Rizal traveled to Spain at age 20 to further his studies. During his voyage, he stopped in several ports and was impressed by the British colony in Singapore but unimpressed by Barcelona upon his initial arrival. He studied medicine, philosophy, languages, and arts in Madrid while living frugally. He joined a literary circle that discussed reforms for the Philippines and also joined the Freemasons. Rizal had a romantic encounter with Consuelo Ortiga but it did not prosper. He delivered a speech praising Filipino artists that attracted negative attention from reactionary Spaniards. Rizal completed his medical degree but sought additional training in eye diseases before moving to Paris.
Rizal traveled to Spain at age 20 to further his studies. During his voyage, he stopped in several ports and was impressed by the British colony in Singapore but unimpressed by Barcelona upon his initial arrival. He studied medicine, philosophy, languages, and arts in Madrid while living frugally. He joined a literary circle that discussed reforms for the Philippines and also joined the Freemasons. Rizal had a romantic encounter with Consuelo Ortiga but it did not prosper. He delivered a speech praising Filipino artists that attracted negative attention from reactionary Spaniards. Rizal completed his medical degree but sought additional training in eye diseases before moving to Paris.
Rizal traveled to Spain at age 20 to further his studies. During his voyage, he stopped in several ports and was impressed by the British colony in Singapore but unimpressed by Barcelona upon his initial arrival. He studied medicine, philosophy, languages, and arts in Madrid while living frugally. He joined a literary circle that discussed reforms for the Philippines and also joined the Freemasons. Rizal had a romantic encounter with Consuelo Ortiga but it did not prosper. He delivered a speech praising Filipino artists that attracted negative attention from reactionary Spaniards. Rizal completed his medical degree but sought additional training in eye diseases before moving to Paris.
Impressions Philippines to Spain: May 3, 1882 20 years old First leg vessel for Spain trip: Salvadora learning experience for him o Made sketches of the things he saw (coast of Manila Bay, Palawan, Borneo, passengers) o Most of his fellow passengers foreigners and Spanish employees o Almost all spoke ill of the Philippines (pecuniary reasons) First stop to Europe: Singapore o Change ships o 2 days o Hotel de Paz o Toured the British colony o Impressed by its progress and beautiful places botanical garden, temples and art galleries o People seemed to have confidence of their British administrators (Filipinos feared their rulers) After 2 days: Djemnah a vessel managed by Messageries Maritimes, a French company (larger and clean than Salvadora, carpeted and toilets are excellent) French he learned in Ateneo cannot be understood by the French passengers read a French newspaper to improve Smattering of Latin + Spanish + hand gestures to be understood From Singapore: Djemnah brief stops in Point de Galle and
Colombo, Ceylon (Sri Lanka)
Indian Ocean Aden (Yemen where he saw merchants selling lion and leopard skins) Suez Canal (view of right: Arabian Peninsula hot; left: Africa inhospitable but famous land) Naples, Italy Marseilles (end of Djemnahs voyage) o Sightseeing o Galle sleepy port o Djemnah passed through Suez Canal and landed at Port Said in Egypt Multicultural city People spoke various languages Various churches, mosques and temples City mixture of the colorful customs of the East and West o Naples Italy citys panoramic beauty of the bay and the liveliness of the people o Marseilles, France French city Chateau dIf venue of his favorite novel The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexander Dumas Stayed for 3 days Rizal now boarded a train to Spain o Portbou (Spains Catalonia province) his papers were checked by the immigration officers o Indifferent attitude of Spanish officers than courteous French Rizal arrived in Barcelona
o Capital of the Spanish
province Catalua; 2nd largest city of Spain) o Far, dark, dirty and ugly o Little inns o People are not hospitable o Lodged on the towns most unattractive side o Guests were indifferent to him o Summer vacation for students o Enjoyed freedom and liberalism unlike in the Philippines o Changed his views about Barcelona great city and its people are open-hearted, hospitable and courageous o Enjoyed walking at Las Ramblas Street Barcelona duration of summer vacation Met former classmates from Ateneo Gave him a party at the Plaza de Catalua (favorite caf) Wrote nationalistic essay: Amor Patrio (Love of Country) o Pen name: Laon-Laan o Essay appeared in Diariong Tagalog o Francisco Calvo editor of diario; requested more articles o 2 articles: Los Viajes (The Travels) Revista de Madrid (Review of Madrid) never printed The University Student in Madrid End of summer vacation Rizal Madrid
