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PROGRAM NAME:
REVISION NO.:
SAP2000
1
EXAMPLE 1-016
FRAME - TENSION STIFFENING USING P-DELTA ANALYSIS
EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
The SAP2000 tension stiffening calculation using P-Delta analysis is verified in
this example using a tie rod (beam) with a large axial force.
In this example a simply supported, 3-inch-square, steel beam has a large axial
force and a small transverse uniform load. The deflection in the direction of the
transverse load (global Z direction) is reduced because of the stiffening effect of
the tension force. The values of the midpoint deflection and bending moment
with and without tension stiffening are calculated and compared with
independent results derived using formulas presented in Timoshenko 1956.
Two different methods are used to apply the tension stiffening. In one method, a
P-Delta force equal to the specified tension is assigned directly to the beam. The
beam is then analyzed in a linear static load case with the transverse loading
applied. In the second method, the tension is applied to the beam in a nonlinear
static load case that is specified to consider P-Delta effects. The beam is then
analyzed in a separate linear static load case with the transverse loading applied.
This second load case is specified to use the stiffness at the end of the static
nonlinear case.
The beam is modeled with two objects so that there is a midpoint node where
displacements are reported. Several models are created using different
discretizations of the frame objects
Important Note: Shear deformations are ignored in the analysis by setting the
frame property modification factor for shear area to zero.
GEOMETRY, PROPERTIES AND LOADING
0.002 k/in
Z
Y
1
X
2
150"
3
150"
300"
20.25 k
Material Properties
E = 30,000 k/in2
Section Properties
b = 3 in
d = 3 in
I = 6.75 in4
EXAMPLE 1-016 - 1
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME:
REVISION NO.:
SAP2000
1
#
Elm
Output
Parameter
SAP2000
Independent
Percent
Difference
Uz (midpt) in
-1.04167
-1.04167
0%
My (midpt) k-in
22.500
22.500
0%
#
Elm
Output
Parameter
SAP2000
Independent
Percent
Difference
Uz (midpt) in
-0.54555
-0.54330
+0.41%
My (midpt) k-in
11.453
11.498
-0.39%
Uz (midpt) in
-0.54343
-0.54330
+0.02%
My (midpt) k-in
11.495
11.498
-0.03%
Uz (midpt) in
-0.54330
-0.54330
0%
My (midpt) k-in
11.498
11.498
0%
16
EXAMPLE 1-016 - 2
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME:
REVISION NO.:
SAP2000
1
#
Elm
Output
Parameter
SAP2000
Independent
Percent
Difference
Uz (midpt) in
-0.54555
-0.54330
+0.41%
My (midpt) k-in
11.453
11.498
-0.39%
Uz (midpt) in
-0.54343
-0.54330
+0.02%
My (midpt) k-in
11.495
11.498
-0.03%
Uz (midpt) in
-0.54330
-0.54330
0%
My (midpt) k-in
11.498
11.498
0%
16
COMPUTER FILES: Example 1-016a, Example 1-016b, Example 1-016c, Example 1-016d,
Example 1-016e, Example 1-016f, Example 1-016g
CONCLUSION
The SAP2000 results show an acceptable, or exact, match with the independent
results as long as the discretization of the beam is sufficient. The two analysis
methods give identical results.
In general we recommend that you use the nonlinear static load case method to
solve tension stiffening problems.
EXAMPLE 1-016 - 3
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME:
REVISION NO.:
SAP2000
1
HAND CALCULATION
EXAMPLE 1-016 - 4
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME:
REVISION NO.:
SAP2000
1
EXAMPLE 1-016 - 5