggests that the Mohrs circle construction

will be useful in its analysis.
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RockMechanicsCourse
@UofK
A stress state whose Mohrs circle lies below the line AL will not
give rise to failure on any plane.
If the principal stresses are such that the circle touches the failure line,
the rock will fail in shear.
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RockMechanicsCourse
@UofK
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It would be convenient to express the Coulomb failure criterion

directly in terms of the principal stresses {1, 3}.
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RockMechanicsCourse
@UofK
CP AO OC sin
1
1 3 C cot 1 1 3 sin
2
2
1
1 3 C cos 1 1 3 sin
2
2
cos
1 sin
1 2C
3
1 sin
1 sin
The failure criterion can also be written in many seemingly

different but equivalent forms, each of which is convenient in
certain circumstances.
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@UofK
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MOHRS Hypothesis
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11
The Coulomb theory predicts a relatively modest ratio of

compressive to tensile strength (5.83). Experimental values
of this ratio, however, tend to be on the order of 10 or so.
Roughly, this deficiency can be expressed by saying that the
Coulomb failure line extends too far into the tensile region of
the { , } plane.
According to Coulombs theory, failure will occur on a plane when
the normal and shear stresses acting on that plane satisfy the
failure criterion.
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@UofK
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In the {, } plane, this condition appears as a straight line with slope

= tan .
The Mohrs circle corresponding to any state of stress that leads to
failure will be tangent to this line.
This theory ignores the effect of the intermediate principal stress.
However, in principle, Coulombs theory could be expected to apply
to stress states in which 2 = 3.
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@UofK
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Coulombs theory also predicts that the compressive stress

required to cause failure, 1, will increase linearly with the
confining stress, 3. Experiments typically show that 1 at
failure increases at a less-than-linear rate with 3.
In order to correct these deficiencies, Mohr (1900) suggested

that Coulombs equation be replaced by a more general,
possibly nonlinear, relation of the form:
||= f()
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@UofK
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In principle, the curve can be determined experimentally as the

envelope of all of the Mohrs circles that correspond to states of stress
that cause failure.
Aside from the fact that
may now be a nonlinear function, the
basic ideas of Coulombs model are retained. Specifically, failure is

RockMechanicsCourse
supposed to occur if one of the
Mohrs circles touches the curve.
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@UofK
15
16
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AnApplicationofMohr CoulombCriterion
(S.F=SafetyFactor):
A
B
Safety factor = S.F = A/B

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cos
sin
(1)
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Hoek-brown
failure criterion
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GeneralisedHoekBrowncriterion
'
1 ' 3 ' ci mb 3 s
ci
and : Max. and min. effective stresses at

failure
mb : Hoek-Brown constant m for the rock mass
s and a : Constants
: UCS of the intact rock pieces.
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@UofK
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In order to use the Hoek-Brown criterion for estimating the

strength and deformability of jointed rock masses, three properties
of the rock mass have to be estimated :
of the intact rock pieces
Hoek-Brown constant mi for these intact rock pieces

Geological Strength Index GSI for the rock mass
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10
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Intactrockproperties
'
1 ' 3 ' ci mi 3 1
ci
0.5
The relationship between the principal stresses at failure for a given

rock is defined by two constants, sci and mi.
Wherever possible the values of these constants should be determined
by statistical analysis of the results of a set of triaxial tests on carefully
prepared core samples.
The range of minor principal stress (s3) values over which these
tests are carried out is critical in determining reliable values for the
two constants.
9/15/2015
RockMechanicsCourse
@UofK
In deriving the original values of

< .
(1980) used a range of { 0 <
21
and mi, Hoek and Brown

.}
In order to be consistent, it is essential that the same range be

used in any laboratory triaxial tests on intact rock specimens.
At least five data points should be included in the analysis.
Once the five or more triaxial test results have been obtained,
and the mi as described
they can be analysed to determine the
by Hoek and Brown (1980).
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11
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'
1 ' 3 ' ci m i 3 1
ci
0.5
y m ci x s ci
x 3'
y 1 ' 3 ' 2
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Short-term laboratory tests on very hard brittle rocks tend to

overestimate the in situ rock mass strength.
Laboratory tests and field studies on excellent quality Lac du Bonnet
granite, reported by Martin and Chandler (1994), show that the in
situ strength of this rock is only about 70% of that measured in
the laboratory.
This appears to be due to damage resulting from micro-cracking of the
rock which initiates and develops critical intensities at lower stress
levels in the field than in laboratory tests carried out at higher loading
rates on smaller specimens.
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Hence, when analysing the results of laboratory tests on these types

