Concept Paper Forensic Lab For Uganda Police 20130911 v1 PUBLIC

AFRICA BIOSYSTEMS LIMITED
Member Of The United Nations Global Compact Initiative
Regional Forensic Referral Center

Uganda Police Brief
Concept Paper
Africa Biosystems Limited (ABL) 1
March, 2013
1)
Note:
ABL is a provider of Life Science Technology for Eastern Africa based in Nairobi, Kenya. For further
information please contact us at info@africabiosystems.com.
ABL wishes to recognize contribution of Julius Muhwezi, Uganda Police Force, D/ASP, MSc Biomed Lab
Science, student of MSc in DNA profiling at University of Central Lancashire, England
Africa Biosystems Limited 2013. All rights reserved
Table of Contents
Motivation ...................................................................................................................................................... 2
Introduction to Forensic DNA Technology .................................................................................................... 3
Uganda Police Perspectives ......................................................................................................................... 5
Crime Overview in Uganda ....................................................................................................................... 5
Application of DNA Forensic Technology with No DNA Database ........................................................... 7
Application of DNA Forensic Technology with DNA Database ................................................................. 7
Case Study: UK DNA technology and Database 2000-2005.................................................................... 8
DNA Database Global Trends................................................................................................................... 9
Implications for Uganda Police ............................................................................................................... 10
Legal Perspective ........................................................................................................................................ 11
Overview ................................................................................................................................................. 11
Key decisions (Non-Exhaustive) ............................................................................................................. 11
Implications for Uganda Legislature ........................................................................................................ 13
Scientific Perspective .................................................................................................................................. 14
Overview ................................................................................................................................................. 14
Implications ............................................................................................................................................. 14
Quality Assurance ............................................................................................................................... 14
Defined Processes & Communication ................................................................................................ 16
Africa Biosystems Limited (ABL) ................................................................................................................. 16
Overview ................................................................................................................................................. 16
Tools: Technology Choice....................................................................................................................... 17
Processes: Work-flow for DNA Human Identification ............................................................................. 18
DNA Line 1: Reference Line ............................................................................................................... 18
DNA Line 2: Casework Line ................................................................................................................ 20
Capability Building ....................................................................................................................................... 23
HID Professions Services ................................................................................................................... 24
Gordon Thomas Honeywell Government Affairs (GTH-GA) ............................................................... 27
Center for Forensic Excellence at University of North Texas (UNT), USA ......................................... 27
Department of Forensic and Investigative Genetics, UNT, USA ........................................................ 28
Africa Biosystems: Local On-site Expertise and Technicians ............................................................. 28
Conclusion................................................................................................................................................... 30
Contact Info ................................................................................................................................................. 30
Appendix 1: LIFE Technologies Customer List (Partial) ............................................................................. 31
Appendix 2: Sources ................................................................................................................................... 32
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Africa Biosystems Limited (ABL) 2013. All rights reserved
ABL is a member of the UN Global Compact and subscribes to the Universal Princples & Core Values
Motivation
The East African region has been exposed to terrorism, drug trafficking, human trafficking, explosives
movement, illegal trade and piracy. All these offences leave being evidence for laboratory analysis.
Article 124 of the Treaty Establishing the East African Community highlights need for peace and security
in the region as a pre-requisite for social and economic development in the region. Partner states have
agreed to enhance co-operation in handling cross-border crime, provide mutual assistance in criminal
matters and exchange critical information to combat crime.
th
On August 24 2012, EAC Secretariat announced the development of EAC Regional Forensic Referral
Center (RFRC), based in Kampala as a mechanism to achieve the regional security and peace goals, as
stated in Article 124. Although joint security initiatives, common policing standards, joint investigation and
exchanges of information are in place, a forensic laboratory will enable greater coordination between
police, security and forensics groups and the gathering of the right evidence in the right manner for
effective and speedy court prosecution of alleged criminals.
Overall, the RFRC will enable the EAC to speak as one voice to fight crime, enabling regional peace and
security through effective information sharing reducing EAC regional risk, enhance the quality of life for its
citizens and stimulating economic development.
RFRC located in Kampala will establish Uganda as a leader in this critically important and technologically
cutting edge field, and at the forefront in the regional and international battle against terror threats, human
trafficking, narcotics trafficking, gender violence and other major crimes. The RFRC will complement the
existing Government Chemist in Uganda, and add critically needed DNA Forensic capability to the region.
Uganda, in conjunction with other EAC countries, needs to develop tools, capabilities and processes to
be able to effectively implement the collection of and the use of forensic and DNA-based evidence in
court.
Africa Biosystems Limited based in Nairobi Kenya, believes that through the use of world-class lifescience tools, capabilities and processes we can enable the EAC to leapfrog older crime-fighting
techniques to enhance the capabilities of our police forces, legal system and scientists, bringing peace,
stability and justice to our citizens.
2
Introduction to Forensic DNA Technology

Recent years have seen dramatic improvements in forensic technology. The speed of analysis has
increased, while the cost has drastically decreased.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules contain the information all living cells in the human body need to
function. They also control the inheritance of characteristics from parents to offspring. With the exception
of identical twins, each persons DNA is unique which makes DNA sampling useful for solving crimes,
identifying victims of disasters, and locating missing persons.
The first step in obtaining DNA profiles for comparison is the collection of samples from crime scenes and
reference samples from suspects. Samples are commonly obtained from blood, hair or body fluids.
Advances in DNA technology enable samples to be obtained from decreasingly smaller traces of DNA
found at crime scenes.
Using forensic science methods, the sample is analyzed, resulting in a DNA profile that can be compared
against other DNA profiles within a database. This creates the opportunity for hits person-to-scene,
scene-to-scene or person-to-person matches where no previous connection was known.
Unsolved crimes can be linked together, and DNA from known offenders or arrestees can be placed in
DNA databases and compared to outstanding crimes. Crimes which have been previously unsolved can
now be solved, and perpetrators apprehended early in their criminal careers, before they graduate to
more serious crime.
Since 1980s, the use of forensic DNA as a tool to conclusively eliminate and identify perpetrators of crime
has become commonplace, well accepted in the scientific community, and well as in the court system.
Many wrongfully convicted suspects have been exonerated through forensic DNA. Likewise, previously
unsolved crimes have been solved using this technology.
The Uganda Police can access DNA Forensic Technology, using modern equipment, trained staff,
appropriate facilities, kits and utilities.
3
Key advantages would include:
Quickly identify suspects and link them to a crime scene
Early exclusion of those not involved
Early identification of serial offenders
Significant savings on the time and cost of investigations, particularly serious offences
Improve police resource management
Enhance the peace and security in Uganda, enabling economic development and branding
Uganda as the first country in East Africa to adopt DNA Profiling and develop DNA Databases
The cost of specialized equipment, lab space, and chemicals are offset by the social impact and cost
savings of reducing crime, saving lives and preserving human dignity.
Forensic DNA profiling is simply the result of combining specialized skilled labor and capital (building,
equipment, supplies, and utilities) to provide a service that is used globally to fight crime.
4
Uganda Police Perspectives

