Mobile Gas Turbines

As the worlds leading provider of fast-track mobile turbine power, APR Energy
uses the most rapidly deployable and reliable mobile turbine technology in the
market today. Featuring the dual-fuel GE TM2500+, our mobile turbine fleet
can be mobilized to deliver large blocks of power within days or weeks.
The high power density and reliability of these units allows APR Energy to
deliver scalable solutions of 300MW or more that can integrate into existing
infrastructure and operate on a semi-permanent basis. A key advantage of a
mobile turbine solution over alternatives using reciprocating technology is the
fuel flexibility it brings, with the ability to switch seamlessly between diesel and
natural gas. Mobile turbines also produce significantly less emissions than
reciprocating engine solutions, making them the best fit for environmentally
conscious customers and developed markets with stringent regulatory controls.

The GE TM2500+
APR ENERGYS MOBILE TURBINE FLEET FEATURES THE GE TM2500+, one
of the worlds most experienced, reliable gas turbine solutions for fast-track applications. The highly mobile aeroderivative turbine is capable of
producing up to 30 megawatts of power and is quick to dispatch, achieving full power in less than 10 minutes.
The high power density and reliability of these units allows APR Energy to deliver scalable solutions of 400MW or more that can integrate into existing
infrastructure and operate on a semi-permanent basis.
Developed specifically for delivering fast-track and mobile power, the TM2500+ is packaged on a two-trailer system with a top-mounted air inlet filter and
exhaust assemblies. It offers a space-conscious design with a 24m x 6.5m footprint, and can be shipped by land, air, or sea to anywhere in the world for
quick installation.
A key advantage of turbines over reciprocating technology is the fuel flexibility they bring. The TM2500+ has the ability to operate on, and switch seamlessly
between, diesel and liquid distillate fuels. It is also dual frequency, with the ability to easily convert from 50 to 60Hz.
Mobile turbines produce significantly less emissions than reciprocating engine solutions, making them a good fit for environmentally conscious customers
and developed markets with stringent regulatory controls. The TM2500+ offers the option of water injection for NOx suppression down to 25ppm.

Compressed natural gas (CNG) (Methane stored at high pressure) can be used in place of gasoline (petrol), Diesel fuel andpropane/LPG.
CNG combustion produces fewer undesirable gases than the fuels mentioned above. It is safer than other fuels in the event of a spill, because natural gas is
lighter than air and disperses quickly when released. CNG may be found above OIL deposits, or may be collected from landfills or wastewater treatment
plants where it is known as biogas.
CNG is made by compressing natural gas (which is mainly composed of methane, CH4), to less than 1 percent of the volume it occupies at standard
atmospheric pressure. It is stored and distributed in hard containers at a pressure of 2025 MPa (2,9003,600 psi), usually incylindrical or spherical shapes.
CNG is used in traditional gasoline/internal combustion engine automobiles that have been modified or in vehicles which were manufactured for CNG use,
either alone ('dedicated'), with a segregated gasoline system to extend range (dual fuel) or in conjunction with another fuel such as diesel (bi-fuel). Natural
gas vehicles are increasingly used in Iran, especially Pakistan,[1] the Asia-Pacific region, Indian capital of Delhi, and other large cities
like Ahmedabad, Mumbai, Kolkataas well as cities such as Lucknow, Kanpur, etc. Its use is also increasing in South America, Europe and North
America because of rising gasoline prices.[2] In response to high fuel prices and environmental concerns, CNG is starting to be used also in tuktuks and pickup trucks, transit and school buses, and trains.
The cost and placement of fuel storage tanks is the major barrier to wider/quicker adoption of CNG as a fuel. It is also why municipal government, public
transportation vehicles were the most visible early adopters of it, as they can more quickly amortize the money INVESTED in the new (and usually cheaper)
fuel. In spite of these circumstances, the number of vehicles in the world using CNG has grown steadily (30 percent per year).[3] Now, as a result of industry's
steady growing, the cost of such fuel storage tanks have been brought down to a much acceptable level. Especially for the CNG Type 1 and Type 2 tanks,
many countries are able to make reliable and cost effective tanks for conversion need.[4]
CNG's volumetric energy density is estimated to be 42 percent that of liquefied natural gas (because it is not liquefied), and 25 percent that of diesel fuel.[5]

Comparison with other natural gas fuels[edit]

Compressed natural gas is often confused with LNG (liquefied natural gas). While both are stored forms of natural gas, the key difference is that CNG
is gas that is stored (as a gas) at high pressure, while LNG is stored at very low temperature, becoming liquid in the process. CNG has a lower cost of
production and storage compared to LNG as it does not require an expensive cooling process and cryogenic tanks. CNG requires a much larger volume to
store the same mass of gasoline or petrol and the use of very high pressures (3000 to 4000 psi, or 205 to 275 bar). As a consequence of this, LNG is often
used for transporting natural gas over large distances, in ships, trains or pipelines, and the gas is then converted into CNG before distribution to the end
user.