of rocks to estimate the values of sci and mi , it is prudent to reduce
the values of the major effective principal stress at failure to 70% of
the measured values.
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Fieldestimatesofmi
Rocktype
Class
Group
Clastic
Texture
Coarse
Medium
Fine
Veryfine
Conglomerate
(22)
Sandstone
(19)
Siltstone
(9)
Claystone
(4)
Greywacke
(18)
Chalk
(7)
Organic
Sedimentary
Non
Clastic
Carbonate
Coal
(821)
Breccia
(20)
Chemical
Sparitic
Limestone
(10)
Micritic
Limestone
(8)
Gypstone
(16)
Anhydrite
(13)
RockMechanicsCourseByHasabelrsoolE.A.Elsadig,MSc Mining@UofK
Fieldestimatesofmi
Rocktype
Metamorphic
Class
Group
Texture
Coarse
Medium
Fine
Nonfoliated
Marble
(9)
Hornfels
(19)
Quartzite
(24)
Slightlyfoliated
Migmatite
(30)
Amphibolite
(2531)
Mylonites
(6)
Foliated
Gneiss
(33)
Schists
(48)
Phyllites
(10)
Veryfine
Slate
(9)
14
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Fieldestimatesofmi
Rocktype
Class
Group
Light
Igneous
Dark
Extrusive
Pyroclactic type
Texture
Coarse
Fine
Veryfine
Granite
(33)
Rhyolite
(16)
Obsidian
(19)
Granodiorite
(30)
Dacite
(17)
Diorite
(28)
Andesite
(19)
Gabbro
(27)
Medium
Dolerite
(19)
Basalt
(17)
Breccia
(18)
Tuff
(15)
Norite
(22)
Agglomerate
(2)
GeologicalStrengthIndexGSI
Thestrengthofajointedrockmassdependsonthepropertiesof
theintactrockpiecesandalsouponthefreedomofthesepiecesto
slideandrotateunderdifferentstressconditions.
Thisfreedomiscontrolledbythegeometricalshapeoftheintact
rockpiecesaswellastheconditionofthesurfacesseparatingthe
pieces.
TheGeologicalStrengthIndex(GSI),introducedbyHoek (1995)and
Hoek,Kaiser andBawden (1995)providesasystemforestimating
thereductioninrockmassstrengthfordifferentgeological
conditions.
15
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Rock Mass properties
s, mb, and a are constants dependent on the rock mass properties,

computed from (GSI), Hoek et al. 1995, using the following relations
for undisturbed rock masses:
GSI 100
m b mi exp
28
ForGSI>25
GSI 100
s exp
anda 0.5
9
31
ForGSI<25
s 0anda 0.65
GSI
200
32
16
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GeologicalStrengthIndexGSI
Angularrockpieceswithclean,roughdiscontinuitysurfaceswill
resultinamuchstrongerrockmassthanonewhichcontains
roundedparticlessurroundedbyweatheredandalteredmaterial.
OncetheGeologicalStrengthIndexhasbeenestimated,the
parametersthatdescribetherockmassstrengthcharacteristics,
canbecalculated.
GSI
17
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GSI
GSI MohrCoulombparameters
18
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GSI MohrCoulombparameters
38
19
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RockMassLongTermStrength
Illinois,USA,50years
20
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Pennsylvania,USA,50years
Witbank,SouthAfrica,20100years
21
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Koomfontein,SouthAfrica,80years
Sasolburg,SouthAfrica,5years
22
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@UofK
45
23

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9/15/2015

Rock Mechanics Course

1. Mohr - Coulomb failure criterion

Over the years, comprehensive laboratory studies have yielded a

Ultimate expression of failure criteria is to predict rock strength.

1. Coulomb Failure Criterion

Motion is assumed to be resisted by:

These considerations lead to the mathematical criterion that

Conversely, failure will not occur on any plane for which:

The parameter is known as the coefficient of internal friction, as

The form of criterion suggests that the Mohrs circle construction

It would be convenient to express the Coulomb failure criterion

The failure criterion can also be written in many seemingly

The Coulomb theory predicts a relatively modest ratio of

In the {, } plane, this condition appears as a straight line with slope

Coulombs theory also predicts that the compressive stress

In order to correct these deficiencies, Mohr (1900) suggested

In principle, the curve can be determined experimentally as the

Aside from the fact that

may now be a nonlinear function, the

basic ideas of Coulombs model are retained. Specifically, failure is

Safety factor = S.F = A/B

and : Max. and min. effective stresses at

: UCS of the intact rock pieces.

In order to use the Hoek-Brown criterion for estimating the

of the intact rock pieces

Hoek-Brown constant mi for these intact rock pieces

The relationship between the principal stresses at failure for a given

In deriving the original values of

and mi, Hoek and Brown

In order to be consistent, it is essential that the same range be

Short-term laboratory tests on very hard brittle rocks tend to

Hence, when analysing the results of laboratory tests on these types

Rock Mass properties

s, mb, and a are constants dependent on the rock mass properties,

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