Crime Overview in Uganda
Uganda Police is to be recognized for decreasing the crime in Uganda for the sixth consecutive year with
crime reduced by 3.8% from 2010 to 2011. While several categories of crime reported a reduction, critical
areas such as terrorism, narcotics, human trafficking and homicides have seen a significant increase.
Compared with 2010, five times as many terror attacks were investigated. With success of AMISOM
forces in Somalia and reports that ADF forces may be recruiting and reorganizing in DRC, Uganda and
EAC may need to brace for additional terror attacks.
In 2011, Narcotics crime increased by 79% versus 2010. Drug trafficking is having a major impact on the
society targeting not only the tourist market but more so the Ugandan youth. The narcotics industry in the
country is part of a larger international network of narcotic traffickers who long have an established
distribution to existing clients and local sources for hard drugs. Critical attention is needed here to prevent
the source of narcotics in conjunction with defensive programs from parents, schools and government
agencies.
Human trafficking is on the rise. Girls are being lured by organized crime rackets to countries as distant
as Malaysia, China, and Egypt. In 2011, 69 incidents of child trafficking were reported. Combined with
child stealing this amounted to 330 incidents, a 10% increase from 2010.
Homicide overall increased by 13% versus 2010. Death by mob violence (7% increase), domestic
violence (14% increase), poisoning and assault (9% increase).
The Ugandan Police has planned to tackle crime through
Collaboration with local and international government agencies
Engagement of local public as a supporter to crime fighting
Enhancement of Police services through training and equipment
This includes developing a modern forensic laboratory, where DNA and genetic material from crime sites
can be traced back to suspects, enabling effective and rapid justice in all the fields of increasing crime.
Notably: Narcotics, Human Trafficking, Homicide and Gender Violence.
5
In 2011, a study conducted by Centre for Domestic Violence Prevention (CEDOVIP) and Makerere
University's Economic Policy Research Centre reported that the Ugandan Government loses ~sh36b
(~0.5% of the national budget ) annually in response to domestic violence. That year, there were over five
million episodes of violence against women.
Currently the Uganda Police relies on the Government Chemist for DNA Forensic testing. However, due
to lack of sufficient technology, processes and capacity, many tests cannot be performed and significant
backlog exist, placing a strain on criminal enforcement.
By building capability backed by modern technology and well-designed implementable processes in the
Uganda Police, we can stay ahead of crime fighting to ensure peace and security, not just for Uganda
and but also as a role-model for the EAC.
Uganda Police took 43,813 cases to court in 2011 which resulted in 12,029 cases with convictions. This
highlights a 27% success rate for convictions in court where there is a known suspect. Please see Figure
1 below:
Figure 1
Source:
Uganda Police Crime Report 2011, Africa Biosystems Limited analysis
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Application of DNA Forensic Technology with No DNA Database

These cases are ideal applications for forensic laboratory technology where the subjects DNA is
available, as he/she is standing trial, and the crime scene can be searched for his DNA imprints to match
the suspect DNA to the evidence found at the crime scene.
If DNA forensic laboratory was in place with supported policies and procedures from the Police and
Judiciary, Africa Biosystems estimates that the conviction rate in Uganda could increase from 27% to
51%. Please see the Figure 2 below:
Figure 2
Source:
Uganda Police Crime Report 2011, Africa Biosystems Limited forecast with DNA forensic technologies
Hence, developing a modern world class forensic laboratory will be critical to fight crime across all
categories.
Studies from Journal of BioLaw & Business indicate that DNA databases in USA save $12.9 billion
annually, which translates a return on investment of 3500% for Forensic DNA testing i.e. for every dollar
invested on Forensic DNA Technology, $35 is saved in terms of expenses to victims and society
(Source: Ray Wickenheiser, 2004, Journal of BioLaw and Business)
Application of DNA Forensic Technology with DNA Database

As DNA forensic capability develops in Uganda, it is critical for the Uganda Police to lead the effort to
develop a DNA database. DNA profiles can be indexed using CODIS (Combined DNA Index System)
developed by the FBI and can then be used to create the DNA databases, allowing crime scene DNA
profiles to be compared to each other and to databases of known individuals
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The DNA databases would aid in the early identification of potential criminals who tend to be repeat
offenders. Many criminals tend to start with petty crime and then relapse into more serious crime. For
example: on average, 90% of rapists have had previous convictions, 85% of criminals commit their first
offence between the ages of 14-19 and over 50% of armed robbers have had prior criminal records.
This capability now provides for a new application of forensic DNA, which is the ability to find suspects for
a crime where there was none previously known. Before, if a crime lab did not have a known person to
compare a crime scene sample to, a case was unsolvable. Today, the DNA database can be used to
match evidence from the crime scene to a database of possible suspects. This capability can also be
used to identify missing persons and victims of human disasters.
The DNA database would contain DNA profiles of known suspects, arrestees and perhaps even data
from citizens; for example those who register during an election, applicants for work permits, national
Identity cards or citizenship in order to expand the size of the database.
Case Study: UK DNA technology and Database 2000-2005

The UK started their National DNA database in 1995, initially collecting samples from convicted criminals,
or people awaiting trial, however in 2001 this was changed this to allow DNA to be retained from people
charged with an offence, even if they were subsequently acquitted. Recent data from 2000-2005 from the
UK Home Office DNA Expansion Program showcased 78% successful trial outcomes for sexual assault
cases, 71% for Homicides, 49% for Burglaries and 51% across all other crime categories, as a direct
result of having a DNA database. Please see the Figure 3 below:
Figure 3
Source: UK Home Office 2005 DNA Expansion Program
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DNA Database Global Trends

