Content Page

1. Introduction...........................................................................................3
2. Case Study Analysis...........................................................................3
i) Draw the system diagram indicating all the impedances and the fault
bus..........................................................................................................3
ii) Use MATLAB to get the bus admittance and impedance matrix......4
iii) Use MATLAB to get the fault in per unit, and kA...........................5
iv) Calculate the rated short-circuit current and the rated momentary
current....................................................................................................6
V) Using inverse IDMT characteristics to compute the value of time
delay and plot the curve.........................................................................7
Vi) Justify the multiplying factor (k) is 1 when X/R ratio is less than 15
................................................................................................................9
3.Conclusion......................................................................................11
4.References...................................................................................12

1. Introduction
A power system consists generation, transmission and distribution. None of the power system in
the world is perfect. A fault issue may occur in any power system. If the fault is not solved, it
may cause problem to the company and the public who are making use of electricity from the
power system. Hence, it is important to analyze the fault issue and solve it as soon as possible. A
case study will be analyzed and a plan will be devised to prevent the fault from damaging the
power system and cause disturbances.

2. Case Study Analysis

Consider a 3 bus system. In Bus 1 and 2, two generators of size 100 MVA, with transient
reactance 10%, are connected via two transformers of size 100MVA, 11/110kV, and 5%
reactance. All the three buses are interconnected with transmission lines, with reactance of 10%,
with a base 100 MVA, 110kV. There is a three phase solid short-circuit fault in bus 3

i) Draw the system diagram indicating all the impedances

and the fault bus

Figure 1: System Diagram

ii) Use MATLAB to get the bus admittance and impedance matrix
The next step is to form to a 33 admittance matrix.(Y bus). The impendence matrix of the 3bus system is just the inverse of its admittance matrix. ([Z]=[Y]-1 )

Figure 2: MATLAB Program

Figure 3: Admittance and Impedance Result

iii) Use MATLAB to get the fault in per unit, and kA

Calculate the equivalent impedance from the bus 3 and assume the voltage thevenin from bus 3
is 1pu. From these two values, fault current can be calculated in per unit value and kA.

Figure 4: Fault current in per unit and kA in MATLAB

iv) Calculate the rated short-circuit current and the rated momentary current
Given the R/L ratio is 7, for a 3 cycle(50 Hz) breaker, rated short-circuit current and rated
momentary current able to obtained from MATLAB program.

Figure 5: Rated Short-circuit current and Rated momentary current in MATLAB

The momentum current is the fully offset RMS fault current capacity that allows the circuit
breaker to withstand it without being damaged when the circuit breaker is closed and latched the
contacts. In addition, the momentum current is not a function of the actual voltage of
application .Normally fuses are used as a fast acting, protective devices that operate in the first
cycle of fault which are rated at momentum current value. While the rated shorted current is the
maximum rms current that the circuit breaker can disconnect at the rated voltage. It is lower than
momentum current because it takes into account the short-circuit decrement with respect to time
while the circuit breaker is opening.
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V) Using inverse IDMT characteristics to compute the value of time delay and
plot the curve
In the Inverse IDMT characteristics, K=1 is the slowest time multiplier. Hence, time
delay is able to compute in the MATLAB given Alpha and Beta. Given I base
=524.8639A, Set I(pickup)=1.2 of I base.

Figure 6: Time delay of the current ratio in MATLAB

Figure 7: Plotting Curve Command in MATLAB

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Figure 8: Very Inverse IDMT Curve in MATLAB

Figure 9: Time Multiplier Computation for Curve Extremely Inverse

Time multiplier is rounded down to 0.1. If it is rounded up to 0.2, the circuit breaker will not trip
and it will continue to wait. Hence, it will damage the circuit breaker.

Vi) Justify the multiplying factor (k) is 1 when X/R ratio is less than 15.

Figure 10: K Factor when f=50Hz, Cycle=3 and variable X/R ratio

Figure 11: K Factor when f=50Hz, Cycle=8 and variable X/R ratio

Figure 12: K Factor when f=50Hz, Cycle=14 and variable X/R ratio

Does System frequency has any impact?

There is no impact in the system frequency. According to the derivation of the multiplying factor
(K) which is also known as asymmetry factor, the system frequency is cancelled out in the equation
and it solely depends on the time constant (L/R) and the cycle (t). Hence, changing multiplying
factor has no impact on the system frequency

(Eq.1)

3.Conclusion
From the case study shown above, applying the fault knowledge enable electrical engineers to
design an adequate protection to the power system in advance. Without setting up protection to
the power system, the power system would not last for several years when fault occurred. In
additional, and it is not wise to keep splurging money to build new power system when it is
damaged since the cost is high. Hence, setting protection devices in power system helps to
prolong the power system lifespan and continues its productivity to the consumers.

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4.References
[1] EE4503 Lecture & Practice Notes (Academic year 2015/2016), Power Engineering
Design (Unpublished)

[ 2 ] Power systemanalysis , Arthur R . Bergen , Vijay Vittal , Prentice Hall ,

Inc . , 2000.

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