Enrolled in 2 courses at the
Universidad Central de Madrid o Medicine o Philosophy and Letters Academy of San Carlos o Studied painting, sculpture and French, German, English Hall of Sanz and Carbonell o Lessons from private instructor o Shooting and fencing Thirst for knowledge despite the Php 700 Paciano gave him o Spent Php 35 for food per month, clothing and books o Expenses he list all them down to the last peseta in his diary Cold in Spain Rizal took baths less often; cost 35 centavos each o Last bath: 1 month ago Only vice: Lottery 3 pesetas a draw He also liked attending shows at the theatres in Madrid Spent time visiting libraries, attend lectures, religious fiestas and operas Pastime: visiting friends at the Paterno residents; sipping coffee at the Puerto del Sol No time and money for wine and women Universidad Central de Madrid like UST o People with various beliefs o Liberals, conservatives, republicans, monarchists and revolutionists o Rizal liberals o Dr. Miguel Morayta advocate of freedom and selfdetermination of all peoples; maverick; supporter of anarchists and had him expelled by the university
Romantic Episode with Consuelo Ortiga
Habit for Rizal to visist the house of Don Pablo Ortiga y Rey Spanish liberal who lived in the Philippines during the time of Gov. Gen. Carlos Ma. de la Torre Came to his house every Saturday 2 lovely daughters: Consuelo & Pilar Gave flowers to Consuelo; MU Love poem: A la Senorita C.O. y R Did not allow the romance to prosper still engaged to Leonor Rivera His friend Eduardo de Lete was also in love with Consuelo Summer 1883 left Madrid for Paris to forget Consuelo Consuelo married de Lete (became Rizals secret enemy) Meeting with Future Reformists: The Circulo Hispano-Filipino
Met with fellow Filipinos and liberal
Spaniards joined Circulo Hispano-Filipino o Group of social conglomeration o Held informal programs poetry reading and debates o Rizal composed a poem Me Piden Versos (You Ask Me [for] Verses) o Poem conveying the sentiments of a poet constrained to provide something that would please his listeners Politics part of the groups discussion centered on reforms in the Philippines Rizal became an active discussant Conservative elements group faded
Entry into the Freemasonry (1883)
Liberal & republican-minded people
whom Rizal met and befriended in Madrid were masons Freemasonry outlawed by the Church because its beliefs are contrary to its doctrines Members are considered sinners; obliged to retract before they could receive any of the sacraments Died no Christian burial; buried in non-Catholic cemeteries Rizal was impressed by the masons outlook in life Adopted their view knowledge should be achieved by the light of reason & universal brotherhood of men Masons attacked the Church What church believed is its promotion of religious superstition and obscurantism or hiding the truth behind the veil of religion Depotism attacked Entered through the Lodge Acacia based in Madrid Masonic name: Dimasalang (ungraspable) Joined because o He opposed the practices of the friars in the Philippines o Believed in principles of brotherhood (worth fighting for) o He needed the support of fellow masons (prominent in Spanish society) Stopped going to Church Began to challenge faith, God and religion His faith remained in the existence of God Became a master mason at Lodge Solidaridad
2 years later Paris Master
mason of Le Grand Orient France The Avid Book Collector Spain exposed to more readings expanded his intellectual horizon Spared no amount in buying books even from second-hand bookstores Accumulate quite a library Books that affected him most: Beecher Stowes Uncle Toms Cabin and Sues The Wandering Jew (similar to El Fili) Benito Perez Caldos Desnerada influenced Noli and El Fili Doa Perfecta inspired Noli (published 11 years before Noli) o Shows great power which the Church yielded o Difference between the traditional, provincial outlook and the modern, liberal outlook of Madrid (Spains capital) Rizal in Spain; family in Calamba had financial crisis o World price of sugar plummeted/fell o Sugar was left unsold o Rent of land went up o Manager of the Dominican estate made life more difficult for the Rizals o Manager asks for a free fat turkey from Don Kikoy o Pest killed off; ones left are kept for breeding o Rizals family pay the increased rate o Rizals allowance was decreased o Paciano sold his pony for Rizals allowance Rizal attended classes without eating
o Earned money by working as