Not only have Western countries established a DNA database, emerging markets have come out strongly
to develop their own DNA databases as shown in Table 1: Western Countries DNA Database
Development and Table 2: Developing Market DNA Lab / Database Development
Table 1: Western Countries DNA Database Development
Country
Population
Database Size
Comments
USA
311,000,000
9,000,000
3%
Arrestee incl. on database
Canada
34,000,000
200,000
1%
UK
63,000,000
5,000,000
8%
>60% crime hit rate
Germany
82,000,000
600,000
1%
Arrestee incl. on database
France
65,000,000
1,500,000
2%
Table 2: Developing Market DNA Lab / Database Development

Country
Population
# Labs by 2014
Comments
Mexico
112,000,000
US Govt Aid will assist
Russia
142,000,000
40
DNA Database law, 2009
Brazil
196,000,000
14
DNA Database law pending
India
1,241,000,000
50
China
1,344,000,000
300
Database >10M samples
Uganda
35,000,000
1 (Gov. Chemist)
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Implications for Uganda Police

Uganda is poised to fight crime in line with international standards and emerging markets with the use of
the both DNA technology and eventually the use of a DNA database.
Uganda Police will need to develop internal capabilities, tools and processes to effectively use this
technology in conjunction with the Uganda Judiciary.
Figure 4
Forensic Lab Technology Aspiration for Uganda
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Legal Perspective
Overview
Specic legislation is not an absolute requirement to start DNA proling, collecting DNA data, establishing
a national DNA Database or exchanging data internationally. National laws in Uganda already allow the
use of DNA evidence in court and collection of samples for national identity card applicants for DNA
profiling.
However, most countries established specic legislation prior to the installation of national DNA
Databases. The details of the legislation are essential, as inadequate laws may condemn a national
database to be unsuccessful.
The key trade-off lies between enhancing security while protecting the privacy rights of the individuals.
Key decisions (Non-Exhaustive)

Several key decisions will need to be taken from a legal perspective to ensure success of the DNA
Forensic Program. The following highlights five critical key decisions to highlight the type of work that the
Uganda legislature will need to undertake.
1.
Key Decision: Which DNA profiles will be included in the Database?
Key Questions: Can reference samples only be taken from convicted persons? Or can they also be
taken from suspects and arrestees?
If only convicted persons proles are included, then society might perceive that potential criminals can
commit rst crime with no risk of being caught by a cold hit, as there will be no reference sample present
in the database. However, including proles of potential criminals and suspects may cause society to
perceive that a sample taken from an innocent person could later be used to incriminate that person for a
different crime. This dilemma, as to which proles to include, is one that has to be resolved.
Best Practice: An overview of national databases worldwide clearly shows that all successful DNA
Databases include proles of suspects and convicted criminals.
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2.
Key Decision: What kind of crime which warrants the taking of reference samples?
The simplest and most efcient method is to include all crimes that may lead to an arrest. However
another option is only to take samples for crimes carrying sentences of more than a certain minimum
period of imprisonment. It would also be possible to draw up a classication or list of crimes, for example
all serious offences, and only take reference samples from selected class or classes.
Different countries have different methods
Best Practice: All countries with successful databases take samples for all crimes, including volume
crimes e.g. Burglary, Theft, and Vehicle Crime. The reason is that DNA proles from serious crime
scenes mainly produce matches with reference samples taken from suspects or offenders who have
committed volume crimes prior to or after committing the serious crime.
3.
Key Question: Should DNA profiles be removed from the Database?
If suspects or arrestees are included in a national database, an additional exit mechanism should be
included, for example if a person is no longer a suspect or if an accused person has been acquitted by a
court, then the relevant sample is removed.
Inclusion of a deletion mechanism as described will not have a negative inuence on the success of the
database. However it may be helpful in improving the acceptance of the DNA Database by the
population, as it diminishes some of the general population concerns.
The spectrum of rules ranges from proles never being removed, being removed after a certain period of
time, or else varying, depending on the crime, on an individual prognosis for the convicted, or on the age
of the person.
Best Practice: Most countries keep crime scene proles as long as they remain unsolved or when a
court order demands their removal. The procedures for removal of proles from the database and sample
destruction need to be dened. The authority required to order removal should be addressed.
4.
Key Question: How should taking of reference samples balance procedure versus efficiency?
Legislation should also dene who is to be allowed to take a reference sample, and on what grounds. The
procedural requirements must be followed to safeguard the legality of the sample.
Best Practice: In constructing this legislation it is important not to introduce unnecessary obstacles into
the sample collection process that will impact on the efcient collection of samples. The most efcient
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solution is that a police ofcer or appropriately trained professional should be able to take the sample and
it should not be necessary to obtain a magistrates or mandatory court order.
Multiple databases may need to be developed based on use of the DNA Profiles and care must be taken
not to mix the use of the database. For example: the missing persons database should not be mixed in
with the criminal database.
5.
Key Question: How should information be shared regionally and internationally?
Any national law on DNA should also include regulations on regional and international DNA data
exchange. Simple legislations to enable sharing can have major impacts on crime effectiveness. The
INTERPOL DNA Gateway can provide a mechanism for international exchange providing enormous
benefits in terms of matches that could never have occurred otherwise.
http://www.interpol.int/INTERPOL-expertise/Forensics/DNA
Implications for Uganda Legislature