CNG is being experimentally stored at lower pressure in a form known as an ANG (adsorbed natural gas) tank, at 35 bar (500 psi, the pressure of gas in
natural gas pipelines) in various sponge like materials, such as activated carbon[21] and MOFs (metal-organic frameworks).[22] The fuel is stored at similar or
greater energy density than CNG. This means that vehicles can be refueled from the natural gas network without extra gas compression, the fuel tanks can
be slimmed down and made of lighter, weaker materials.
Compressed natural gas is sometimes mixed with hydrogen (HCNG) which increases the H/C ratio (heat capacity ratio) of the fuel and gives it a flame
speed about eight times higher than CNG.[23]

Powership
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

MH-1A, the first floating nuclear power ship

A powership (or power ship) is a special purpose marine ship shaped vessel, on which a power plant is installed to serve as a power generation resource.
PowerShip is an existing ship that has been modified for power generation, a marine vessel, on which a power plant is installed to serve as a power
generation resource. Converted from existing ships, powerships are self-propelled, ready to go infrastructure for developing countries that plug into national grids
where required.[1] Unmotorised powerships, known as power barges, are simply conventionalpower plants installed on a deck barge. These are sometimes called
"floating power plants" or "barge mounted power plants". They were initially developed during World War II by General Electric for the War Production Board as a
transportable large scale power generation resource.
A Power Barge is basically the same as a PowerShip, except that is based on a deck barge and does not have the ability to get underway of it own accord.
Powerships can be equipped with single or multiple gas turbines, reciprocating diesel and gas engines, boilers or nuclear reactors for electricity generation. Bureau
Veritas, an international certification agency with experience in overseeing both shipbuilding and power plant development, classifies such floating power plants as
"special service power plants".[1]
A total of about four self-propelled powerships are currently deployed around the world, while there are over 75 power barges worldwide, including over 600 MW of
generation capacity in New York City. Power barges can be built very quickly in comparison to a power ship or a land based plant. A 100 MW gas turbine power
barge can be built in about 3 months and be ready for deployment.[citation needed]

Current usage[edit]
Some recently built power ships are existing large bulk carriers, which are fitted with used reciprocating engines and new state-of-the-art, large-bore dual-fuel diesel
engines that run on heavy fuel or natural gas to generate electricity,[5] relevant transformers and electric switchboards. The only other power ships were based on US
Naval vessels. Power ships utilizing new purpose built ships would not be competitive to a purpose built power barge due to the higher cost of construction. The
crew quarters and propulsion systems are under utilized during the power plant operational period which can be up to the life of the power plant.
It is expected that a power barge or power ship will moor at one place for an average duration of three to five years, or up to 20 years. For this reason, power ships
are an ideal solution to bridge the gap for a certain time until a local power plant is built or the high demand in electricity supply is over.[4]
Karadeniz Powership Co. Ltd., a subsidiary of Karadeniz Energy Group based in Turkey, developed and carries out a project named "Power of Friendship" that aims
to provide a total of 2,010 MW of electricity to more than ten shortage-stricken countries in the Middle East, northern Africa and southern Asia with ten different ships
by the end of 2010.[6][7]The first powership of the project, which can supply 144 MW power, went into service at the beginning of 2010 off the shore near Basra in
south-eastern Iraq,[8] and the second powership is on its way to the same place.[9] The company also signed a contract with Pakistan.,[4] but the Pakistani government
terminated this project.
All other builders of power ships have gone out of business.

Power Barges[edit]
Power barges are in demand for their short construction cycles, flexibility in deployment, minimal land requirements. The capital costs of constructing and operating
power barges are very competitive with their land-based equivalents.

Construction and installation[edit]

Power barges are typically moored in protected harbors, and may be entirely self-contained with step-up transformers or connected with land-based transformers
that send electricity to domestic consumers. If the purchaser defaults, the manufacturer or intermediary can tow the barge(s) away and sell the plant to another
customer. Floating power plants are usually constructed off-site at a shipyard, and then transported via dry tow to the end-use location.

Vibration and thermal growth[edit]

Gas turbines and diesels generate substantial amounts of vibration both during start-up and operations. The gas turbine generator coupling is very sensitive to
alignment and therefore, controlling deflection is paramount. Foundation designs seek to either isolate the deck barge and the power island raft or to combine the

structures of the power island and deck barge to gain the same structural rigidity. The difference is that the integrated structural approach yields a direct path for
vibration, while the isolated structural approach seeks the rigidity in an independent foundation and utilizes spring mounts or other mat type vibration dampening.
The deck barge will tend to exhibit thermal growth during the diurnal cycles and possible out-of-trim conditions referred to as hogging and sagging caused by
changes in ballast or fuel.
The power island design requires certain deflection limitations at the generator coupling and vibration dampening from start-up or out-of-phase operations, as well
as significant trip loads mostly in the generator section. The power barge systems engineer must integrate power island engineering with naval architecture and
marine engineering.

From New York City to Bangladesh[edit]

During the 1990s, power barges became a popular way of providing energy to developing nations, with companies including equipment suppliers like General
Electric,Westinghouse, Wrtsil, and MAN; by developers such as Smith Cogeneration, AES, GMR Vasavi, which operate floating power plants for customers
located in New York City(USA), Khulna (Bangladesh), the Dominican Republic, Brazil, Ecuador, Angola, Nigeria, Thailand, Effassu (Ghana), as well as in
the Philippines, Jamaica, Kenya, and Malaysia. Engineering, procurement and construction companies such as www.powerbargecorp.com/ Power Barge
Corporation, Waller Marine Inc, Hyundai, IHI Corporation and Mitsuioffer gas turbine power barge construction programs, and Karadeniz Energy, MAN and Wrtsil
offer medium speed engine power barges.
Today there are over 75 power barges deployed and operating around the world. The utilization rate of power barges is around 95% with only one or two power
barges available in the global market at any one time.
In April 2011, Waller Marine finalized installation in Venezuela of two large floating power generation barges into a prepared basin at Tacoa. The two 171 MW
barges, each supporting a GE 7FA dual fuel industrial gas turbine, are connected to the grid and soon supply much needed power to Caracas. Power Barge
Corporation recently delivered a 96 MW gas turbine power barge to Angola, a 72 MW Wartsila power barge to Panama and a 105 MW gas turbine power barge to
Venezuela.