a private tutor for rich students The Speech that Attracted the Attention of Reactionary Spaniards in the Philippines Contest in Greek in the University He was penniless He won a prize Delivered an eloquent speech at a banquet praised Filipino painters Juan Luna and Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo (won top prizes at the National Exposition of Fine Arts) Juan Luna Spoliarium depicted the corpses of dead Roman gladiators being dragged out under the bowels of the Coliseum Hidalgo 2nd prize for his Virgenes Cristianas Expuestas al Populacho (Christian Virgins Exposed to the Populace) Rizals speech first before a public audience Extemporaneous o Luna and Hidalgo are the pride of the Filipino people o Showed that genius is not the monopoly of any race o Product of Philippines and Spain works united both peoples o Rizal scored with refined sarcasm the ill-wishers of the Filipinos who were emerging as an intellectual force o Rizal voiced out the hope that Spain will someday grant the reforms needed by Filipinos o End: he offered the toast to Luna and Hidalgo to which there was a thunderous applause
Speech was mentioned in the
newspaper El Liberal news about this event reached the Philippines Rizal made enemies which his speech said that he can never go back to the Philippines Dona Teodora anxious; not able to eat for days; fell ill Paciano wrote to Rizal about the effect of his tribute to the Filipino painters Paciano cautioned him to be more careful in his actions o Warned him to stop writing articles that might offend the friars/other reactionary Spaniards o Not fail in his Christian duties o Dona Lolay: stop pursuing studies that might lead to his ruin Rizal heeded these but continued his life (destiny) Completion of Studies in Spain Completed his medical studies Title: Licenciado en Medicina enable him to practice medicine o Aprobado Fair o Lower grades in Spain than in UST o Decided to improve his training in ophthalmology assistant of Dr. Louis de Weckert (French ophthalmologist in Paris) o In Germany, assistant to various expert ophthalmologists Continued Doctorate in Medicine not awarded the degree because of his failure to present the thesis required for graduation + not paid the corresponding fees
Dr. Rizal misnomer was never
awarded the title of Doctor Maximo Viola lent him money secured his certificate and practice medicine Finished Philosophy and Letters higher grades 24th birthday Licenciado en Filosofia y Letras (Licentiate in Philosophy and Letters) o Sobresaliente Excellent o Qualified him to serve as professor of humanities in any Spanish university Broadened his knowledge by learning many new things o After working for Dr. Weckert Dr. Galezowskys clinic (Germany) o Save money live with German law students (boarding house) o Boardmates recommended him to be in the chess players club o Took time to attend lectures at the University of Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany o Enamored by peaceful surroundings o Did sketches of whatever he saw o Poem: A las Flores de Heidelberg inspired by blooming flowers of the university along the Neckar River; how Germans lived; secret of their prosperity o Boarded Karl Ulmers house (Protestant minister; good friend) o Mason but Catholicism > Protestantism
o His stay in Germany: center
of scientific research Liepzig, Dresden and Berlin o Famed for their universities which date back to the Middle Ages o Met Fredrich Ratzel (German historian in Liepzig) o Translated Schillers William Tell to Tagalog o Blumentritt Rizal was introduced to Feodor Jagor and Hans Virchow (anthropologists; doing studies on Philipine culture) o German language o Write a scholarly paper entitled: Tagalische Verkunst or the Tagalog Metrical Art Day: Doctors assistant Night: attending lectures at the University of Berlin o French lessons Berlin o Finished Noli o Found the proper printing house Berlin-BruckrucreiAction Gesselchaft o Rizal tight budget o Allowance from Philippines did not arrive because of the attack of locusts in Calamba o Noli amoust not published if not for Dr. Maximo Viola who visited him in Berlin o Viola paid for the publication of the novel and also had Rizals health looked
into (he was coughing out
blood) o Physical exam due to Rizals frugal way of living o Rizal and Viola grand tour of Europe Visited Bluementritt in Leitmeritz Brunn and Prague, Czech Republic Vienna to Lintz and Salzbug, Austria Munich and Ulm Germany Switzerland Spain Rizal Milan, Venice and Rome 1 week in Rome Rizal for Marseilles, France o Rizal then boarded a steamer bound for the Philippines Rizals Nightmare
Wrote it on January 1, 1883;
actual night: December 30 He was about to shout and ask for help form Antonio Paterno, feeling that he was about to die He woke weak and breathless 13 years later, he would actually die