Overall, legislation has to nd an adequate balance between the interests of the individual and the
interests of society. It must be in line with constitutional rights and other legislation, including privacy and
data protection aspects, but without unnecessary restrictions.
The most important resource in the use of DNA in most countries is legislation. Many amendments in
national legislation in other countries have been done to enable the success of the DNA Databases.
Whilst not typically covered in legislation, it is also important to give a similar level of detailed
consideration to sampling and analysis strategies with regard to crime scene attendance and evidence
recovery. It can be shown that increased overall success of DNA Database programmes results from an
increased focus on both crime and person sampling.
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Scientific Perspective
Overview
Laboratory Scientists who perform Human Identification and forensic testing are under constant pressure.
Each test performed can have a profound impact on the criminal investigations with coordination from all
stakeholder involved in the Forensic DNA investigation process. For this reason, laboratories are required
to use validated technologies and procedures that consistently produce high quality, valid and reliable
results.
Scientists therefore need to ensure that the equipment used provides the most comprehensively validated
products, with well-defined processes and easily accessible to training, local expertise and application
support available for the forensic labs.
Key scientific tools for Human Identification (HID) testing include Extraction Kits, PCR machines and
Genetic Analyzers and best-of-class LC/MS/MS instrumentation for forensic toxicology applications
used for Food, Drug and Narcotics testing.
Implications
Quality Assurance
The DNA Forensic lab in Uganda needs to be accredited or in compliance with International Organization
for Standardization (ISO) guidelines relevant to DNA profiling processes, such as ISO 17025. These
guidelines focus heavily on traceability and chain of custody integrity issues, and enable Uganda Police to
upload DNA profiles to national DNA Databases. Other standards can be found on the CODIS website,
the FBI Directors Quality Assurance Standards for Forensic & Database Laboratories, and the European
Network of Forensic Science Institutes (ENFSI) website. These standards cover different factors that
affect quality including training and proficiency of personnel, the physical environment in which the
analysis is completed, the equipment and methods used, and the handling of items under analysis.
Quality principles need to be applied in every step of the law enforcement chain, so that from the crime
scene, through the process of analysis in the laboratory, to the courtroom, the validity, reliability, and
reproducibility of the DNA profile is ensured as much as possible. DNA profiles are loaded onto national
and even international DNA Databases to maximize the efficiency of the investigations, some countries
even share their entire national DNA Databases.
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Three key factors will affect the quality of the results from the DNA Forensic Lab:
1. Contamination
When identifying, collecting, preserving and analyzing DNA evidence, particular care should be taken to
avoid contamination. As trace samples of DNA can be used as evidence, any minute contamination,
genetic or non-genetic, can alter the results. Procedures need to be put in place to reduce contamination,
for example: making the analysis automatic, using controls and checks, wearing personal protective
equipment, having separate and designated work areas for post and pre-amplification processes,
controlling air flow in laboratories and even restricting the movement of staff and equipment to designated
work areas.
2. Chain of Custody
The chain of custody refers to the process of documenting how evidence is collected, preserved,
analyzed, stored and protected from initial collection at the crime scene all the way to introduction before
a court of law. The chain of custody verifies that the evidence was handled carefully and has not been
damaged, tampered with or changed in any way. All procedures regarding crime scene preservation,
control and recording should be fully documented and available to the Uganda police.
3. Data Integrity
Normally a DNA profile is loaded into the DNA Database as part of a record which may contain a unique
bar code reference number, information about the crime and the laboratory that analyzed the sample, the
persons name, and identification number, the gender and the sample type.
The possibility of errors can undermine the usefulness of the DNA Database and the reliability of DNA
evidence. Errors in data handling occur when samples are mislabeled during processing and result in
incorrect information being submitted to the DNA Database so that a DNA profile is incorrectly attributed
to a persons record, giving the wrong DNA reference for that person. This can lead to false matches
where an innocent person is wrongly accused of a crime (false positives) or even where a criminal is
excluded from suspicion (false negatives).
Many laboratories have introduced a modular approach in which robots have replaced manual
involvement in a number of the key stages. The use of robots minimizes human intervention and
improves the processing time.
However scientists are still required to review and validate the
interpretation before it can be officially accepted.
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Defined Processes & Communication

The standard operating procedure (SOP) for this should be an integral part of the facilitys standard
operating protocol. The SOP should address security issues to ensure that the chain of custody can be
identified at all stages. SOP will include procedures for First Attending Officers at Scene, Crime Scene
Investigators and Laboratory Personnel. Training and capability building will be critical.
Africa Biosystems Limited (ABL)

Overview
ABL has operated in East Africa since 1999, and is a member of the UN Global Compact, having
subscribed to the 10 principles encompassing four key areas: human rights, labor, environment and anticorruption. We believe that through innovative life sciences technology, Africa can embrace peace and
security, where our countries can improve their economic development and all citizens of the EAC can
enjoy a high quality of life.
ABL enables the life sciences revolution in East Africa through developing solutions using state-of-the-art
life sciences equipment and consumables for the Eastern African markets. We provide our customers
diverse range of products, excellent sales, technical and application support focused providing working
and cost-effective solutions. ABL has served governments, international research organizations,
academia and NGOs.
ABL is in a unique position to provide the Ugandan Government with the world's leading equipment for
DNA technology and forensic toxicology applications supported with world-class capability building,
training and support.
We are the distributors in the EAC, for Applied Biosystems, part of Life
Technologies, who are recognized world leaders in the forensic market.

ABL can do the following to help successfully establish a forensic laboratory with a highly specialized
DNA / Human Identification Unit and Forensic Toxicology Unit:
Assist in setting up the correct workflow and ensuring international validation
Assist in the selection of the right mix of equipments for the forensic laboratory
Enable capability building across legal, police and scientific staff
Provide on-site rapid application support and service
Our goal is to build internal capabilities and knowledge in order to develop the right tools, systems and
processes for the Uganda Regional Forensics Referral Center (RFRC).
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Tools: Technology Choice

Applied Biosystems Inc. (ABI), part of Life Technologies, has over 20 years of experience in developing
DNA detection and analysis technologies. ABI is the only company in the world that designs and validates
its reagents, instruments, and data analysis software together as a complete, integrated system for
Human Identification (HID) testing. ABI equipment is the defacto standard equipment.
ABI has developed a complete end-to-end workflow, see figure below, with equipment, reagents and
software across extraction, quantification, amplification and detection. ABI is the gold-standard and defacto choice globally for forensic labs.
Figure 5
Complete end-to-end work flow with reagents and software
Note: All Equipment is ISO 13485 Certified
To support the end-to-end workflow, we will provide to the Uganda Police Validation and Professional
Service Program from Life Technologies which is used to ensure installation and performance of the
equipment across three key areas:
1. Process Mapping, Efficiency Improvement and Design used to define laboratory workflows utilizing
Six Sigma methodologies and to develop chain of custody for collected samples
2. Human Identification (HID) Training through the HID University
3. Robotic Validation and Implementation Support for high throughput labs
Key applications of interest to the Uganda Police would include:
Human Identification Testing (DNA fingerprinting or profiling)
Drugs & Toxicology Testing (Analytical processes including use of LC/MS/MS systems)
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Processes: Work-flow for DNA Human Identification

ABI offers the most trusted and integrated Human Identification Solutions. Precise results, consistent
performance, and proven success cases. As the worldwide leader in DNA typing solutions, ABI delivers
the most comprehensively validated products, expertise, and application support available to human
identification laboratories. From the trusted AmpFSTR kits to, high-performance genetic analyzers and
software to in-depth training and on-site technical assistance, it all works together to help ensure success
and maximize productivity.
To achieve this, we are proposing two separate DNA lines created one geared towards reference
samples and the second focusing on processing crime samples including bone and teeth samples as well
as other human remains.
DNA Line 1: Reference Line

This line will be based on a direct amplification technology to type reference samples which will be
collected in the form of blood/buccal sample deposited on Copan NUCLEIC-Card a specially treated
paper that allows convenient collection of samples and rapid direct PCR amplification. This line will
comprise of a semi-automated punching system and with minimal handling steps.
Figure 6
Reference Line Workflow
Step 1a: DNA Collection

Blood or Saliva is collected on Nucleic-Card paper (Figure 7). The Nucleic-Card matrix is chemicallytreated to enable cell lysis and protein denaturation. Doing so, nucleic acids are immobilized and
preserved for long-term storage at room temperature. These cards are certified free of DNase, RNase
and amplifiable human DNA.
Figure 7
Nucleic-Card and Nucleic-Card collection device from Life Technologies
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Step 1b: Punching

A disc of 1.2mm is punched from the Nucleic-Card using a Manual Puncher (Figure 8) or Automated
Puncher like BSD systems or Hamilton easyPunch (Figure 9).
Figure 8
Manual Puncher to be used with Nucleic-Card for Direct Amplification workflow
Figure 9
BSD Puncher and Hamilton easy Punch to be used with Nucleic-Card for Direct Amplification workflow
Step 2: DNA Amplification

AmpFlSTR Direct & Express PCR Amplification Kits are used to amplify directly from this 1.2mm punch
without the need to perform any DNA extraction or purification. This step is performed on a GeneAmp
96-well PCR system 9700 Gold or Veriti 96-well Thermal Cycler that are the only validated Thermal
Cycler for HID application on the market (Figure 10).
Figure 10
Thermal cycler from Life Technologies validated for HID. 9700 Gold (left) and Veriti (right)
Step 4: DNA analysis

Covered in Casework Line workflow. Please see below.
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DNA Line 2: Casework Line

An optimized process will be implemented that combines advanced DNA analysis techniques such as:
DNA Extraction using sensitive PrepFiler and PrepFiler BTA Express technology.
Quantifiler Duo based quantification of quantity and assessment of quality of DNA extracts to
help decide the best option for downstream DNA analysis
High performance STR typing technology, AmpFlSTR Globalfier which includes highly
discriminatory markers and some of them are mini-STRs allowing thereby recovery of valuable
genetic data from compromised samples.
Figure 11
Casework Line Workflow
Step 1: DNA extraction

The AutoMate Express Forensic DNA Extraction System (Figure 12) is an easy-to-use, robust benchtop
instrument that utilizes the PrepFiler Express and PrepFiler Express BTA (bone, tooth and adhesive)
chemistries packaged in prefilled, foilsealed cartridges. Life Technologies has designed the PrepFiler
kits specifically to improve the quantity and quality of DNA isolated from forensic samples, thereby
increasing the potential to obtain maximum information from downstream STR analysis.
Once off-line lysis has been performed the AutoMate Express will be able to process from 1 to 13
samples in about 30 minutes. The enhanced BTA buffer will allow lysis from Bone and Tooth in about 2
hours.
Figure 12
AutoMate Express Forensic DNA Extraction System
Designed to improve yield, reproducibility and overall purity of DNA, AutoMate Express enables
recovery of high-quality DNA free of PCR inhibitors and suitable for downstream applications.
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Step 2: DNA quantification

Forensic analysts routinely encounter a variety of challenging biological samples, many of which contain
mixtures of male and female DNA, and/or have been exposed to environmental insults. To aid selection
of the most appropriate STR chemistry and maximize the chances of obtaining an interpretable STR
profile in the first attempt, it is beneficial to efficiently determine the relative quantities of male and female
DNA and detect the presence of PCR inhibitors.
The Quantifiler Duo DNA Quantification Kit enables forensic laboratories to simultaneously obtain a
quantitative and qualitative assessment of total human and human male DNA in a single, highly sensitive
real-time PCR reaction. This guides selection of the optimal STR chemistry (autosomal, Y-STR or
miniSTR) and streamlines the workflow while increasing downstream analysis success rates.
Figure 13
The 7500 HID Real-Time PCR System
This step is performed on the 7500 HID Real-Time PCR system (Figure 13) which is the only Real-Time
PCR instrument validated for HID application on the market.
Step 3: DNA amplification

The AmpFlSTR Next Generation Amplification Kits have been developed specifically to address the
needs of forensic casework laboratories and to enable a new level of performance, data quality, and
efficiency. This helps forensic analysts recover more interpretable results from challenging casework
samples with increased confidence.
The next-generation PCR amplification kits have been designed to overcome high levels of PCR inhibition
and improve sensitivity from low-level samples.
This step is performed on a GeneAmp 96-well PCR system 9700 Gold or Veriti 96-well Thermal Cycler
that are the only validated Thermal Cycler for HID application on the market (Figure 10).
21
Step 4: DNA analysis

This step is performed on a Genetic Analyzer where PCR products obtained previously will be analyzed
by their sizes.
The 3500 Series Genetic Analyzers HID (Figure 14) are the latest advancements in the Life
Technologies industry-leading product line of capillary electrophoresis (CE) systems, recognized for the
highest levels of data quality and reliability. The versatile throughput system (481200 samples per day)
supports a wide variety of applications using its DNA sequencing and fragment-sizing capabilities and,
unlike its predecessors, has been designed with a specific feature set and workflow for Human
Identification (HID) applications.
Figure 14
3500 Series Genetic Analyzer for HID
Applied Biosystems Genetic Analyzers are the only HID validated Genetic Analyzers instrument on the
market.
Software used for analysis is the GeneMapper
ID-X Software: an automated genotyping software
solution for forensic DNA analysis applications.
22
Capability Building
ABL in partnership with ABI, part of Life Technologies, is committed to building the internal capabilities
and knowledge of the Ugandan Scientists, Police and Legislature in order to facilitate a successful DNA
Forensic program.
Training is essential to ensure that the highest quality of results is achieved from all stages of the
investigation. With several different personnel often being involved from investigation to prosecution it is
necessary for them to complete different kinds of training specific to their individual roles. Four key
categories of stakeholder have been identified: Police, Legal, Scientists and General Public.
However, there will be some overlap in their knowledge, as the same basic concepts must be upheld
throughout all stages including continuity, integrity and reliability.
Figure 15
DNA Stakeholder Framework
Through our partnerships, we are able to provide training, access to extensive knowledge and experience
of ABIs dedicated forensic support team, access to training resources and access to external
consultants.
These include: HID Professional Services part of Life Technologies, Gordon Thomas Honeywell
Government Affairs Consultants, Center for Forensic Excellence at University of North Texas, Department
of Forensic and Investigative Genetics and Africa Biosystems: Local On-site Expertise and Technicians.
23
HID Professions Services

Supporting Implementation. Enhancing Productivity
Target Audience: Uganda Scientists and Police Force
HID Professional Services enable forensic laboratories to overcome critical implementation challenges
through a collaborative partnership with ABI part of Life Technologies - the worldwide leader in validated
human identification solutions.
Unlike any other solutions provider, ABI has developed an HID Professional Services team that will
validate new technologies and protocols, integrate forensic solutions, develop trouble shooting
capabilities and provide targeted courses for Human identification.
HID Professional Services utilizes the highest level of genetic analysis and forensic application expertise,
as well as the most extensive service and support network available. The result is not only a more rapid
implementation leading to improved productivity, but also enhanced quality assurance and a thorough
understanding of new procedures. Thus, the laboratory is better equipped to meet the ever-increasing
demands of the forensic biology discipline.
Unique offerings from the HID Professional Services team include:
Most in-depth knowledge of the entire system, encompassing instrumentation, reagents, and software
since ABI is manufacturer of the equipment
A tailored Forensic program for Uganda created, implemented, and supported by forensic scientists
with over 100 years of combined forensic laboratory experience
A dedicated team of industry-leading scientists with extensive developmental and internal validation
experience for forensic DNA applications
An extensive network of Field Service Engineers to provide on-site technical assistance with
instrumentation
Utilization of VALID Software, an innovative program with numerous integrated tools to define,
execute, and manage 5-dye validation projects
Please see attached Integrated Human Identification Training Brochure and Africa Forensic School in
South Africa.
24
Track Record:
HID Professional Services (HPS) has been developing and delivering validation services for the forensics
community for the past 6 years. In that time, HPS team has delivered over 175 validation/
implementation/ integration projects in the U.S., U.K., UAE, South Africa, Namibia, Singapore, Malaysia,
Europe (Poland, Germany), and in Australia.
These projects encompass all of Applied Biosystems Human Identification extraction, quantification and
autosomal and Y STR chemistries, third party robotic validations on a variety of robotic platforms,
performance checks, and LIMS integrations.
A partial list of customers is attached in Appendix 1. Over 50% of HPS business comes from repeat
customers and the team is seen as a trusted advisor to the clients by offering best in class professional
consulting and services. In the last 3 years, this team has successfully undertaken turnkey projects to
implement medium-high throughput production lines for processing scene of crime evidence samples as
well as reference samples for database applications. Current turnkey project customers in the region
include:
South African Police Forensic Science Laboratories in Pretoria and Cape Town.
Forensic Genetics Laboratory for Ministry for Affairs of the Families of the Martyrs and Missing
Persons, Libyan Government.
Namibian Police Laboratory.
Ministry of Interior Laboratories (34 in total) across Russia.
Polish Police, Warsaw
The South African Police Forensic Science Laboratories (SAPFSL) in Pretoria and Cape Town are
currently undergoing modernization in which Life Technologies is the primary system integrator and a
turnkey contractor to supply state of the art technology infrastructure as well as scientific services to
validate latest chemistry for DNA analysis.
This project encompasses both semi-automated case work and fully automated reference sample
processing lines in multiple locations. The scope of this project included:
Laboratory design
Construction work
Installation and Management of Biometric access controls, CCTV, Environmental controls etc.
Design of Casework Laboratory Workflows, Custom design of robotic platforms for DNA Extractions,
writing methods and integrating the equipment with LIMS
Validation and Performance Checks the chemistry and the workflow
25
Training of personnel to operate and manage workflow
Supporting SAPFSL in the development of SOPs and manuals for operators
The Ministry of Missing Martyrs Project (Libya) involves setting up a complete laboratory system in Tripoli
to perform DNA analysis from victims and their family members in an integrated and validated workflow.
This work is conducted in partnership with Dr. Art Eisenberg at the Centre for Forensic Excellence,
University of North Texas.
Again, in this project we have included extensive trainings at Life
Technologies facilities and at UNT in the USA.

In Namibia, we have implemented robotic workflows for both Casework and Reference index samples in
the Namibian Police Forensic Science Laboratory.
Casework workflow include Robotic extraction of
DNA, automated set up of qPCR and STR and CE Set up and Capillary electrophoresis.
For reference
samples processing line, we have integrated robotic punching system with STR set up and downstream
workflows. These workflows were validated under ISO17025 guidelines and the laboratory is currently
preparing for its accreditation through an external body.
A complete list of customers can be provided on request. A partial list is shown below in Appendix 1.
Throughout all of the projects executed, to date, by the Life Technologies team, we ensure that we follow,
and are in accordance with, all of the following global compliance standards:
1. Revised SWGDAM Validation Guidelines (July 2003)
2. ENFSI Minimum Validation Guidelines
3. SWGDAM Interpretation Guidelines for Autosomal STR Typing by Forensic DNA Testing
Laboratories (Jan. 2010)
4. FBI Quality Assurance Standards for Forensic DNA Testing Laboratories (Sept. 1, 2011)
5. FBI Quality Assurance Standards Audit Document for Forensic DNA Testing Laboratories (Sept.
1, 2011)
6. FBI Quality Assurance Standards for DNA Databasing Laboratories (Sept. 1, 2011)
7. FBI Quality Assurance Standards Audit Document for DNA Databasing Laboratories
8. ASCLD/LAB International Accreditation
9. ISO/IEC 17025:2005 Requirements
26
Gordon Thomas Honeywell Government Affairs (GTH-GA)

Target Audience: Uganda Government, Legislature
GTH is a dynamic group of individuals offering comprehensive professional consultancy services
including governmental affairs, government research, and association management to a diverse client
base.
ABI can engage consultant Tim Schellberg (President, Governmental Affairs Services). Tim has consulted
with the African governments including South African, Kenya Libya and internationally, for example:
China, Turkey, Netherlands, India, Italy, Philippines. His expertise in forensic technologies, particularly
DNA, makes him a sought consultant in ensuring the right legal framework is developed to ensure
success of the DNA Forensic Program. In addition, the GTH Team brings strong capabilities on
international legislation concerning DNA databasing.
This team can enable the right legislation needed to Uganda to ensure the Forensic DNA Program will be
established and effective.
Center for Forensic Excellence at University of North Texas (UNT), USA

The Life Technologies Center for Forensic Excellence at the University of North Texas Health Science
Center was established to accelerate forensic DNA database lab start-up, accreditation and operational
efficiency. Through this first-of-its-kind certification program, researchers obtain in-depth knowledge of
DNA profiling and gain extensive laboratory experience in single-source sample processing, data analysis
and data review for use in criminal investigations and identity verification. Upon completion, trainees
possess the necessary skills to support the new Human Identification laboratory in Uganda.
Center is led by Meredith Turnbough, Assistant Professor
Please go to http://www.untcfe.org/ for more details
27
Department of Forensic and Investigative Genetics, UNT, USA

The Department of Forensic and Investigative Genetics offers a program of comprehensive training in
analytical and computational methods necessary for studies in the various fields of applied genetics.
Students participate in seminars and teaching, and receive extensive training in techniques of
contemporary molecular genetics. Research track students perform original, publishable research and
present their research findings at national and international scientific meetings.
Doctoral studies in Forensic and Investigative Genetics are broadly interdisciplinary. Students may
undertake research in areas such as forensic genetics, clinical genetics, computational genetics and
evolutionary biology, microbial forensics and many other interrelated disciplines.
Three main centers exist;
Center for Computational Genomics
Center for Bio-Safety and Security
Center for Human Identification
This world-class facility have ASCLD-LAB and ISO accreditations and provide access to FBI CODIS
laboratory for missing persons, which routinely processes ~15,000 samples/year.
Forensic Genetics advanced degree program are granted through successful completion of the academic
degree and required curriculum
Africa Biosystems: Local On-site Expertise and Technicians

Target Audience: Uganda Scientists, Police Force, Legislature
ABL has 10-year established track record of proven delivery, and on-site rapid support in East Africa. Our
professionals have deep technical and strategy expertise, enabling us to engage with forensic scientists,
lab managers, police directors and legislature. For example: we have successfully worked with Public
sector clients: Government Analytical Labs in Uganda, Government Chemists Kenya, Tanzania,
National Reference Labs (Rwanda), enabling training, applications, trouble shooting and data analysis for
Human Identification testing (HID).
28
Our team has deep knowledge of DNA technology and DNA Forensics, with certifications Applied
Biosystems and Life Technologies and their representatives in the region.
ABL can coordinate capability building and support from Life Technologies: HID Professional Services,
GTH-GA and University of North Texas Training, while providing on-site application support focused on
ensuring successful outcomes, workflow solutions and testing.
ABL also provides installation and service support, as key differentiator. We provide local, on-site
commissioning of equipment, user training and our engineering team, based in Nairobi is available 24-7
by phone, email and on-site.
Our team is led by Yasmin Verjee, Managing Director, who has worked in East African research
institutions, specializing in DNA technology, for over 20 years. She has published several scientific
papers related to development of vaccines and genetic analysis for cattle in East Africa. Her research has
received UN award for the latter publication. She founded Africa Biosystems in 1999 with a vision to
enable the cutting-edge life sciences research, development and application across East Africa to
improve quality of life of the East Africa community.
The ABL team has led business development activities, engaging with research institutes, governments
and private sector clients. We have experience in setting up DNA labs with the right mix of instruments as
per the end-users application. We have assisted Kenya, Uganda & Tanzania HID departments in
recommendations of workflow solutions, instruments and consumables at the time of purchase.
Our team includes several key members that will play an active role in bringing this project to light,
including: Julius Osaso MSc Biotechnology (20 years experience in DNA Technologies and Application
Support), Amy Wahome MSc Biochemistry (7 years experience in DNA Technologies Training and
Customer Support) and James Kamau (10 years experience in installation, service and support of DNA
Technologies Equipment and Consumables)
29
Conclusion
Overall, EAC & Uganda Police are poised to develop DNA Forensic capability through the RFRC,
leveraging the existing skills, building new capabilities and investing in new technology. ABL can enable
the EAC to ensure the success of the program engaging stakeholder across Police, Legal and Scientific
community building needed capability.
Overall, the RFRC will
Solve and reduce crimes, by enabling DNA Forensics for over ~59% of existing crime in Uganda and
across the region, and more with the inclusion of the DNA Database
Exonerate the innocent, using unique DNA identifies that only provides an exact match
Save significant Govt. money by rapidly targeted criminals, avoiding lengthy investigations,
prosecutions and social costs of crime
Enhance regional security and peace, becoming a role model for EAC and Sub-Saharan Africa
Enable the EAC to speak with One Voice
Enable economic development for Uganda and broader EAC
Build internal knowledge, and capability in DNA forensics
This technology is cost-effective and requires not only equipment and trained staff, but also detailed
procedures and legal framework to enable forensic evidence to be submitted and successfully used for
prosecution of criminals.
The forensic lab will enable the EAC to join the ranks of multiple developed and emerging countries,
underscoring the EACs commitment to social, economic and political development of the country through
enhanced safety and security.
Contact Info
Africa Biosystems Limited is an East African company that drives transformative change for the region,
through the use of innovative DNA technology. For more information please contact us on:
info@africabiosystems.com
30
Appendix 1: LIFE Technologies Customer List (Partial)

Life Technologies has engaged in over 100 HID projects globally, developing end-to-end turnkey
solutions and validation for customers in both emerging (e.g. South Africa, Namibia, Malaysia, Russia,
UAE) and developed markets (e.g. USA, UK, Italy, Singapore).
Selected Emerging Market Experience

Region Type
Emerging
Emerging
Emerging
Emerging
Emerging
Emerging
Emerging
Emerging
Emerging
Emerging
Emerging
Emerging
Emerging
Emerging
Emerging
Emerging
Laboratory
Malaysia, JK Laboratories
Nambian Police
Warsaw Police
South African Police, Pretoria
South African Police, Plattekloof (Cape Town)
South African Police, Delft (Cape Town)
South African Police, Plattekloof (Cape Town)
CIFS, Thailand
Abu Dhabi Police
Forensic Science Laboratory, Budapest
Ministry of Interior, Russia (34 Labs)
Office of Prosecutor - Moscow
Country
Malaysia
Namibia
Poland
South Africa
South Africa
South Africa
South Africa
South Africa
South Africa
South Africa
South Africa
Thailand
UAE
Hungary
Russia
Russia
Dates
Sept. 2012
Feb. - May, 2011
Nov. 2011
March - Dec, 2011
May 2011 - June 2012
Jan 2012 - Dec 2012
March - Dec, 2011
Jan 2013 - Jun 2013*
Jan 2013 -TBD*
Jan 2013 -TBD*
Jan 2013 -TBD*
August, 2012
May - Dec 2011
Jun - Aug 2011
Mar - Dec 2011
May - Dec 2011
Projects
Validation Project for New Chemistry
Turnkey Project - Crime Index and Reference Index Lines
Verification of New Robotic Systems
Manual Validation of New Casework Chemistries
Semi-Automated Non-Semen Workflow (Turnkey)
Semi-Automated Semen Workflow (Turnkey)
Phase I - Semi-Automated Semen and Non-Semen Lines (Turnkey)
Phase II - Semi-Automated Non-Semen and Semen -(Turnkey)
Reference Index Line - Turn Key Project
DNA Database, Creation and Validation of Semi Automated Direct Amplification Line.
Verifcation of Robotics for Casework and Database laboratory
Turnkey Project to Set up Automated Reference laboratory and Training of Personnel in 34 Laboratories
Robotics Consultancy work
Selected Developed Market Experience

Developed
Developed
Developed
Developed
Developed
Developed
Developed
Developed
Developed
Developed
Developed
Developed
Developed
Developed
Developed
Developed
Developed
Developed
Developed
Developed
Developed
Developed
Developed
Developed
Developed
Developed
Developed
Developed
Developed
Developed
Developed
Developed
Developed
Developed
Developed
Developed
Australian Federal Police

Australian Federal Police
New South Whales Police Force
LKA Hannover, Germany
Singapore Health Science Administraton
Singapore Police Force
Metropolitan Police, London, U.K.
Ministry of Justice, Italy
Alameda County, CA
Alaska Police Department
Arizona DPS, AZ
Armed Forces DNA ID Lab, Maryland
Baltimore County Crime Lab, MD
Broward County Sheriff's Office, FL
Broward County Sheriff's Office, FL
City of Columbus
Contra Costa Criminalist Lab, CA
DNA International
FDLE
Fort Worth Police Department
Georgia Bureau of Investigation, GA
Houston Police Department, TX
Houston Police Dept.
Jefferson Parish, LA
Johnson County Crime Lab, TX
Johnson County Crime Lab, TX
Kansas Bureau of Investigation
Kansas Bureau of Investigation
Kansas City Police Dept., MO
Las Vegas Police Dept.
Los Angeles Police Dept.
Louisiana State Police, LA
Marion County Crime Lab
Australia
Australia
Australia
Germany
Singapore
Singapore
United Kingdom
Italy
USA
USA
USA
USA
USA
USA
USA
USA
USA
USA
USA
USA
USA
USA
USA
USA
USA
USA
USA
USA
USA
USA
USA
USA
USA
USA
USA
USA
Aug. 2010
December, 2012
Feb. 2011
May, 2012
Jan. - April, 2012
April - Sept, 2012
Jan. 2010 - June 2010
Jan 2012 - Dec 2012
April, 2008 - Sept. 2008
May - Sept., 2012
Dec. 2008 - June, 2009
Dec., 2011 - March, 2012
June, 2011
Aug. 2009 - Jan. 2010
Oct. 2011
Jan. 2011
May 2010 - August 2010
May, 2011
Feb. 2011
July, 2011
Jan. 2011
Sept. 2010 - April, 2011
Aug. 2011
Feb. 2009 - June, 2009
April, 2012
May 2010 - July 2010
Dec. 2008 - June, 2009
Jan., 2012
April, 2008 - Sept. 2008
Sept. 2009 - Dec. 2009
Aug., 2011
April 2010- July 2010
Aug. 2011
Jan. 2009 - Sept. 2009
Jan., 2011
Dec. 2010 - Feb. 2011

Verification of New Robotic Systems
Turnkey Project to set up Reference DNA Processing Laboratory. (Phase I)
Complex Laboratory Move - Performance Checks
31
Appendix 2: Sources
The following documents were used as sources and provide useful reference material
Life Technologies:
Human Identification and Forensic Solutions, 2011, PDF
Integrated Human Identification Training Brochure, 2006, PDF
Africa Forensic School in South Africa, 2011, PDF
Interpol:
Interpol Handbook on DNA Exchange and Practice, 2009, PDF
32

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AFRICA BIOSYSTEMS LIMITED

Member Of The United Nations Global Compact Initiative

Regional Forensic Referral Center

Africa Biosystems Limited 2013. All rights reserved

Introduction to Forensic DNA Technology

Key advantages would include:

Quickly identify suspects and link them to a crime scene

Early exclusion of those not involved

Early identification of serial offenders

Improve police resource management

Uganda Police Perspectives

Collaboration with local and international government agencies

Engagement of local public as a supporter to crime fighting

Enhancement of Police services through training and equipment

Uganda Police Crime Report 2011, Africa Biosystems Limited analysis

Application of DNA Forensic Technology with No DNA Database

Application of DNA Forensic Technology with DNA Database

Case Study: UK DNA technology and Database 2000-2005

Source: UK Home Office 2005 DNA Expansion Program

DNA Database Global Trends

Arrestee incl. on database

>60% crime hit rate

Arrestee incl. on database

Table 2: Developing Market DNA Lab / Database Development

US Govt Aid will assist

DNA Database law, 2009

DNA Database law pending

DNA Database law pending

Database >10M samples

DNA Database law pending

Implications for Uganda Police

Key decisions (Non-Exhaustive)

Key Decision: Which DNA profiles will be included in the Database?

Key Question: Should DNA profiles be removed from the Database?

Key Question: How should information be shared regionally and internationally?

Implications for Uganda Legislature

However scientists are still required to review and validate the

interpretation before it can be officially accepted.

Defined Processes & Communication

Africa Biosystems Limited (ABL)

Technologies, who are recognized world leaders in the forensic market.

Assist in setting up the correct workflow and ensuring international validation

Enable capability building across legal, police and scientific staff

Provide on-site rapid application support and service

Tools: Technology Choice

Note: All Equipment is ISO 13485 Certified

Human Identification Testing (DNA fingerprinting or profiling)

Processes: Work-flow for DNA Human Identification

DNA Line 1: Reference Line

Step 1a: DNA Collection

Step 1b: Punching

Step 2: DNA Amplification

Step 4: DNA analysis

DNA Line 2: Casework Line

Step 1: DNA extraction

Step 2: DNA quantification

Step 3: DNA amplification

Step 4: DNA analysis

ID-X Software: an automated genotyping software

solution for forensic DNA analysis applications.

HID Professions Services

Namibian Police Laboratory.